Charged functional groups modified porous spherical hollow carbon material as CDI electrode for salty water desalination.

As a new electrochemical technology, capacitive deionization (CDI) has been increasingly applied in environmental water treatment and seawater desalination. In this study, functional groups modified porous hollow carbon (HC) were synthesized as CDI electrode material for removing Na+ and Cl- in salty water. Results showed that the average diameter of HC was approximately 180 nm, and the infrared spectrum showed that its surface was successfully modified with sulfonic and amino groups, respectively. The sulfonic acid functionalized HC (HC-S) showed better electrochemical and desalting performance than the amino-functionalized HC (HCN), with a maximum Faradic capacity of 287.4 F/g and an adsorptive capacity of 112.97 mg/g for NaCl. Additionally, 92.63% capacity retention after 100 adsorption/desorption cycles demonstrates the excellent stability of HC-S. The main findings prove that HC-S is viable as an electrode material for desalination by high-performance CDI applications.

Investigation of a novel solar-assisted multigeneration system comprising water desalination systems, an absorption refrigeration system, a single-effect absorption heat transformer and two organic Rankine cycles.

A novel solar-assisted multigeneration system is proposed and examined from a thermodynamic perspective, designed to simultaneously produce electricity, distilled water, and refrigeration. The system utilizes solar energy through an absorption refrigeration generator and the heat recovery mechanism of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The absorption refrigeration system generates both refrigeration and the necessary heat for a single-effect absorption heat transformer, which in turn produces distilled water and power via an evaporative desalination system and an ORC, respectively. Additionally, two distinct humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems are integrated to enhance freshwater production. The study evaluates the impact of various operational conditions on key performance parameters, including the coefficient of performance (COP), exergy coefficient of performance (ECOP), simple payback period (SPP), refrigeration capacity, total generated power, and distilled water production. Pareto frontiers are graphically constructed to identify optimal points and their corresponding parameter values. The results show that, with a total solar heat input of 250 kW, the system can generate 21.46 kW of electricity, 71.02 kW of refrigeration, and 100.65 g per second of distilled water. The optimal performance parameters are determined to be a COP of 2.13, an ECOP of 0.19, an SPP of 3.34 years, a power output of 16.77 kW, distilled water production of 99.84 g per second, and a refrigeration capacity of 74.44 kW.

Three-Dimensional Double-Layer Multi-Stage Thermal Management Fabric for Solar Desalination.

Water scarcity is a serious threat to the survival and development of mankind. Interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) can alleviate the global freshwater shortage by converting sustainable solar power into thermal energy for desalination. ISSG possesses many advantages such as high photothermal efficiency, robust durability, and environmental friendliness. However, conventional evaporators suffered from huge heat losses in the evaporation process due to the lack of efficient thermal management. Herein, hydrophilic Tencel yarn is applied to fabricate a three-dimensional double-layer fabric evaporator (DLE) with efficient multi-stage thermal management. DLE enables multiple solar absorptions, promotes cold evaporation, and optimizes thermal management. The airflow was utilized after structure engineering for enhanced energy evaporation efficiency. The evaporation rate can reach 2.86 kg·m-2·h-1 under 1 sun (1 kW·m-2), and 6.26 kg·m-2·h-1 at a wind speed of 3 m·s-1. After a long duration of outdoor operation, the average daily evaporation rate remains stable at over 8.9 kg·m-2, and the removal rate of metal ions in seawater reaches 99%. Overall, DLE with efficient and durable three-dimensional multi-stage thermal management exhibits excellent practicality for solar desalination.

MOF-303 with Lowered Water Evaporation Enthalpy for Solar Steam Generation.

Hydrophilic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising for solar steam generation from waste or seawater. In this study, we propose a MOF-based Janus membrane for efficient solar steam generation. We selected MOF-303 for its hydrophilic properties and 1D channels with 6.5 Å cavity diameter, making it an excellent water-absorbing layer. Characterization via Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the nanoconfinement within MOF-303 can reduce the water evaporation enthalpy, thereby boosting water production efficiency. When deposited on various substrates, MOF-303 aimed to optimize solar steam generation. We enhanced the membrane performance by incorporating carbon black (CB), polydopamine (PDA), and perfluoro-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT-F), materials known for their solar-to-thermal energy conversion capabilities. PEDOT-F, in particular, also served as a hydrophobic layer, preventing salt recrystallization during seawater operation. Under one sun irradiation, the water evaporation flux for deionized water increased from 0.31 to 0.79 kg h-1 m-2 using a porous hydrophilic poly(vinylidene difluoride) substrate and further to 2.36 kg h-1 m-2 with the optimized MOF-303-CB/PDA-PEDOT-F membrane, achieving an energy conversion efficiency of 97%. Additionally, the desalination capability of the MOF-303 membrane effectively reduced metal ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) to meet the WHO drinking water standards. These findings demonstrate the significant potential of the MOF-303-based Janus membrane for practical applications in solar steam generation and desalination, combining high water evaporation rates with excellent energy conversion efficiency.

Boosted Near-Infrared Photothermal Conversion in Rare Earth Ions-Doped 2D SnSe Nanosheets for Solar-Powered Water Evaporation Systems.

Solar-powered water evaporation as a clean and abundant renewable energy-efficient desalination technology provides a promising strategy to solve the shortage of freshwater resources. However, the development and application of solar vapor technology are hindered by the relatively low near-infrared photothermal conversion efficiency of existing materials and the lack of effective improvement strategies. In this work, the conductivity characteristics of 2D semiconductors are capitalized on the high visible light absorption and ultra-low thermal. Specifically, rare-earth ion dopants into SnSe nanosheets, significantly boosting their near-infrared photothermal conversion efficiency and solar water evaporation performance are introduced. Remarkably, the photothermal conversion efficiency of the doped SnSe nanosheets surged from 51.56% to 82.11%, surpassing many previously reported photothermal materials. Furthermore, leveraging these nanosheets with enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency, a solar interfacial evaporation system is constructed. The evaporation rate of 2.17 kg m-2 h-1 and the efficiency of 96.5% can be achieved at one solar irradiance, and it also has good salt-resistance properties. The findings demonstrate the potential of rare earth ion-doped 2D semiconductor nanosheets in solar water evaporation, paving the way for future sustainable desalination solutions.

Assessment of brine discharges dispersion for sustainable management of SWRO plants on the South American Pacific coast.

Seawater desalination is one of the most feasible technologies for producing fresh water to address the water scarcity scenario worldwide. However, environmental concerns about the potential impact of brine discharge on marine ecosystems hinder or delay the development of desalination projects. In addition, scientific knowledge is lacking about the impact of brine discharges on the South America Pacific coast where desalination, is being developed. This paper presents the first monitoring results of brine discharge influence areas from seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants (SWRO) on the South America Pacific coast, using Chile as case study. Our results indicate that the combination of favorable oceanographic conditions and diffusers, results in the rapid dilution of brine discharge on coastal ecosystems; showing a faster dilution than other SWRO plants in other regions, such as Mediterranean or Arabian Gulf, with similar production characteristics. Also, the increase in salinity over the natural salinity in the brine-discharge-affected area was <5 % in a radius of <100 m from the discharge points. Further, according to the published literature and on our monitoring results, we propose a number of considerations (environmental regulation, best scientifically tested measures, environmental requirements) to achieve a long-term sustainable desalination operation.

Minimizing energy footprint of seawater desalination system via wind power generation in coastal areas.

Wind power has become an essential direction for transforming energy structures in energy-intensive seawater desalination under the dual goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In this study, the energy footprint of the case project is analyzed by combining the hybrid life cycle analysis and environmentally extended input-output modeling, which is compared with the traditional thermal desalination processes from the whole life cycle perspective. The analysis revealed that the total energy consumption of the seawater desalination driven by wind power generation can be reduced by 79.77% compared with the traditional thermal drive mode under the same water production scale. Although the energy consumption in the construction phase accounts for 24.97% of the total, the energy consumption per unit of water production can be reduced by about 80% after adopting wind power technologies. The payback period is 7.2 years, that is, the energy consumption can be balanced after around 7 years during the operation phase. The results showed that the wind-driven seawater desalination system can significantly decrease the energy consumption of the project, which attempts to provide implications for the upgrading of energy-intensive seawater desalination in coastal areas towards low-carbon transition.

An Opportunity for Synergizing Desalination by Membrane Distillation Assisted Reverse-Electrodialysis for Water/Energy Recovery.

Industry, agriculture, and a growing population all have a major impact on the scarcity of clean-water. Desalinating or purifying contaminated water for human use is crucial. The combination of thermal membrane systems can outperform conventional desalination with the help of synergistic management of the water-energy nexus. High energy requirement for desalination is a key challenge for desalination cost and its commercial feasibility. The solution to these problems requires the intermarriage of multidisciplinary approaches such as electrochemistry, chemical, environmental, polymer, and materials science and engineering. The most feasible method for producing high-quality freshwater with a reduced carbon footprint is demanding incorporation of industrial low-grade heat with membrane distillation (MD). More precisely, by using a reverse electrodialysis (RED) setup that is integrated with MD, salinity gradient energy (SGE) may be extracted from highly salinized MD retentate. Integrating MD-RED can significantly increase energy productivity without raising costs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the prospects, unresolved issues, and developments in this cutting-edge field. In addition, we summarize the distinct physicochemical characteristics of the membranes employed in MD and RED, together with the approaches for integrating them to facilitate effective water recovery and energy conversion from salt gradients and freshwater.

Scalable Graphene Oxide Hollow Fiber Membranes for Dye Desalination Enabled by Multi-Purpose Polyamine Functionalization.

2D nanosheets such as graphene oxide (GO) can be stacked to construct membranes with fine-tuned nanochannels to achieve molecular sieving ability. These membranes are often thin to achieve high water permeance, but their fabrication with consistent nanostructures on a large scale presents an enormous challenge. Herein, GO-based hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are developed for dye desalination by synergistically combining chemical etching to form in-plane nanopores (10-30 nm) to increase water permeance and polyamine functionalization to improve underwater stability and enable facile large-scale production using existing membrane manufacturing processes. HFM modules with areas of 88 cm2 and GO layer thicknesses of ≈500 nm are fabricated, and they exhibited a stable dye water permeance of 75 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, rejection of >99.5% for Direct red and Congo red, and Na2SO4/dye separation factor of 300-500, superior to state-of-the-art commercial membranes. The versatility of this approach is also demonstrated using different short polyamines and porous substrates. This study reveals a scalable way of designing 2D materials into high-performance robust membranes for practical applications.

Assembled Wood-Polyester Fabric-Hydrogel Janus Evaporator for Sustainable Seawater Desalination.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology is a novel and efficient desalination process that helps alleviate the global shortage of freshwater resources. We developed a Janus evaporator assembled from cotton hydrogel, hydrophilic polyester fabric (PF), and Hydrophobic Wood (PW). By doping graphene oxide and TiO2 as light-absorbing materials within the hydrogel, we achieved a high absorptivity of over 90% across the entire solar spectrum. The hydrophilically modified PF, combined with the PW substrate, provided robust water transport and reduced thermal losses. Subsequent optical path simulations using TracePro74 software verified that the sawtooth light-trapping design of the wood substrate increased multiple light reflections and absorption (compared to a flat structure), enhancing light absorption capabilities. The sawtooth interface also enlarged the evaporation area, further boosting evaporation performance. The cleverly designed evaporator exhibited an evaporation rate of 1.722 kg m-2 h-1 and an efficiency of 83.1% under 1 sun irradiation. Additionally, after applying polydimethylsiloxane to the single surface of the photothermal hydrogel for low surface energy treatment, the resulting Janus structure demonstrated asymmetric wettability that prevented salt ions from accumulating on the irradiated interface. After 8 h of continuous evaporation in saline water (10 wt %), only slight salt crystallization occurred at the edges. The evaporator maintained long-term stability during a 15 day cyclic test, and the produced freshwater fully met the relevant drinking water standards. The components of the evaporator are characterized by simple fabrication, low cost, and eco-friendliness, offering significant application potential in the global context of energy conservation and emission reduction initiatives.

Effect of electron acceptors on electricity production and desalination of caspian sea water using microbial desalination cells.

The Microbial Desalination Cell (MDC) stands out as an innovative and a sustainable technology for both renewable energy generation and water treatment. The choice of electron acceptor significantly influences the efficiency of electricity flow. This study focuses on exploring the MDC performance under different conditions, including variations in cathode electron acceptors, initial pH levels, and hydraulic retention time (HRT). The investigation assesses simultaneous reduction of TDS and power generation from Caspian Sea water, a prominent saline water source in northern Iran, in both open-circuit (OC) and closed-circuit (CC) modes. The findings reveal that sodium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, and potassium bromate as catholyte achieved TDS reduction rates of 84%, 77%, and 72%, respectively, under CC conditions at pH 5. Furthermore, it was observed that increasing HRT and pH levels lead to a decrease in desalination efficiency and power generation. Notably, the study highlights that the maximum power density was attained using permanganate, hypochlorite, and bromate as catholyte in both OC and CC configurations. By showcasing the adaptability of MDC performance with different cathode electron acceptors under varying conditions, this research offers valuable insights for optimizing MDC efficiency when treating real saline water sources.

Performance analysis of snail shell biomaterials in solar still for clean water production: nature-inspired innovation for sustainability.

In this current investigation, the experimental performance of a solar still basin was significantly enhanced by incorporating snail shell biomaterials. The outcomes of the snail shell-augmented solar still basin (SSSS) are compared with those of a conventional solar still (CSS). The utilization of snail shells proved to facilitate the reduction of saline water and enhance its temperature, thereby improving the productivity of the SSSS. Cumulatively, the SSSS productivity was improved by 4.3% over CSS. Furthermore, the SSSS outperformed in energy and exergy efficiency of CSS by 4.5 and 3.5%, respectively. Economically, the cost per liter of distillate (CPL) for the CSS was 3.4% higher than SSSS. Moreover, the SSSS showed a shorter estimated payback period (PBP) of 141 days which was 6 days less than CSS. Considering the environmental impact, the observed CO2 emissions from the SSSS were approximately 14.6% higher than CSS over its 10-year lifespan. Notably, the SSSS exhibited a substantial increase in the estimated carbon credit earned (CCE) compared to the CSS. Ultimately, the research underscores the efficacy of incorporating snail shells into solar still basins as a commendable approach to organic waste management, offering economic benefits without compromising environmental considerations.

Salt Resistant PPy/MXene Flexible Waffle Type Fabric for Efficient Solar Evaporation and Water Purification Production.

In recent years, with the development of solar seawater desalination technology, many solar evaporators are affected by precipitated salts during the evaporation process, which can reduce efficiency. In this work, flexible fabrics made of polypyrrole (PPy)/MXene are obtained by impregnating the prepared PPy ink onto waffle like fabrics. The combination of PPy and fabric greatly improves the water absorption and evaporation performance of the fabric. The average evaporation rate of this structure is 1.43 kg m-2 h-1, and the average evaporation efficiency under a single light source is 85.13%. After a 15-h testing cycle and a total of 8 cycles, lasting nearly 120 h, the performance of the device remained stable. The structural characteristics of waffle fabric, based on the Marangoni thermal effect, make it possible to suppress salt precipitation during evaporation, avoiding large salt particles covering the evaporation surface and reducing efficiency. This experiment successfully demonstrated long-term stable water evaporation, providing new ideas for the development of fabric evaporators.

Ultra-antiwetting Membrane for Hypersaline Water Crystallization in Membrane Distillation.

Membrane distillation (MD) has great potential in the management of hypersaline water for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) due to its high salinity tolerance. However, the membrane wetting issue significantly restricts its practical application. In this study, a composite membrane tailored for extreme concentrations and even crystallization of hypersaline water is synthesized by coating a commercial hydrophobic porous membrane with a composite film containing a dense polyamide layer, a cation exchange layer (CEL), and an anion exchange layer (AEL). When used in direct contact MD for treating a 100 g L-1 NaCl hypersaline solution, the membrane achieves supersaturation of feed solution and a salt crystal yield of 38.0%, with the permeate concentration at <5 mg L-1. The composite membrane also demonstrates ultrahigh antiwetting stability in 360 h of long-term operation. Moreover, ion diffusion analysis reveals that the ultrahigh wetting resistance of the composite membrane is attributed to the bipolar AEL and CEL that eliminate ion crossover. The literature review elucidates that the composite membrane is superior to state-of-the-art membranes. This study demonstrates the great potential of the composite membrane for direct crystallization of hypersaline water, offering a promising approach to filling the gap between reverse osmosis and conventional thermal desalination processes for ZLD application.

Photo-Fenton-Active MIL-88A/CNT-Based PVA Hydrogel for Solar-Driven Water Evaporation and Simultaneous Volatile Organic Compound Removal.

Solar-driven interfacial water evaporation (SIWE) has emerged as a promising avenue for cost-effective freshwater production from seawater or wastewater. However, the simultaneous evaporation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) presents a limitation for the widespread implementation of this technique. Thus, developing dual-functional evaporators capable of both desalining seawater and degrading VOCs is challenging. Herein, we fabricated an iron-based metal-organic framework MIL-88A/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel (MCH) evaporator via the conventional freezing method for solar-driven seawater desalination and simultaneous photo-Fenton VOC degradation. Because of the superior photothermal conversion capability of CNTs, reduced thermal conductivity and water evaporation enthalpy within the hydrogel, and the photo-Fenton activity of rod-shaped MIL-88A, the MCH evaporator exhibits a higher evaporation rate of 2.26 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun illumination with simultaneous VOC degradation. The higher hydrophilicity and vertical channels in the MCH evaporator enable its self-salt cleaning ability, facilitating consistent seawater desalination, even in high salt concentrations up to 10 wt %. The synergistic effects of localized heating from CNTs and hydrogen peroxide activation through reactive sites of MIL-88A allow the MCH evaporator to degrade more than 93% of the added phenol during evaporation. This work presents a sustainable and efficient approach for solar-driven seawater desalination, offering simultaneous VOC degradation.

Low-Resistance Membrane vs. High-Resistance Membrane Performance Utilizing Electrodialysis-Evaporator Hybrid System in Treating Reject Brine from Kuwait Desalination Plants.

This work is an effort to mitigate the existing environmental issues caused by brine discharge from Kuwait's desalination plants and to find an economical and efficient way of managing reject brine from local desalination plants. Low- and high-resistance membranes (LRMs and HRMs, respectively) were used to produce salt and low-salinity water from brine effluent utilizing an electrodialysis (ED)-evaporator hybrid system. The effect of high current densities of 300, 400, and 500 A/m2 and brine flowrates of 450 and 500 L/h on the quality of produced salt and diluate were investigated for LRM and HRM. The recovered salt purity for LRM is up to 90.58%. Results show that the low-resistance membrane (LRM) achieved higher water recovery, energy consumption, desalination rate, operation time and ion removal rate than those of the high-resistance membrane (HRM) under the same operating conditions. The difference in concentration for 300 A/m2 between LRM and HRM increased from 0.93% at 10 min to 8.28% at 140 min. The difference in diluate concentration effluent is negligible for both membranes, whereas LRM produced higher concentrate effluent than HRM for all current densities and low flowrate (400 L/h). The maximum difference between LRM and HRM (with LRM achieving higher concentrations) is 10.7% for 400 A/m2. The permselectivity of LRM for monovalent cations decreased with current density, whereas the effect on permselectivity for HRM was insignificant for the current density values. The addition of a neutral cell was effective in reducing the buildup of divalent ions on the inner membrane of the cathode side.

Enhanced forward osmosis desalination of brackish water using phase-separating ternary organic draw solutions of hydroxypropyl cellulose and propylene glycol propyl ether.

This study introduces draw solutions for application in forward osmosis (FO) processes, combining mono propylene glycol propyl ether (PGPE) with the cellulose derivative hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). A total of 16 unique single-solute and ternary organic draw solutions were prepared and evaluated, leading to the selection of three promising solutions for further investigation. Notably, eight of the initial organic draw solutions demonstrated osmotic pressures exceeding 2.4 MPa. The dynamic viscosities of all draw solutions exhibited a significant reduction with increasing temperature. Among the investigated solutions, the 0.25HPC-3.75PGPE demonstrated the most favorable FO performance, achieving average experimental water fluxes of 11.062 and 9.852 Lm-2 h-1 (LMH) against a 1 g/L NaCl brackish feed solution across two FO runs. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, MW ~100,000) was mixed with propylene glycol propyl ether (PGPE) as draw solutes for FO processes. Seven combinations of HPC and PGPE produced osmolalities greater than 1000 mOsm/kg. 0.5HPC-7.5PGPE ternary draw solution achieved experimental water fluxes of 11.062 and 9.852 LMH against 1 g/L NaCl brackish feed solution. Leveraging the LCSTs of these ternary organic solutions holds promise for improved separation and regeneration processes.

Superelastic Polymer Aerogel with Superamphiphilicity.

Elastic aerogels have become a research hot spot in both academia and industry recently. The reported elastic aerogels are all made of hard materials by controlling their shapes. Herein we report an elastic aerogel made of a polymer elastomer with entropy elasticity. In the aerogel, cross-linked carboxyl nitrile rubber nanoparticles with hydrophilicity are dispersed in hydrophobic derivative of styrene-maleic anhydride alternating copolymer, forming a very special micro-nano surface structure with hydrophilic protrusions and hydrophobic depressions on the aerogel wall; therefore, the aerogel is not only superelastic but also superamphiphilic. A leak-free phase-change composite was prepared using the aerogel and paraffin, which can maintain at phase change temperature of paraffin for a longer time than the traditional one. The aerogel is also extremely suitable for desalination evaporators in solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology due to its superamphiphilicity, superelasticity, and ability to absorb sunlight. Exceptional evaporation rate of 2.78 kg·m-2·h-1 and evaporation efficiency of 170% could be reached even without using expensive light-absorbing materials. The evaporation rate exceeds that of most evaporators with expensive light-absorbing materials, and the evaporation efficiency exceeds the theoretical limit of conventional 2D solar evaporators. Both the phase-change composite and the evaporator can be easily recovered because the novel superelastic aerogel reported in this work is also recyclable.

Simultaneous Salt Rejection and Heat Localization Via Engineering Macrochannels in Morning Glory-Shaped 3D Evaporator.

Solar desalination is a promising solution for alleviating water scarcity due to its low-cost, environmentally friendly, and off-grid capabilities. However, simultaneous salt rejection and heat localization remain challenging, as the rapid salt convection often results in considerable heat loss. Herein, this challenge is overcome via a facile design: i) isolating high-temperature and high-salt zones by rationally designing morning glory-shaped wick structures and ii) bridging high-salt zones and bulk water with low-tortuosity macrochannels across low-temperature surfaces. The salinity gradient in the macrochannels passively triggers convective flow, facilitating the rapid transfer of salt ions from the high-salt zone to the bulk water. Meanwhile, the macrochannels are spatially isolated from the high-temperature zone, preventing heat loss during salt convection and thereby achieving a high evaporation rate (≈3 kg m-2 h-1) and superior salt rejection even in highly concentrated real seawater. This work provides new insights into salt rejection strategies and advances practical applications for sustainable seawater desalination.

Bifunctional Janus Membranes for Multicomponent Contaminated Seawater Separation and Recovery.

Solar-driven interface desalination has emerged as a promising strategy to address the global freshwater shortage crisis. However, the separation and recovery of multicomponent oil-contaminated seawater remain a key challenge. This study reports a novel high-strength Janus photothermal membrane with a unique reverse wettability design. On one side, the membrane has hydrophilic and oleophobic properties, while on the other, it has hydrophobic and oleophilic characteristics. The Janus membrane demonstrates dual functionality: solar desalination and oil-water separation. This dual functionality enables efficient separation and recovery of four components from contaminated seawater: purified water, salt crystals, light oil, and heavy oil. As a result, the Janus membrane achieves an evaporation rate of 2.06 kg m-2 h-1 under 1.0 sun. The ion (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) removal rate approaches 100% with nearly complete recovery of salt crystals. Furthermore, various types of oils can be accurately separated, with separation efficiency approaching 100%. An integrated separation device successfully separates and recovers the four components. This research presents significant potential for efficient separation and recovery of complex components in oil-contaminated seawater.