Vida comunitaria percibida por jóvenes de una región en transición agrícola-industrial / Community life perceived by young people in a region in agricultural-industrial transition

Resumen Desde la lógica de la modernidad capitalista, distintas formas de reproducción de la vida son pensadas como comunidades atrasadas que hay que modernizar. Ciertas regiones de México, como El Bajío (Centronorte-Occidente), representan territorios en transición con una importante actividad industrial creciente, con uno de los mayores aumentos del producto interno bruto (PIB) y efectos importantes en las relaciones comunitarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la percepción de las juventudes sobre las dinámicas en sus relaciones laborales, comunitarias y de género en el contexto de la transición agrícola-industrial de sus localidades, debido a la inserción del Parque Tecnoindustrial Castro del Río (de aquí en adelante PTCR). Se realizó un estudio mixto concurrente, a lo largo de tres meses, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario, grupos de discusión y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Entre los principales hallazgos: (1) se detectó un cambio de paradigma en cuanto a la perspectiva del trabajo en los jóvenes de menor edad, aunque persiste la memoria de formas productivas comunitarias previas; así como percepciones importantes sobre derechos laborales y agencia en lo que respecta al trabajo formal y asalariado; (2) se identificó una relevancia notoria de las fiestas patronales y los escasos espacios comunes como sitios significativos de interacción, colaboración comunitaria y sentido del lugar, y (3) se percibieron tensiones en las relaciones de género, debido a la inserción de la mujer en el ámbito laboral industrial y a expresiones diversas de autonomía que se contraponen a las creencias y expectativas sexistas por parte de los hombres de mayor edad.

Abstract From a capitalist point of view, pre-industrial communities are a rich source of cheap labour and resources, which could be put to profitable use if industrialised. This is normally presented politically as bringing the modern world's quality of life improvements to impoverished and struggling communities, or more crudely as modernising "backward" modes of societies. Certain regions of Mexico, such as El Bajío (Central North-West of Mexico) represent territories in transition from an agricultural to industrial economy; with an important growing automotive sector among others; one of the largest increases in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and important effects on community relations. The Bajío represents a region characterized by a significant number of sources of employment in the industry, tax incentives from the State, low wages and the absence of strikes. The Castro del Río Tecnoindustrial Park (PTCR) was built more than a decade ago, during the boom of the automotive industry in the region, and, as indicated by its official website, it houses 72 companies from 6 different countries, has a "young and abundant workforce: more than 700 thousand inhabitants in a radius of 20 kilometres", and a "Public Training Institute for technicians through the CONALEP Castro del Río campus, located within the park". Most of the communities affected by this technological development have incipient urban development, with limited access to basic services such as drainage or drinking water, no or limited common spaces for social interaction, recreation and sports, and little or no health, education and cultural equipment. The inhabitants of these communities work in the fields, construction, or as labourers in the PTCR companies. The aim of this study was to examine the perception of youth about the labor, community and gender relational dynamics in the context of the agricultural-industrial transition of their localities, due to the insertion of the PTCR. A concurrent mixed study was carried out over three months by applying a questionnaire, discussion groups and semi-structured interviews. Among the main findings, the following stand out: 1) A paradigm shift was detected in terms of the perspective of work in young people, although the memory of previous community productive forms persists; Likewise, important perceptions about labor rights and agency are detected in relation to formal and salaried work and an awareness of the notorious forms of labor abuse in factories; 2) A relevance of the management holidays and common spaces was identified, which in some communities are scarce, as significant spaces for interaction, collaboration community and sense of place; 3) Tensions are perceived in gender relations due to the entry of women in to the industrial work environment and diverse expressions of their autonomy that are opposed to sexist beliefs and expectations on the part of older men. Young women's career, work, and recreational expectations are viewed as negative and undesirable. The reported study made it possible to visualise the perceptions of youth about the relationships affected by the agricultural-industrial transition of their communities. Some limitations identified are related to the short time available to the team to carry out the study, the unsafe conditions in the area derived from organised crime. It is relevant to continue this study and delve into the aspects analysed. It is viewed as a prospective investigation to return to the communities and carry out a new study to analyse the three types of relationships and the role played by ICTs, the increasingly widespread pro-gender equality discourse, as well as the changes that appear in perspectives 3 years after the first study.

La toma de decisiones en salud comunitaria a través del mapeo de activos en salud / Community health decision-making through the assets mapping

Se presenta la experiencia de redefinición de la metodología de mapeo de activos en salud, que tuvo como objetivo hacer posible el análisis según desigualdades de salud, así como su utilización como herramienta en procesos participativos de toma de decisiones en el ámbito de la Administración local. Para ello se diseñó un procedimiento replicable y apto para todas las edades y todos los colectivos. A su vez, se estableció una extensa clasificación de los activos no solo en el plano geográfico, sino también según el perfil de la persona y las características de los activos. El volcado de los datos en un sistema de información geográfica y la gran cantidad de activos recogidos permitieron ampliar la interpretación habitual de los datos obtenidos y presentar la información de forma dinámica. (AU)

This is a report about the experience on redefining the health asset mapping methodology. The aim of this experience consisted of making an analysis on health inequalities, as well as of using it as a tool in decision-making participative processes in the local administration area. Thus, a replicable procedure for all ages and groups was designed. Besides this, assets have been widely classified, in accordance with the territorial distribution, people's profiles and asset features. Both the upload of data to a geographical information system and the large amount of data gathered allowed us to enlarge the common interpretation of data and present the information in a dynamic way. (AU)

Huerta urbana comunitaria, más que lechugas entre cemento. Producción social de territorios saludables / Community Urban Garden, More Than Lettuce among Cement. Social Production of Healthy Territories

Resumen Lo urbano no es incompatible con la agricultura, incluso mejora aspectos como la seguridad alimentaria, el amor hacia el territorio y la vida cotidiana, lo que refleja esperanza en la producción de una ciudad saludable. El artículo da cuenta de las reflexiones en torno al estudio de caso, el proceso de implementación del proyecto Huerta urbana comunitaria (HUC) de Villa Juanita del programa Buen Vivir en el Municipio de Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia.

Abstract The urban is not incompatible with agriculture, it even improves aspects, such as food security, love for the territory, and daily life, which reflects hope in the production of a healthy city. The article reports on the reflections around the case study, the implementation process of the Villa Juanita urban vegetable garden project of the Buen Vivir program in the municipality of Villamaría, Caldas, Colombia.

Supporting community participation in a pandemic / Apoyar la participación comunitaria en la pandemia

The invariable governmental approach to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been to effect the White Knight stance of Don Quixote, defending the population from the “Virus Dragon” and dedicating its knight-errantry to the damsel Dulcinea. Though essential, new therapeutics, vaccines, physical distancing, rigorous hygiene standards and efficient health systems are not sufficient to counter the effects of the virus. Individual compliance to public health guidelines also matters, while remaining similarly insufficient to diminish the threat. Earthier, citizen-led, community participation strategies, however, lead to innovative, tailored solutions that better fulfil the needs of diverse neighbourhoods and assures greater virus resistance and increase in population health compared to a top-down, knightly approach or isolated individual efforts. The challenge of COVID-19 offers communities a moment to build more resilient, antifragile communities that not only survive the current crisis, but that thrive after it, and that are better equipped for the next challenge. This is not the time for the singular heroics of the White Knight, or the antics of Don Quixote, tilting at windmills. It is the time of Sancho Panza, which is to say of regular non-credentialed citizens, and their collective efforts, who up to now have largely been considered pawns in this contest. Asset-based community development (ABCD) rejects both the individual as an island and the institutional, knightly emphasis on assessing needs and deficits within communities. It favours identifying and mobilising available and latent assets within a community to forge closer connections among all people, the better to collectivise problem-solving efforts. Community-driven initiatives are assisted in this by localised not-for-profit agencies that practice subsidiarity. (AU)

Los gobiernos, sin variación, han respondido al impacto de la COVID-19 como caballeros blancos al estilo de Don Quijote cuando defendió a la población del virus-dragón y dedicó la caballería andante a la defensa de su dama Dulcinea. Aunque esenciales, los nuevos tratamientos, las vacunas, el distanciamiento físico, los estándares rigurosos de higiene y unos servicios sanitarios eficientes no bastan para contrarrestar el efecto del virus. El cumplimiento individual de las medidas de salud pública también importa, pero igualmente resulta insuficiente para disminuir la amenaza. Estrategias más terrenales, lideradas por ciudadanos y con participación comunitaria, conducen a medidas innovadoras en cuanto a que se ajustan mejor a las necesidades de la diversidad de entornos y aseguran una mayor resistencia al virus y una mejor salud que los caballerosos esfuerzos aislados. El reto de la COVID-19 ofrece a las comunidades la posibilidad de hacerse más resilientes y menos frágiles, y no solo sobrevivir a esta crisis, sino florecer tras ella y estar mejor equipadas para los próximos retos. No son tiempos para caballeros andantes ni para las payasadas de Don Quijote enfrentándose a las aspas de un molino. Estamos en tiempos de Sancho Panza, o lo que es lo mismo, de ciudadanos normales no acreditados y sus esfuerzos colectivos, que hasta ahora han sido considerados meros peones. El desarrollo comunitario basado en activos rechaza tanto a los individuos aislados como al caballeroso énfasis institucional al valorar las necesidades y los déficits en las comunidades. Favorece la identificación y la movilización de los activos disponibles y latentes en las comunidades para forjar conexiones más próximas entre individuos, que es lo mejor para colectivizar los esfuerzos y solucionar los problemas. Las iniciativas lideradas por las comunidades se ven apoyadas por agencias locales sin ánimo de lucro. (AU)

[Community health decision-making through the assets mapping]. / La toma de decisiones en salud comunitaria a través del mapeo de activos en salud.

This is a report about the experience on redefining the health asset mapping methodology. The aim of this experience consisted of making an analysis on health inequalities, as well as of using it as a tool in decision-making participative processes in the local administration area. Thus, a replicable procedure for all ages and groups was designed. Besides this, assets have been widely classified, in accordance with the territorial distribution, people's profiles and asset features. Both the upload of data to a geographical information system and the large amount of data gathered allowed us to enlarge the common interpretation of data and present the information in a dynamic way.

Supporting community participation in a pandemic.

The invariable governmental approach to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been to effect the White Knight stance of Don Quixote, defending the population from the "Virus Dragon" and dedicating its knight-errantry to the damsel Dulcinea. Though essential, new therapeutics, vaccines, physical distancing, rigorous hygiene standards and efficient health systems are not sufficient to counter the effects of the virus. Individual compliance to public health guidelines also matters, while remaining similarly insufficient to diminish the threat. Earthier, citizen-led, community participation strategies, however, lead to innovative, tailored solutions that better fulfil the needs of diverse neighbourhoods and assures greater virus resistance and increase in population health compared to a top-down, knightly approach or isolated individual efforts. The challenge of COVID-19 offers communities a moment to build more resilient, antifragile communities that not only survive the current crisis, but that thrive after it, and that are better equipped for the next challenge. This is not the time for the singular heroics of the White Knight, or the antics of Don Quixote, tilting at windmills. It is the time of Sancho Panza, which is to say of regular non-credentialed citizens, and their collective efforts, who up to now have largely been considered pawns in this contest. Asset-based community development (ABCD) rejects both the individual as an island and the institutional, knightly emphasis on assessing needs and deficits within communities. It favours identifying and mobilising available and latent assets within a community to forge closer connections among all people, the better to collectivise problem-solving efforts. Community-driven initiatives are assisted in this by localised not-for-profit agencies that practice subsidiarity.

Atuação da psicologia no SUAS: percepções sobre desenvolvimento humano e desenvolvimento comunitário / Psychology performance at SUAS: perceptions about human development and community development / La actuación de la psicología en el SUAS: percepciones sobre desarrollo humano y desarrollo comunitario

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a percepção de psicólogos(as) com experiência de atuação em serviços de Proteção Social Básica (PSB) do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) acerca processos de desenvolvimento humano e comunitário, bem como suas possíveis articulações com o trabalho realizado nos serviços em que atuam. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com seis psicólogas atuantes em Centros de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) em diferentes municípios da região norte do Paraná. Foi possível observar que, mesmo diante de dificuldades e limitações, prevalece nos relatos das psicólogas o entendimento que de os serviços PSB são espaços potenciais para o fomento a processos de desenvolvimento humano edesenvolvimento comunitário. (AU)

This article aims to analyze the perception of psychologists with experience of working in Basic Social Protection (PSB) services of theUnified Social AssistanceSystem (SUAS) about human and Community development processes, as well as theirpossible links with the work carried out in theservices in which they operate. Forthis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six psychologists working in Reference Centers for Social Assistance (CRAS) in diferente municipalities in the Northern region of Paraná. It was possible to observe that, even in theface of difficulties and limitations, psychologists' reports prevail the understanding that PSB services are potential spaces for the promotion of human development and community development processes. (AU)

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la percepción de psicólogos con experiencia de trabajo en los servicios de Protección Social Básica (PSB) del Sistema Único de Asistencia Social (SUAS) sobre sobre los procesos de desarrollo humano y comunitario, así como sus posibles vínculos conel trabajo realizado en los servicios en los que operan. Para ello, se realizaron entrevista semiestructuradas con seis psicólogos que laboran en los Centros de Referencia de Asistencia Social (CRAS) en diferentes municipios de la región norte de Paraná. Se pudo observar que, incluso ante las dificultades y limitaciones, los informes de los psicólogos prevalecen en el entendimiento de que los servicios de PSB son espacios potenciales para la promoción del desarrollo humano y los processos de desarrollo comunitario. (AU)

Psicologia social comunitária e economia solidária no Brasil: diálogos conceituais / Social and community psychology and solidarity economy in Brazil: conceptual dialogues / Psicologia social y comunitaria y economia solidadaria en Brasil: diálogos conceptuales

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal realizar uma aproximação teórica entre os conceitos de comunidade e desenvolvimento comunitário a partir dos aportes da Economia Solidária e da Psicologia Social Comunitária. Tendo como cenário os debates e práticas que motivaram a emergência destes campos no contexto brasileiro, buscamos compreender os conceitos selecionados e a partir deles examinar as possibilidades de interconexões. Para tanto, tomamos como base autores(as) representativos(as) para os campos, especialmente na literatura brasileira, e que pudessem contribuir para esta discussão. A partir dos elementos levantados, evidenciamos pontos de convergência e divergência nos conceitos centrais. Dentre as convergências ressaltamos: I. ideias de participação e democracia; II. noção da construção do sujeito crítico; III. noção de uma espécie de cidadania ativa. Já as divergências se colocam mais como caminhos distintos para a leitura de uma mesma realidade social, podendo-se concluir que os campos são complementares para a compreensão desta realidade (AU).

Our main objective here is to carry out a theoretical approach among the concepts of community and community development from the contributions of solidarity economy and social and community psychology. Taking as backdrop themes that motivated the emergence of these fields in the Brazilian context, we seek to understand these selected concepts by exploring possibilities of interconnections. Also, we have taken as grounding representative authors from each field at the Brazilian literature, choosing those who could contribute to this discussion. From emerged categories out of these central concepts, we have highlighted points of theorical convergence and divergence. Among the convergences, we have highlighted: I. ideas of participation and democracy; II. construction of a critical subject; III. a kind of an active citizenship. Differences, on the other hand, seems to be distinct paths for reading the same social reality, and it can be concluded that the fields are complementary in understanding this reality (AU).

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal llevar a cabo un enfoque teórico entre los conceptos de comunidad y desarrollo comunitario a partir de los aportes de la economía solidaria y la psicología social y comunitaria. Tomando como telón de fondo elementos del surgimiento de estos campos en el contexto brasileño, buscamos comprender como los conceptos seleccionados se caracterizan y cuáles son sus posibles interconexiones. Para esto, tomamos como base a autores representativos de los campos, especialmente en la literatura brasileña. De los elementos planteados, destacamos puntos de convergencia y divergencia entre los conceptos centrales. Por las convergencias, destacamos: I. ideas de participación y democracia; II noción de la construcción del sujeto crítico; III. noción de una especie de ciudadanía activa. Las diferencias, por otro lado, parecen ser caminos distintos para leer la misma realidad social, y se puede concluir que los campos son complementarios para comprender esta realidad (AU).

Mapeo de activos comunitario para la salud en un asentamiento informal de Medellín (Colombia) / Community health assets mapping in a slum in Medellin (Colombia)

Objetivo: Describir cómo la comunidad del Barrio El Faro identifica sus activos comunitarios, los utiliza para hacer frente a los desafíos de la vida mediante la capacidad de agencia colectiva y genera procesos de desarrollo comunitario, aplicando la teoría salutogénica que considera a las personas como sujetos activos, con capacidad para conservar y generar salud y bienestar, mediante el uso de sus propios recursos, denominados «activos para la salud». Método: En 2018 se realizó un mapa de activos comunitarios en el Barrio El Faro, un asentamiento informal de Medellín, Colombia, siguiendo las fases recomendadas por otros autores y desde un enfoque cualitativo y de participación que profundiza en la situación de salud de la comunidad. Resultados: En este proceso se identificaron 12 activos comunitarios individuales, 12 colectivos, 13 institucionales y 10 en el entorno. El principal activo comunitario entre los 47 descritos fue la participación comunitaria desde la capacidad de agencia, principalmente desde sus líderes, quienes participando en organizaciones propias incentivan el desarrollo, la construcción de identidad y el bienestar. Conclusión: El mapeo de activos ha servido para identificar activos intangibles para la comunidad, y a su vez este reconocimiento ha sido útil para fortalecer la capacidad de agencia para el desarrollo de la comunidad. Este es un territorio transformado por procesos de reflexión comunitaria que permite comprender situaciones de exclusión y pobreza, buscando crear un lugar más habitable y desarrollando una capacidad comunitaria para resolver sus propios problemas a través de la solidaridad y el apoyo comunitarios. (AU)

Objective: To describe how the community from El Faro neighborhood identifies its community assets, uses them to face life's challenges through the capacity of collective agency; and by generating community development processes, applying the salutogenic theory that considers people as active subjects, with the capacity to conserve and generate health and well-being, through the use of their own resources called health assets. Methods: A map of community assets was made in 2018 in el Faro neighborhood, an informal settlement of Medellín, Colombia, following the phases recommended by other authors and from a qualitative, participatory approach that delves into the health situation of the community. Results: In this process were identified 12 individual community assets, 12 collective, 13 institutional and 10 in the environment. The main community asset among the 47 described was community participation, from the agency capacity, mainly of its leaders who participating in their own organizations encourage development, identity construction and well-being. Conclusion: Asset mapping has served to identify intangible assets for the community and, in turn, this recognition has been useful in strengthening the agency's capacity for community development. This is a territory transformed by community reflection processes allowing to understand situations of exclusion and poverty, seeking to create a more livable place and developing a community capacity to solve their own problems, through solidarity and community support. (AU)

Desenvolvimento comunitário e participação: organização de consenso e hegemonia burguesa no Brasil / Community development and participation: consensus organization and bourgeois hegemony in Brazil / Desarrollo comunitario y participación: organización de consenso y hegemonía burguesa en Brasil

Este texto busca realizar uma avaliação teórica da possível funcionalidade de um modelo de trabalho comunitário em Psicologia para a construção de uma forma passiva de consenso dentro do conjunto de transformações ocorridas no Brasil durante os recentes governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores. Esse modelo é o do desenvolvimento comunitário, e o objeto da avaliação é a concepção de participação dele apreendida, abordada a partir das contribuições teóricas de Gramsci (1891-1937) sobre o Estado e sobre a noção de revolução passiva. Analisada a partir dessas chaves conceituais, tal concepção de participação parece não romper, em seus fundamentos, com a concepção de participação dos modelos aos quais o desenvolvimento comunitário se propõe como alternativa. E, em sua funcionalidade no conjunto de transformações operadas nos referidos governos, pode ter contribuído com a organização de formas de consenso passivo e, consequentemente, com a hegemonia de frações da classe burguesa no Brasil.

This article aims to make a theoretical evaluation of the possible functionality of a community work model in Psychology for the construction of a passive form of consensus within the set of transformations that occurred in Brazil during the recent governments of the Workers' Party. This model consists in the community development one, and the evaluation object is the conception of participation apprehended from it, approached from Gramsci's (1891-1937) theoretical contributions on the State and on the notion of passive revolution. Analyzed from these conceptual keys, this conception of participation does not seem to break, in its fundamentals, with the conception of participation of the models to which community development is proposed as an alternative. And, in its functionality in the set of transformations operated in the Worker's Party governments, it may have contributed to the organization of forms of passive consensus and, consequently, to the hegemony of fractions of the bourgeois class in Brazil.

Este texto busca realizar una evaluación teórica de la posible funcionalidad de un modelo de trabajo comunitario en Psicología para la construcción de una forma pasiva de consenso, dentro de las transformaciones realizadas en Brasil durante los gobiernos recientes del Partido de los Trabajadores. Este modelo es el del desarrollo comunitario y el objeto de la evaluación es la concepción de participación aprehendida de él, abordada a partir de las contribuciones teóricas de Gramsci (1891-1937) sobre el Estado y la noción de revolución pasiva. Analizada a partir de estas claves conceptuales, esta concepción de participación no parece romper con la concepción de participación de los modelos a los que se propone el desarrollo comunitario como alternativa. Y, en su funcionalidad en el conjunto de transformaciones operadas en los gobiernos antes mencionados, puede haber contribuido a la organización de formas de consenso pasivo y, en consecuencia, a la hegemonía de las fracciones de la clase burguesa en Brasil.

[Community health assets mapping in a slum in Medellin (Colombia)]. / Mapeo de activos comunitario para la salud en un asentamiento informal de Medellín (Colombia).

OBJECTIVE: To describe how the community from El Faro neighborhood identifies its community assets, uses them to face life's challenges through the capacity of collective agency; and by generating community development processes, applying the salutogenic theory that considers people as active subjects, with the capacity to conserve and generate health and well-being, through the use of their own resources called health assets. METHODS: A map of community assets was made in 2018 in el Faro neighborhood, an informal settlement of Medellín, Colombia, following the phases recommended by other authors and from a qualitative, participatory approach that delves into the health situation of the community. RESULTS: In this process were identified 12 individual community assets, 12 collective, 13 institutional and 10 in the environment. The main community asset among the 47 described was community participation, from the agency capacity, mainly of its leaders who participating in their own organizations encourage development, identity construction and well-being. CONCLUSION: Asset mapping has served to identify intangible assets for the community and, in turn, this recognition has been useful in strengthening the agency's capacity for community development. This is a territory transformed by community reflection processes allowing to understand situations of exclusion and poverty, seeking to create a more livable place and developing a community capacity to solve their own problems, through solidarity and community support.

Psicologia Comunitária e Participação: Apontamentos Históricos e Considerações sobre o Modelo do Desenvolvimento Comunitário / Community Psychology and Participation: Historical Notes and Considerations on the Community Development Model / Psicología Comunitaria y Participación: Notas Históricas y Consideraciones sobre el Modelo de Desarrollo Comunitario

Este artigo tem como proposta discutir o tema da participação em projetos de Psicologia Comunitária no Brasil, mais propriamente no que diz respeito à concepção de participação veiculada em um desses projetos. Para isso, apresenta um breve resgate histórico da construção dos trabalhos de desenvolvimento de comunidades no Brasil, demarcando o processo de estabelecimento da centralidade da ideia de participação em suas propostas, bem como uma análise crítica de seus pressupostos. A essa análise acrescenta algumas contribuições do pensamento político de Antônio Gramsci, que auxiliam no exame dos pressupostos das concepções de participação presentes em outros tipos de trabalho comunitário, que não os do tipo desenvolvido nos modelos ortodoxos de desenvolvimento de comunidades. Como contribuição, oferece-se a problematização da noção de participação presente em um modelo de grande referência em projetos comunitários na Psicologia, extraído de uma pesquisa histórica sobre a Psicologia Comunitária no Brasil. Tal modelo, apresentado como desenvolvimento comunitário, foi submetido a uma reflexão à luz das contribuições teóricas apresentadas, que possibilitou a verificação da preservação, neste modelo alternativo, dos pressupostos fundamentais do tipo de participação presente nos modelos ortodoxos de trabalho comunitário. (AU)

This article aims to discuss the theme of participation processes in Community Psychology projects in Brazil, specifically regarding the concept of participation present in one of these projects. For this purpose, it presents a brief historical review of the construction of community development work in Brazil, demarcating the development process of the importance of the idea of participation in its proposals, as well as a critical analysis of its assumptions. It seeks to add to this analysis some contributions from Antonio Gramsci's political thinking, which may assist in examining the assumptions of participatory conceptions present in other types of community work than those developed in the orthodox models of community development. As a contribution, we offer the problematization of the notion of participation present in a model of great reference in Community projects in Psychology, extracted from a historical research on Community Psychology in Brazil. Such model, presented as Community development, was submitted to a reflection in the light of the presented theoretical contributions, which allowed the verification of the maintenance, in this alternative model, of the fundamental assumptions of the kind of participation present in the orthodox models of Community work. (AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir el tema de la participación en proyectos de psicología comunitaria en Brasil, específicamente en relación con el concepto de participación transmitido en uno de estos proyectos. Con este fin, presenta una breve revisión histórica de la construcción del trabajo de desarrollo comunitario en Brasil, demarcando el proceso de establecimiento de la centralidad de la idea de participación en sus propuestas, así como un análisis crítico de sus premisas. Se agregan algunas contribuciones del pensamiento político de Antonio Gramsci a este análisis, lo que puede ayudar a examinar los supuestos de las concepciones de participación presentes en otros tipos de trabajo comunitario distintos a los desarrollados en modelos ortodoxos de desarrollo comunitario. Como contribución, ofrecemos la problematización de la noción de participación presente en un modelo de gran referencia en proyectos comunitarios en psicología, extraída de una investigación histórica sobre psicología comunitaria en Brasil. Dicho modelo, presentado como desarrollo comunitario, fue sometido a una reflexión a la luz de las contribuciones teóricas presentadas, lo que permitió verificar la preservación, en este modelo alternativo, de los supuestos fundamentales de la participación presente en los modelos ortodoxos de trabajo comunitario. (AU)

Terapia Ocupacional en la ruralidad: una experiencia en La Macarena, Meta / Occupational Therapy in the rural setting: an experience in La Macarena, Meta / Terapia Ocupacional na ruralidade: uma experiência em La Macarena, Meta

La firma del Acuerdo de Paz entre el Gobierno Nacional y las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia Ejército del Pueblo (FARC-EP) abrió una ventana de oportunidad para contribuir en la transformación de las condiciones de vida y salud de las comunidades rurales. Este artículo presenta la experiencia de un grupo de terapeutas ocupacionales quienes, como parte de un proyecto de extensión universitaria, se propusieron aportar al fortalecimiento de las capacidades comunitarias para la atención primaria en salud de comunidades y organizaciones sociales del municipio de La Macarena (Meta, Colombia). La sistematización, como camino metodológico, hizo posible reconstruir la experiencia vivida en el territorio, en diálogo con la apuesta política del proyecto. Las reflexiones emergentes alrededor de la vida cotidiana y del lugar de la Terapia Ocupacional comunitaria mostraron desafíos y aprendizajes sobre el tiempo, el espacio y las identidades de la profesión en este campo. Los resultados de la puesta en acción de estrategias desde Terapia Ocupacional reafirman el compromiso ético para aportar en la disminución de las inequidades sociales.

The signing of the peace agreement between the National Government and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ­ People's Army (FARC -EP) opened a new opportunity to contribute to the transformation of life and health conditions of rural communities. This article presents the experience of a group of occupational therapists who, as part of a university extension project, set out to contribute to the strengthening of the community capacities for primary health care for communities and social organizations of the Macarena (Meta, Colombia.) Systematization as a methodological path, enabled the reconstruction of the lived experience, which was put in dialogue alongside the political commitment of the project. Emerging reflections around daily life and the role of community occupational therapy showed the challenges and learning opportunities about time, space and identities of occupational therapy in this setting. The results of the implementation strategies from Occupational Therapy reaffirm the ethical commitment of the profession to contribute to reducing social inequities.

A assinatura do Acordo de Paz entre o Governo Nacional e o Exército do Povo das Forças Armadas Revolucionárias da Colômbia (FARC-EP) abriu uma janela de oportunidade para contribuir com a transformação das condições de vida e de saúde das comunidades rurais. Este artigo apresenta a experiência de um grupo de terapeutas ocupacionais que, articulados a um projeto de extensão universitária, se propuseram a contribuir para o fortalecimento das capacidades comunitárias de atenção primária à saúde de comunidades e organizações sociais no município de Macarena. A sistematização, como caminho metodológico, gerou a reconstrução da experiência vivida, em que foi colocada em diálogo com o território e o compromisso político do projeto. Reflexões emergentes sobre a vida cotidiana e o local da terapia ocupacional comunitária, mostraram desafios e aprendizagens sobre o tempo, espaço e identidades da referida terapia. Os resultados da implementação de estratégias reafirmam o compromisso ético da nossa profissão, a fim de contribuir para a redução das iniquidades sociais.

[What would a person in a medical uniform know about communities? Dialogue on community health and its many varied forms. SESPAS Report 2018]. / ¿Qué sabrá una bata de comunidades? Diálogos sobre salud comunitaria y sus múltiples conjugaciones. Informe SESPAS 2018.

Terms such as community or community health are used more and more frequently and in multiple contexts. As healthcare workers, we acknowledge the need to reflect upon these concepts in order to shed light on the different meanings we bestow on community health. This dialogue approaches the notion of the community examining its relationships with other notions; for example, we examine how the notion of territory could trigger both communitarian networks and exclusionary practices. On the other hand, the practices that identify and help in building what is "communal" are perceived as more inclusive and as a starting point to think about what communities mean. Far from a naive vision of the community as a non-hierarchical structure, this dialogue exposes the risks of reproducing inequalities within the communities we work with. Therefore, we propose maintaining an active dialogue within the communities to collectively rename the real experienced conditions that need to be transformed. Finally, this dialogue reflects upon the professional roles arising from the different approaches to community health and the sociopolitical implications that this diversity entails.

Considerations about community development / Consideraciones sobre el desarrollo comunitario

RESUMEN La producción científica sobre el término desarrollo se encuentra fragmentada a partir de intereses desarticuladores del capital. Este proceso ha desvirtuado las potencialidades de la sociedad para reencontrar lo comunitario como cualidad emancipadora del ser humano. La falta de unidad teórica y conceptual acerca del desarrollo ha sido tradicionalmente tratada por la sociología, la filosofía y la práctica política. Se plantea como objetivo identificar aspectos teóricos referidos a la cualidad comunitaria del desarrollo. El estudio tiene un enfoque marxista. Para la obtención de resultados, se emplean los métodos en el nivel teórico: analítico-sintético, sistémico-estructural, históricológico e inductivo-deductivo, y a nivel empírico, el análisis documental. Se enuncian consideraciones sobre el desarrollo desde una visión integradora que trasciende adjetivaciones y se fundamenta como un proceso real y concreto. Lo comunitario como cualidad transformadora de la actividad humana, concretado en los proyectos colectivos, constituye el principio teórico del desarrollo desalienador.

ABSTRACT The scientific production on the term development is found fragmented from disarticulating interests of capital. This process has distorted the potential of society to rediscover the community as an emancipating quality of the human being. The lack of theoretical and conceptual unity about development has traditionally been dealt with by sociology, philosophy and political practice. The objective is to identify theoretical aspects related to the community quality of development. The study has a Marxist approach. To obtain results, the methods are used at the theoretical level: analytic-synthetic, systemic-structural, historical-logical and inductive-deductive, and empirically, the documentary analysis. Considerations on development are enunciated from an integrating vision that transcends adjectives and is based on a real and concrete process. The community as a transforming quality of human activity, concretized in collective projects, constitutes the theoretical principle of disalienating development.

[Networks of experiences on community health as an information system in health promotion: lessons learned in Aragon (Spain)]. / Las redes de experiencias de salud comunitaria como sistema de información en promoción de la salud: la trayectoria en Aragón.

Networks of community health experiences promote interaction and knowledge management in health promotion among their participants. These networks integrate both professionals and social agents who work directly on the ground in small environments, with defined objectives and inclusion criteria and voluntary participation. In this article, networks in Aragon (Spain) are reviewed in order to analyse their role as an information system. The Health Promotion Projects Network of Aragon (Red Aragonesa de Proyectos de Promoción de la Salud, RAPPS) was launched in 1996 and currently includes 73 projects. The average duration of projects is 12.7 years. RAPPS interdisciplinary teams involve 701 people, of which 89.6% are professionals and 10.6% are social agents. The Aragon Health Promoting Schools Network (Red Aragonesa de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud, RAEPS) integrates 134 schools (24.9% of Aragon). The schools teams involve 829 teachers and members of the school community, students (35.2%), families (26.2%) and primary care health professionals (9.8%). Experiences Networks boost citizen participation, have an influence in changing social determinants and contribute to the formulation of plans and regional strategies. Networks can provide indicators for a health promotion information and monitoring system on: capacity building services in the territory, identifying assets and models of good practice, cross-sectoral and equity initiatives. Experiences Networks represent an opportunity to create a health promotion information system, systematising available information and establishing quality criteria for initiatives.

[Health promotion based on assets: how to work with this perspective in local interventions?] / Promoción de la salud basada en activos: ¿cómo trabajar con esta perspectiva en intervenciones locales?

An asset-based approach could be useful to revitalise health promotion or community health interventions combining work with multiple partnerships, positive health, community engagement, equity and orientation of health determinants. We set some recommendations about how to incorporate the assets model in programmes, projects and interventions in health promotion. Some techniques are described for assets mapping and some experiences with this methodology being developed in different regions are systematised. We propose the term "Asset-based Health Promotion/Community Health" as an operational definition to work at the local level with a community engagement and participatory approach, building alliances between different institutions at the state-regional level and trying to create a framework for action with the generation of evaluations and evidence to work on population interventions from the perspective of positive health.

A Participatory Action Research Method in a Rural Community of Mexico / Una investigación acción participativa en una comunidad rural de México

For several decades, community interventions have promoted community development with strategies involving capacity building, advocacy, social change, and empowerment. Although community interventions intend to ameliorate social and economic inequalities, there is still a need to evaluate the outcomes of Participatory Action Research (PAR). PAR approaches have demonstrated to be a helpful tool for addressing and identifying community issues and strengths, while leading community members into action. The PAR approach described in this case study of Ciudad Renace (Town Reborn)-the Concerns Report Method (CRM)-provided a process for the community to come together and identify main issues, organize, and take actions. The findings suggest multiple activities and outcomes in areas like environmental contamination, social services, and education. Participatory methodologies like the Concerns report Method provided opportunities for community members to become engaged in pursing issues and addressing their own needs. The implications for community psychology research and practice are discussed.

Por varias décadas, las intervenciones comunitarias han promovido el desarrollo comunitario con estrategias que implican creación de capacidades, promoción, cambio social y empoderamiento. Aunque las intervenciones comunitarias tienen la intención de mejorar las desigualdades sociales y económicas, todavía hay una necesidad de evaluar los resultados de la Investigación Acción Participativa (IAP). Los enfoques IAP han demostrado ser una herramienta útil para el direccionamiento y la identificación de problemas y fortalezas de la comunidad, al mismo tiempo que alientan a los miembros de la comunidad a la acción. El enfoque IAP descrito en este estudio de caso sobre la Ciudad Renace con el Concerns Report Method (CRM) provee de un proceso que permite a la comunidad llegar a identificar en conjunto, sus principales problemas, organizarse y tomar acciones. Los hallazgos sugieren múltiples actividades y resultados en áreas como la contaminación ambiental, los servicios sociales y la educación. Las metodologias participativas como el CRM brindan oportunidades a los miembros de la comunidad para que se involucren en la búsqueda de sus propios problemas y hacer frente a sus necesidades. Se discuten las implicancias para la investigación y la práctica de la psicología comunitaria.

Gobernanza de las políticas de proximidad: análisis de calidad y rendimiento democrático de los Consejos Locales Bienestar (Murcia, Espana) / Proximity social policies government: quality and democratic improvement analysis of local council of well being (Murcia, Spain)

El artículo presenta un análisis y evaluación de las oportunidades, contribuciones y limitaciones que presentan los órganos de participación institucionalizada en materia de servicios sociales municipales para profundizar en los procesos democratizadores de las políticas sociales públicas gestionadas por las administraciones locales, así como las propuestas y alternativas que desde sus actores participantes supondría su intensificación para la gobernanza local y la eficacia de centros, organizaciones y profesionales de la intervención social. Para su adecuada ilustración y contextualización se alude a la línea de reformas que introducen las recomendaciones y normas de carácter internacional, nacional, así como las nuevas leyes de servicios sociales autonómicas y los hallazgos y conclusiones obtenidos en una investigación empírica sobre participación ciudadana en las políticas sociales de la región de Murcia, contrastando y comparando sus resultados con realidades y tendencias observadas en otros estudios y experiencias.