Factors That Influence Resilience among First-Year Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.

During their transition from basic to higher education, first-year undergraduate nursing students need to balance theoretical and clinical requirements, as well as their social life. A significant number of them struggle with this, due to a lack of coping mechanisms due to poor resilience. This study aimed to determine factors that influence resilience among first-year undergraduate nursing students at a South African university. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was followed, with stratified convenient sampling. Data were collected during August 2023 using an adapted self-administered online questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the adapted version was ensured in the context of this study. Principal component analysis and varimax rotation were used to analyse data. A total of 123 participants (47.2% from campus A and 52.8% from campus B) completed the questionnaire. The majority (88%) were females. This study showed that resilience can be dependent on various factors, such as lecturer support, parental support, academic achievement, peer and mentor support, optimism about the future, and self-determination. It is recommended that higher education institutions should consider incorporating the factors presented in this study as part of the broader orientation of first-year undergraduate nursing students when they first arrive at university.

Sustaining the nursing workforce - exploring enabling and motivating factors for the retention of returning nurses: a qualitative descriptive design.

BACKGROUND: The nursing shortage represents a persistent and urgent challenge within the healthcare industry. One of the most cost-effective and time-efficient solutions to address this issue is the recruitment of inactive nurses to rejoin the nursing workforce, while simultaneously ensuring the long-term sustainability of their careers following their return to work. The aim of this study is to explore the factors that facilitate the retention of nurses who have returned to work, from their perspective. METHODS: To achieve this aim, a qualitative descriptive design was employed. A total of 15 registered nurses who had not practiced nursing for a minimum of three years prior to their return to work, and had been working as nurses for at least three months following their return, were selected from seven healthcare institutions using convenience sampling. Face-to-face or online semi-structured interviews were conducted, and qualitative inductive analysis was employed to analyze the collected data. RESULTS: The analysis revealed five key themes, two of which were related to the enabling factors making it possible for the nurses to continue their work, while the remaining three pertained to the motivating factors driving the pursuit of professional careers. The two themes associated with enabling factors were identified as "Conditions and support that sustain work-life balance" and "A workplace that acknowledges my career, and encourages my growth as an experienced nurse". The three themes related to motivating factors were entitled "Pride in reconnecting with and contributing to society," "Cultivating confidence through incremental professional development and future envisioning," and "Enrichment of my own and my family's life". CONCLUSIONS: Returning nurses constitute a valuable asset for healthcare institutions. To effectively retain these nurses, it is crucial to implement multi-dimensional approaches that enable and motivate them to sustain and enrich their professional and personal lives while continuing their work in the nursing field.

Physical Activity and Breast Cancer Prevention Among Chinese American Women: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.

Physical inactivity is a modifiable behavioral risk factor for breast cancer. Chinese American women have an increased breast cancer incidence and a low prevalence of meeting physical activity (PA) recommendations, yet little is known about their knowledge and experience regarding PA and breast cancer prevention. Given the significant cultural differences between Eastern and Western societies, effective interventions to promote PA among Chinese American women require understanding their knowledge levels regarding PA in breast cancer prevention and their PA experiences through a cultural lens. This qualitative descriptive study used virtual semi-structured individual interviews to explore Chinese American women's knowledge and perception of PA, their understanding of the role of PA in breast cancer prevention, and influence of culture and acculturation on PA experience. Twenty-one Chinese American women residing in eight states were interviewed. Using thematic analysis, four themes emerged: A limited appreciation of the preventability of breast cancer, variability in PA perception, Chinese culture norms and lifestyles influencing PA behavior, and the influence of the process of acculturation on PA behavior. Chinese American women had a limited understanding of PA in breast cancer prevention. Chinese culture, lifestyles, and traditional Chinese medicine positively and negatively influence Chinese American women's PA behaviors. When exposed to American culture, Chinese American women tended to adopt new PA behaviors, including increasing leisure-time PA while decreasing occupation- and transportation-related PA. Interventions to increase PA and reduce breast cancer risk among Chinese American women should address cultural factors and acculturation along with education and behavioral change strategies.

Dementia care behind prison walls: A descriptive study understanding nurse's knowledge and educational needs.

AIM/OBJECTIVE: To establish correctional nurses' dementia knowledge base and identify their educational needs related to caring for prisoners with dementia. BACKGROUND: The aging prison population is growing, posing a heightened risk of dementia among older inmates. This study examined the knowledge and perceived educational needs of nurses caring for prisoners with dementia. DESIGN: A descriptive study which was qualitative in nature was undertaken. METHODS: Data was collected using an online survey which included Demographics, the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2 and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency were used to analyse the quantitative data and a qualitative analysis was undertaken to identify common themes and extract meaningful insight from the open-ended questions. RESULTS: Nurses showed a general understanding of dementia and its environmental impact but lacked knowledge of late-stage changes. Eight main themes relating more broadly to the environmental and staffing challenges faced by nurses are presented. CONCLUSION: Although participants appeared to have a reasonable dementia knowledge base the study highlights the need for specific dementia education and support focussed on the correctional setting and collaborative partnerships with dementia experts in the community.

Supporting occupational therapists to initiate conversations about sexuality with people with intellectual disability: Co-design by deliberative dialogue.

INTRODUCTION: Occupational therapists routinely report low levels of confidence in addressing needs related to sexuality and intimacy. These issues are compounded when supporting clients with intellectual disability, due to prevailing assumptions about capacity and few practical support resources. At a disciplinary level, there is ongoing discourse around how to best conceptualise and support sexual and gender identities generally, within models of human occupation. Leveraging interdisciplinarity, where sexuality overlaps as a sphere of interest, can aid the development of practical support resources. Engagement with sociology (focussed on relationality) and disability studies (focussed on embodiment) offers a generative path forward. METHODS: The deliberative dialogues framework was used to develop a co-designed resource by occupational therapists for occupational therapists. Six Australian occupational therapists with experience working with clients with intellectual disability and/or sexuality were purposively recruited to participate in co-design groups. Using the eight features of deliberative dialogue, data was collected and analysed by an interdisciplinary research team to collaboratively produce a practical support resource. RESULTS: Participants agreed the greatest need was to develop a resource for clinicians, to support conversations with clients about sexuality. Five key themes emerged: (1) Theoretical explanations addressing why sexuality is important must be paired with practical advice; (2) make a conversational call to action from 'OTs' for 'OTs' by locating sexuality within the domain of occupational therapy; (3) make explicit that people with intellectual disability are sexual beings; (4) need for self-reflection; and (5) demonstrate how existing understandings of occupation apply to sexuality. CONCLUSION: A resource in the form of a brochure was developed, intended to be used as a conversation primer. The process used to develop the resource demonstrated the value of interdisciplinary collaboration and the utility of deliberative dialogue as a co-design method.

Experiences and contextual practices of family-centered care in Ghanaian nicus: a qualitative study of families and clinicians.

BACKGROUND: Families, whether at home or at the hospital, should be a vital part of newborn care. However, most families are excluded from hospital care, particularly in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This is incompatible with the concepts of Family-Centered Care (FCC) and may compromise care continuity and family satisfaction following discharge from neonatal intensive care facilities. The purpose of this study was to examine FCC practices in Ghanaian neonatal intensive care units and provide the experiences and contextual practices of FCC from the perspectives of families and clinicians. METHODS: The study qualitatively examined the contextual practices of FCC from the perspectives of families and clinicians in neonatal intensive care units using an exploratory descriptive design. With the help of MAXQDA software, 36 transcripts were generated and their contents were analyzed. RESULTS: Contextual practices of FCC, family experiences of FCC and clinician experiences of FCC emerged as three main categories from the data. Respect and dignity, culture and religion and a multidisciplinary approach were the contextual practices. Emotional stress, lack of information and coping strategies were all common family experiences. Support, counseling, education and financial problems have all been experienced by clinicians. CONCLUSIONS: Shared decision-making, counseling and education, as well as respect/dignity amongst clinicians, managers and families using a multidisciplinary approach are the fundamental concepts of FCC approach in Ghana. Acceptance and integration of FCC approach into neonatal intensive care units may reduce the burden of care as well as improve the quality of care. Further studies are needed to map out strategies and interventions for the integration of FCC into intensive care units.

Identification of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients who have undergone transcranial magnetic stimulation in a psychiatry clinic: A retrospective descriptive design.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study, which is the first in this field in Turkey, is to determine the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who have undergone transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in a psychiatry clinic. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study has a retrospective descriptive design. Data of 513 psychiatric patients who have undergone TMS between 2015 and 2018 in a university hospital were reviewed. FINDINGS: Significant differences were found between psychiatric diagnoses of the patients, based on their sex, marital status, and the number of courses of treatment with TMS (p < 0.05). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It was suggested that nurses who would practice this procedure were required to be educated for TMS and nursing care to provide well and effective care.

An Early Collaborative Intervention Focusing on Parent-Infant Interaction in the Neonatal Period. A Descriptive Study of the Developmental Framework.

Moderate to late preterm infants are at risk of developing problems later in life. To support attachment and infants' development, high quality parent-infant interaction is important. Parent-infant interaction is known to improve through intervention programs but since no such intervention program is addressed directly to moderate to late preterm infants, a tailor-made intervention was developed. The aim was to describe the rationale, development, framework and practical provision of a new early collaborative intervention program. This study has a descriptive design and the intervention is described using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication. During an intervention-session, the preterm infant's cues are made visible to the parents as they perform an everyday care-taking procedure. Instant feedback is delivered to give the parents the opportunity to notice, interpret and respond to cues immediately. The infant's response to the parent's action is discussed in a dialogue to instantly guide parents´ awareness of the preterm infant's subtle cues. This study describes a new early collaborative intervention, developed to support interaction between parents and their moderate to late preterm infants starting in the neonatal intensive care unit. Clinical studies evaluating parental experiences as well as the effects of the early intervention are ongoing, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02034617.

Encountering Child Abuse and Neglect in Home Visiting: a Qualitative Study of Visitor and Supervisor Experiences.

Prevention of child maltreatment is a goal of home visiting (HV) for new mothers. How home visitors and their clinical supervisors manage concerns about child maltreatment may impact both the families' and the home visitors' engagement with the program. We sought to understand how HV personnel encounter and respond to concerns of child maltreatment and how these concerns are related to their work with families. We conducted an interpretive descriptive qualitative study of home visitors and supervisors in a statewide HV program, using the Parents as Teachers curriculum, to describe the experience of HV personnel. Two researchers conducted semi-structured interviews March 2016 to October 2017. Interviews were concurrently transcribed, coded, and analyzed, using thematic analysis. After 13 interviews with home visitors and 13 interviews with supervisors, codes and themes were saturated. We identified three themes: Decision to Call Child Protective Services (CPS), Relationships, and Collaborating with CPS. The decision to call CPS was described as difficult, and there was substantial variation in the details of this decision. The relationship between home visitor and family was consistently the most important. Variations were seen in how home visitors and supervisors collaborated with CPS, ranging from strong connections through liaisons to frustrations due to poor communication and perceived variation in how cases were handled. The decision to report a family to CPS is a challenging clinical issue; additional training and connections with CPS may improve consistency across sites for home visitors.

"Tailoring homely meals": Family members' motivations underlying nursing home visits during residents' meals.

AIM: Elderly nursing home residents are often malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Family members often visit residents during mealtimes, which might be an ideal opportunity for interventions targeted at improving the nutritional status of older residents. Therefore, this study aimed to explore motivations behind family member visits with nursing home residents during mealtime in Taiwan. METHODS: This phenomenological study was conducted with family members of residents from four nursing homes in Taiwan. Participants were purposively sampled. Data were collected with individual face-to-face interviews from 18 family members. Data from transcribed audio-recorded interviews were analyzed using the approach of van Manen. RESULTS: Analysis of the interview data identified the essence of motivations underlying family members' visits to nursing home residents during mealtimes, which we termed "tailoring homely meals." This referred to providing food tailored to residents' needs, providing a comforting family atmosphere, assisting residents during mealtime, and monitoring food consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The motivations of family members to visit during mealtime could guide healthcare professionals working with East Asian populations in developing interventions to reduce the possibility of malnutrition, while also improving their quality of life. We recommend providing the following for nursing home residents: a nutritious and balanced diet, supporting their independence and ability to feed themselves, and encouraging involvement of family members during mealtimes.

Perceptions of inpatients and nurses towards the importance of nurses' caring behaviours in rehabilitation: A comparative study.

AIMS: This study was conducted to describe and compare nurses' and inpatients' perceptions of caring attitudes and behaviours in rehabilitation. METHODS: A comparative descriptive design was used. Perceptions of caring attitudes and behaviours were compared between 34 nurses working in rehabilitation and 64 elderly patients, using the Caring Nurse Patient Inventory-23, to explore Watson's carative factors through four dimensions. Patients' and nurses' ratings of importance for each dimension were compared. The study data were collected from 8 November 2017 to 5 May 2018. RESULTS: Patients' and nurses' responses showed high scores in terms of their perceptions of caring, with nurses having the higher scores, and significant differences were found between patients and nurses. Patients scored items linked to clinical aspects of caring as the most important, whereas nurses scored items linked to humanistic and clinical caring as equally important. Comfort care was considered important for nurses and patients. Both groups considered relational caring items as the least important. CONCLUSION: Results show that patients and nurses value clinical aspects of care, which is the visible aspect of care. The Caring Nurse Patient Inventory-23 is a reliable instrument to measure the nurses' and patients' perception of caring behaviours in rehabilitation.

Proactive behaviour in midwifery practice: A qualitative overview based on midwives' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Midwifery practice is in the process of continuing developments and contemporary working conditions asking for proactive behaviour, which could increase work-efficiency, job satisfaction, commitment and coping attitudes towards stress resistance. This study aims to provide an in depth exploration of midwives' perceptions of facilitators and/or barriers of proactive behaviour in midwifery practice. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study, using individual semi-structured interviews, was undertaken within a sample of 102 Flemish and Dutch midwives who were interviewed from September to December 2017 using a four-item topic-list. RESULTS: Six influencing factors emerged from the data consisted of the causal, contextual and conditional factors faced by the midwives in order to show proactive behaviour in midwifery practice. Midwives elaborated the need for team consultations, a safe organizational culture, an appreciative midwifery leader and an attitude of lifelong learning. Furthermore, midwives are looking for a way to deal with both challenges in healthcare and the competitive societal system. CONCLUSION: This inductive study confirmed, supported and expanded previous deductive research and provided additional insights of proactive behaviour in midwifery. Providing midwives with knowledge of the influencing factors, required to successfully effecting proactive behaviour in midwifery, this study has subsequently merit for future research in the transfer of recommendation in daily midwifery practice, education and policymaking.

Healthcare professionals awareness of the consequences of medical error on patients.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the awareness level and demographic differences of the consequences of medical errors on patients' health, safety, resources and survival by healthcare professionals. METHODS: The descriptive study was conducted at five different public hospitals in Nigeria from August to October 2017, and comprised healthcare professionals who were permanent staff members. Awareness of medical errors questionnaire was used for data collection. Dimensions assessed were safety, health, resources and survival. A mean score of >2.50 was taken as a cut-off value for acceptable level of awareness. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis.. RESULTS: Of the 200 participants initially enrolled, 186(93%) completed the questionnaire completely. Of them, 98(53%) were females, 92(49%) were aged 30 49 years, 98(53%) were staff nurses, 24(13%) were doctors and 64(34%) were healthcare assistants. Overall mean questionnaire score was 2.60±0.05, indicating that the participants were aware of the consequences of medical error on patients. In terms of individual dimensions, the scores were acceptable for safety, health and resources (>2.50) but the mean score on patients' survival was 2.34±0.08. CONCLUSIONS: There appeared to be a need for the government to raise the awareness level for healthcare professionals regarding consequences of medical errors on patients in public hospitals.

The Uses of Self and Space: Health Providers' Approaches to Engaging Patients into the HIV Care Continuum.

In the context of HIV prevention, the provider-patient relationship has been found to profoundly impact HIV screening, patient initiation into HIV care, and adherence to medication following an HIV diagnosis. Given the importance of the provider-patient relationship, insight into provider approaches to cultivate such relationships is essential. Such insight could highlight considerations for provider engagement with patients that can address the current challenges in HIV prevention and treatment. This qualitative descriptive study sought to describe current health providers' approaches to engage patients into the HIV care continuum (HCC). Findings from the content and thematic analysis indicated that health providers (N = 22) used various approaches to engage patients/clients into HIV screening, and subsequent HIV care. Approaches were represented by an interpersonal process and a thematic analysis revealed the nuances in the approaches that manifested in the following themes: uses of self, normalizing disease, and engaging couples. This study demonstrated the importance for health providers to be aware of the specific context of patient's vulnerability to HIV infection and barriers to care. Self-awareness and the capability to self-reflect on one's personal practice also helped to ensure engagement of those vulnerable to infection or infected with HIV into the HCC.

Exploring Nurses' Knowledge and Experiences Related to Trauma-Informed Care.

Trauma-informed care is an emerging concept that acknowledges the lasting effects of trauma. Nurses are uniquely positioned to play an integral role in the advancement of trauma-informed care. However, knowledge related to trauma-informed care in nursing practice remains limited. The purpose of this article is to present the results of a qualitative study which explored nurses' understandings and experiences related to trauma-informed care. Seven semistructured interviews were conducted with nurses and four categories emerged from the analysis: (a) Conceptualizing Trauma and Trauma-Informed Care, (b) Nursing Care and Trauma, (c) Context of Trauma-Informed Care, and (d) Dynamics of the Nurse-Patient Relationship in the Face of Trauma. These findings highlight important considerations for trauma-informed care including the complex dynamics of trauma that affect care, the need to push knowledge about trauma beyond mental health care, and noteworthy parallels between nursing care and trauma-informed care.

Managing occupations in everyday life for people with advanced cancer living at home.

BACKGROUND: People with advanced cancer are able to live for extended periods of time. Advanced cancer can cause functional limitations influencing the ability to manage occupations. Although studies have shown that people with advanced cancer experience occupational difficulties, there is only limited research that specifically explores how these occupational difficulties are managed. OBJECTIVE: To describe and explore how people with advanced cancer manage occupations when living at home. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sub-sample of 73 participants from a larger occupational therapy project took part in the study. The participants were consecutively recruited from a Danish university hospital. Qualitative interviews were performed at the homes of the participants. Content analysis was applied to the data. RESULTS: Managing occupations were manifested in two main categories; (1) Conditions influencing occupations in everyday life and (2) Self-developed strategies to manage occupations. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings suggest that people with advanced cancer should be supported to a greater extent in finding ways to manage familiar as well as new and more personally meaningful occupations to enhance quality of life.

Perceptions of Hong Kong Chinese women toward influenza vaccination during pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnant women are the highest priority group for seasonal influenza vaccination. However, their vaccination uptake remains suboptimal. The purpose of this study is to explore Hong Kong women's perceptions of the threat of influenza infection during pregnancy, the risks and benefits of influenza vaccination, and their decision-making processes. METHODS: We used a qualitative descriptive design and recruited women who had just given births to a live infant from April to June 2011. Participants were recruited from a large teaching hospital in Hong Kong and were interviewed in the immediate postpartum period. RESULTS: A total of 32 postpartum women were interviewed, and two had been vaccinated during pregnancy. Following thematic analysis, three themes emerged: perceived risk of influenza infection, perceived risk of influenza vaccine, and decision-making cues. Overall, participants held negative impressions about influenza vaccination during pregnancy, and they underestimated the threat of influenza to themselves and their fetus. They were also confused about the safety and efficacy of the influenza vaccine and the differences between preventive strategies and treatment for influenza. Most participants reported that their health care providers (HCPs) did not offer or recommend vaccination. Because of negative media reports about vaccination, participants were hesitant to receive the vaccine. Motivating forces for vaccine acceptance were a perceived high prevalence of circulating influenza during their pregnancy and HCP recommendations and reassurances that the vaccination was safe, effective, and beneficial for the fetus. CONCLUSION: Vaccination promotion strategies need to focus on encouraging HCPs to take the initiative to discuss vaccination with their pregnant clients and provide accurate and unbiased information about the risks of influenza and the benefits of vaccination.

Job satisfaction among public health nurses: a national survey.

BACKGROUND: Despite increasing interest in nurses' job satisfaction relatively few studies have investigated job satisfaction among public health nurses. AIM: To establish current level of job satisfaction among public health nurses and identify the main contributing variables/factors to job satisfaction among this population. DESIGN: Quantitative descriptive design. A simple random sample of 1000 public health nurses was conducted yielding a response rate of 35.1% (n = 351). Data was collected using the Index of Work Satisfaction Questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were deployed. RESULTS: Low levels of job satisfaction among public health nurses emerged. Professional status, interaction and autonomy contributed most to job satisfaction while pay and task-related activities contributed least. Age and tenure were the only biographic factors that correlated significantly with job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Public health nurse managers/leaders need to find creative ways of improving the factors that contribute to job satisfaction and address robustly those factors that result in low job satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The critical issue for public health nurse managers is to determine how job satisfaction can be improved. Greater collaboration and consultation between managers and public health nurses can be regarded as a useful way to begin this process, especially if contemporary nursing is to embrace a responsive approach within the profession.

Commitment to Exercise: The Influence of Personal, Athletic, and Psychological Characteristics / Compromiso con el ejercicio: la influencia de características personales, atléticas y psicológicas

This study analyzes the influence of personal, psychological and athletic characteristics of participants regarding the commitment to exercise practice. The study included 153 participants divided in the adherer group (N = 102) and the dropout group (N = 51). Personal and athletic information, exercise attitudes, perceived behavioral control, intended exercise frequency, goal orientations, behavioral regulation, and expected exercising outcomes were evaluated. The results showed that the participants in the adherer group expressed a greater desire to maintain or increase their weight, they had more experience exercising, had greater intrinsic regulation, and assumed more positive and fewer negative exercise expectations. In conclusion, considering the role of personal, athletic, and psychological characteristics seems important in order to prevent abandoning exercise altogether.

Este estudio analiza la influencia de características personales, deportivas y psicológicas en la permanencia o abandono del ejercicio físico. Los 153 participantes fueron divididos en dos grupos: adhesión (N = 102) y abandono (N = 51). Se recogió información sobre características personales y deportivas, actitudes, percepción de control conductual, intención de frecuencia del ejercicio, orientaciones de meta, regulación conductual y expectativas de ejercicio. Se verificó que el grupo de adhesión mostraba mayor deseo de conservar o aumentar el peso, experiencia en la práctica del ejercicio, regulación intrínseca, así como expectativas más positivas hacia el ejercicio físico. En resumen, conocer el papel de las características personales, deportivas y psicológicas en el ejercicio es importante para la prevención del abandono.

Factores familiares y sociales de alto riesgo asociados al trabajo infantil en ciudades de la Costa Caribe colombiana / High risk family and social factors associated with child labour in cities of the colombian caribbean coast

Se describen los factores familiares y sociales de alto riesgo asociados al trabajo infantil. La muestra, de carácter intencional, estuvo constituida por 835 niños, niñas y adolescentes entre 6 y 17 años (M = 10.6 años y DE = 2.2) de las ciudades de Barranquilla, Santa Marta y Cartagena, que participaron en el proyecto "Edúcame primero, Colombia" durante 2008. Los resultados presentan datos relevantes sobre el estado sociodemográfico de los niños participantes, sus características familiares y condiciones sociales, que permitirán establecer una línea base actualizada y abrir camino para la construcción de estrategias de intervención efectivas sobre un flagelo que azota a los niños, niñas y jóvenes no solo de Colombia, sino del mundo.

The investigation describes the familiar and social factors of high risk associated with child labour. The sample of intentional character, was made up of 835 children and teenagers between 6 and 17 years (average of 10.6 years and DT = 2.2) of the cities of Barranquilla, Santa Marta, and Cartagena, which participated in the project "Educate First Your Colombia "during the year 2008. The results presented relevant data on the State population partner participating children, familiar characteristics and social conditions, to help establish a baseline updated and pave way for the construction of effective intervention strategies on a scourge that flogs the children and young people not only of Colombia but worldwide.