The value of multi-modal ultrasound in the assessment of sarcopenia in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia is one of the common complications in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and is associated with poor prognosis. We aimed to study the validity and reliability of ultrasound in the assessment of sarcopenia in MHD patients. METHODS: MHD patients were categorized into the sarcopenia group and the non-sarcopenia group according to the diagnostic criteria of the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019. Ultrasonography of the left medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle was performed in MHD and healthy controls to obtain muscle thickness (MT), pinnation angle (PA), fascicle length (FL), cross-sectional area (CSA), echo intensity (EI), elastic modulus (E), shear wave velocity (SWV), and microvascular velocity (MV). Compare the differences in ultrasound parameters among different groups, and determine the cut-off values suitable for diagnosing sarcopenia in MHD patients. RESULTS: The MT, CSA, PA, and MV in the sarcopenia group were lower than those in the non-sarcopenia group and the control group; while the EI was higher, the FL of the sarcopenia group was lower than that of the non-sarcopenia group, while the E and SWV of the sarcopenia group were higher than those of the control group. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that ultrasound combined index had a good diagnostic value, model Y = 13.511-0.121*MT-0.609*CSA-0.172*PA+0.011*EI-2.205*MV(P < 0.05), with a cut-off value of 0.69. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-modal ultrasound is a safe, non-invasive, and real-time imaging examination method, and can provide information on muscle structure, stiffness, and perfusion, which is expected to be a promising potential tool for predicting sarcopenia in MHD patients.

Diagnóstico prenatal de clorhidrorrea congénita: reporte de caso / Prenatal diagnosis of congenital chloride diarrhea: A case report

La clorhidrorrea congénita es un trastorno genético infrecuente pero importante caracterizado por una alteración grave del balance hidroelectrolítico como resultado de un defecto en la absorción intestinal de cloruros. Los niños afectados presentan diarrea persistente, deshidratación y malnutrición; el control médico y del desarrollo son complejos. Mejorar la detección prenatal es esencial para facilitar la atención del paciente, las intervenciones tempranas y el asesoramiento genético informado. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances de la medicina, la naturaleza compleja y la escasa frecuencia de esta entidad, constituyen un desafío para la detección prenatal. En este estudio, se reporta el caso de una embarazada donde los estudios por imágenes de resonancia magnética fetales identificaron en forma efectiva las características típicas de la clorhidrorrea congénita. Se proveen conocimientos sobre las complejidades del diagnóstico y se sugieren caminos para las estrategias de detección temprana de esta enfermedad.

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare but significant genetic disorder characterized by severe electrolyte imbalances resulting from impaired intestinal chloride absorption. Affected children experience persistent diarrhea, dehydration, and malnutrition, complicating medical and developmental care. The enhancement of prenatal detection is crucial for improved patient management, early interventions, and informed genetic counseling. However, despite advancements in medicine, the complex nature and rarity of CCD make prenatal detection challenging. In this study, we report a fetal case where prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) effectively identified the distinctive characteristics of CCD, providing insights into the complexities of diagnosis and suggesting avenues for enhanced early detection strategies.

First Mexican Consensus on Crohn's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Crohn's disease (CD) is a subtype of chronic and incurable inflammatory bowel disease. It can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and its etiology is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this consensus was to establish the most relevant aspects related to definitions, diagnosis, follow-up, medical treatment, and surgical treatment of Crohn's disease in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Mexican specialists in the areas of gastroenterology and inflammatory bowel disease were summoned. The consensus was divided into five modules, with 69 statements. Applying the Delphi panel method, the pre-meeting questions were sent to the participants, to be edited and weighted. At the face-to-face meeting, all the selected articles were shown, underlining their level of clinical evidence; all the statements were discussed, and a final vote was carried out, determining the percentage of agreement for each statement. RESULTS: The first Mexican consensus on Crohn's disease was produced, in which recommendations for definitions, classifications, diagnostic aspects, follow-up, medical treatment, and surgical treatment were established. CONCLUSIONS: Updated recommendations are provided that focus on definitions, classifications, diagnostic criteria, follow-up, and guidelines for conventional medical treatment, biologic therapy, and small molecule treatment, as well as surgical management.

The consensus of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología on the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a frequent normal phenomenon in children of any age. It is more common in infants, in whom the majority of episodes are short-lived and cause no other symptoms or complications, differentiating it from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis and management of GER and GERD continue to be a challenge for the physician. Therefore, the aim of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología was to adapt international documents to facilitate their adoption by primary care physicians, with the goal of standardizing quality of care and reducing the number of diagnostic tests performed and inappropriate medication use. The ADAPTE methodology was followed, and the recommendations were approved utilizing the Delphi strategy. The executive committee carried out the review of the guidelines, position papers, and international reviews that met the a priori quality criteria and possible applicability in a local context. The recommendations were taken from those sources and adapted, after which they were approved by the working group. The consensus consists of 25 statements and their supporting information on the diagnosis and treatment of GER and GERD in infants. The adapted document is the first systematic effort to provide an adequate consensus for use in Mexico, proposing a practical approach to and management of GER and GERD for healthcare providers.

Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin for bacterial infection in the Emergency Department: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The care of patients with a suspected infectious process in hospital emergency departments (ED) accounts for 15%-35% of all daily care in these healthcare areas in Spain and Latin America. The early and adequate administration of antibiotic treatment (AB) and the immediate making of other diagnostic-therapeutic decisions have a direct impact on the survival of patients with severe bacterial infection. The main objective of this systematic review is to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of PCT to predict bacterial infection in adult patients treated with clinical suspicion of infection in the ED, as well as to analyze whether the different studies manage to identify a specific value of PCT as the most relevant from the diagnostic point of view of clinical decision that can be recommended for decision making in ED. METHOD: A systematic review is carried out following the PRISMA regulations in the database of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Lilacs, Cochrane, Epistemonikos, Tripdatabase and ClinicalTrials.gov from January 2005 to May 31, 2023 without language restriction and using a combination of MESH terms: "Procalcitonin", "Infection/Bacterial Infection/Sepsis", "Emergencies/Emergency/Emergency Department", "Adults" and "Diagnostic". Observational cohort studies (diagnostic performance analyses) were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the method used and the risk of bias of the included articles. Observational cohort studies were included. No meta-analysis techniques were performed, but results were compared narratively. RESULTS: A total of 1,323 articles were identified, of which 21 that met the inclusion criteria were finally analyzed. The studies include 10,333 patients with 4,856 bacterial infections (47%). Eight studies were rated as high, 9 as moderate, and 4 as low. The AUC-ROC of all studies ranges from 0.68 (95% CI: 0.61-0.72) to 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98-1). The value of PCT 0.2-0.3 ng/ml is the most used and proposed in up to twelve of the works included in this review whose average estimated performance is an AUC-ROC of 0.79. If only the results of the 5 high-quality studies using a cut-off point of 0.2-0.3 ng/ml PCT are taken into account, the estimated mean AUC-COR result is 0.78 with Se:69 % and Es:76%. CONCLUSIONS: PCT has considerable diagnostic accuracy for bacterial infection in patients treated in ED for different infectious processes. The cut-off point of 0.25 (0.2-0.3) ng/ml has been positioned as the most appropriate to predict the existence of bacterial infection and can be used to help reasonably rule it out.

[[Translated article]]Validation of the Spanish Version of the PURE-4 Questionnaire for the Early Detection of Psoriatic Arthritis in Psoriatic Patients. / Validación de la versión española del cuestionario PURE-4 para la detección precoz de la artritis psoriásica en pacientes con psoriasis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Psoriasis often precedes the onset of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), so dermatologists often face the challenge of early identifying signs of PsA in patients with psoriasis. Our aim was to validate the Spanish version of the PURE-4 questionnaire as a screening tool for PsA, evaluate its performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, feasibility, reliability, and build validity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, observational, multicenter trial of adult patients with psoriasis. Initially, patients were assessed by a dermatologist and completed 2 self-administered versions (in print and online) of the PURE-4 questionnaire. Afterwards, the rheumatologist, blinded to the PURE-4 results, assessed the presence/absence of PsA, being the reference to determine the performance of the PURE-4 questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 268 patients were included (115 [42.9%] women; mean age, 47.1 ± 12.6). The prevalence of PsA according to rheumatologist diagnosis was 12.7% (34 patients). The mean PURE-4 score for patients with psoriasis diagnosed with PsA was 2.3 ± 1.1, and 1.3 ± 1.3 for patients without PsA (P < .001). The cutoff value ≥ 2 demonstrated the best performance for detecting PsA, with a negative predictive value of 95.1% (95% confidence interval, 90.3-97.6). CONCLUSIONS: The PURE-4 questionnaire demonstrated good performance in detecting PsA, with an optimal cutoff point ≥ 2. This simple tool could facilitate early referral of patients to the rheumatology unit.

Variantes normales de aspecto epileptiforme en el electroencefalograma. Revisión de la bibliografía e implicaciones clínicas / Normal variants with an epileptiform appearance in electroencephalograms. A literature review and clinical implications

Las variantes normales de aspecto epileptiforme, o variantes epileptiformes benignas, son un reto diagnóstico en la interpretación de los electroencefalogramas que requiere su conocimiento y una amplia experiencia por parte de los responsables del informe electroencefalográfico. Incluyen un grupo heterogéneo de hallazgos, algunos muy infrecuentes, que inicialmente se relacionaron con epilepsia y patologías neurológicas diversas. En la actualidad, la mayoría se consideran variantes sin significado patológico, y su sobreinterpretación habitualmente acarrea diagnósticos erróneos y tratamientos innecesarios. Los datos de prevalencia de estas variantes son muy diversos y proceden habitualmente de poblaciones seleccionadas, por lo que son difícilmente extrapolables a población sana. No obstante, estudios con electrodos invasivos y series más recientes vuelven a asociar algunas de estas variantes con epilepsia. Nuestro objetivo es revisar las características y la prevalencia de las principales variantes epileptiformes benignas y actualizar su significado clínico. (AU)

Identifying risk for status epilepticus with the ADAN scale: a prospective multicenter validation study. / Escala ADAN para la identificación del estado epiléptico: estudio de validación prospectivo y multicéntrico.

OBJECTIVES: Status epilepticus (SE) is a serious event associated with high mortality. This study aims to validate the recently developed ADAN (Abnormal speech, ocular Deviation, Automatisms, and Number of motor epileptic seizures) scale for detecting high risk for SE. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, multicenter, observational study in adults with suspected epileptic seizures. Consecutive recruitment took place over a 27-month period in 4 hospital emergency departments (EDs). The main endpoint was the proportion of patients with criteria for SE based on the collection and analysis of clinical characteristics and the ADAN scale criteria on arrival at the ED. RESULTS: Of the 527 patients recruited, 203 (38.5%) fulfilled the criteria that predicted SE. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the 4 ADAN criteria were the only variables independently associated with a final diagnosis of SE (P .001). The predictive power of the scale was 90.9% (95% CI, 88.4%-93.4%) for a final SE diagnosis. We established 3 risk groups based on ADAN scores: low (score, 0-1: 8.7%), moderate (2, 46.6%), and high (> 2, 92.6%). A cut point of more than 1 had a sensitivity of 88.2% for predicting SE, specificity of 77.8%, positive predictive value of 71.3%, and negative predictive value of 91.3%. CONCLUSION: The ADAN scale is a prospectively validated, simple clinical tool for identifying patients in the ED who are at high risk for SE.

OBJETIVO: El estado epiléptico (EE) es una enfermedad grave con elevada mortalidad. Este estudio tiene como objetivo validar la escala ADAN, propuesta recientemente para identificar pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar un EE. METODO: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico y observacional que incluyó a pacientes adultos con sospecha de crisis epilépticas. Se llevó a cabo un reclutamiento consecutivo durante 27 meses en los servicios de urgencias (SU) de cuatro hospitales. La variable principal fue la proporción de pacientes que cumplían criterios para EE. Se han recopilado y analizado las características clínicas y la puntuación en la escala ADAN a su llegada al SU. RESULTADOS: Se reclutaron 527 pacientes, de los cuales 203 (38,5%) cumplieron criterios de EE. En el análisis de regresión múltiple, se demostró que el habla anormal, la desviación ocular, los automatismos y el número de crisis epilépticas motoras fueron las únicas variables independientemente asociadas con un diagnóstico final de EE (p 0,001). La capacidad predictiva de la escala fue del 90,9% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 88,4-93,4) para identificar el EE como diagnóstico final. Se establecieron tres grupos de riesgo: bajo (0 1 puntos: 8,7%), moderado (2: 46,6%) y alto (> 2: 92,6%). Una puntuación de corte > 1 punto proporcionó una sensibilidad del 88,2%, especificidad del 77,8%, valor predictivo positivo del 71,3% y valor predictivo negativo del 91,3% para predecir el EE. CONCLUSIONES: La escala ADAN es una herramienta clínica simple y validada de manera prospectiva para identificar, en los SU, a los pacientes con elevado riesgo de EE.

Antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the current situation: a position paper of the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES). / Posicionamiento de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES) ante el tratamiento antiviral frente al SARS-CoV-2 en la situación epidemiológica actual.

SUMMARY: COVID-19 continues to pose a significant threat: mortality stands at nearly twice that of influenza, and the incidence rate is growing as the population's vaccination rate decreases, particularly in Spain and other areas of Europe. Given this situation, it is vitally important know whether medical protocols are consistent and appropriately implemented by health care staff in the interest of preventing possible inefficiency or inequity. Physicians from hospital emergency departments met to study their hospitals' usual clinical practices for managing SARS-CoV-2 infection and to determine their expert opinions on the use of antiviral agents. The participating physicians then reached consensus on evidencebased recommendations for strategies that would optimize emergency treatment.

RESUMEN: Actualmente, la COVID-19 sigue representando una amenaza significativa, con una mortalidad cercana al doble de la ocasionada por la gripe y con una incidencia variable debido a una disminución en la tasa de vacunación de la población, especialmente en el contexto europeo y español. Ante este panorama, es de vital importancia comprobar que los protocolos médicos están consolidados y son debidamente implementados por los profesionales sanitarios, con la finalidad de evitar posibles ineficiencias o inequidades. A través de reuniones con profesionales de urgencias se han observado las prácticas clínicas habituales en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarios para pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2, con la finalidad de comprender la perspectiva de estos profesionales acerca del uso de antivirales y, tras un consenso de expertos basados en la evidencia actual, se han generado estas de recomendaciones para poder enfocar estrategias que optimicen el tratamiento de los pacientes en estos servicios.

Prospective study for the early detection of lung carcinoma in patients with HIV infection (GESIDA study 8815).

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer (LC) screening detects tumors early. The prospective GESIDA 8815 study was designed to assess the usefulness of this strategy in HIV + people (PLHIV) by performing a low-radiation computed tomography (CT) scan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 371 heavy smokers patients were included (>20 packs/year), >45 years old and with a CD4+ <200 mm3 nadir. One visit and CT scan were performed at baseline and 4 for follow-up time annually. RESULTS: 329 patients underwent the baseline visit and CT (CT0) and 206 completed the study (CT1 = 285; CT2 = 259; CT3 = 232; CT4 = 206). All were receiving ART. A total >8 mm lung nodules were detected, and 9 early-stage PCs were diagnosed (4 on CT1, 2 on CT2, 1 on CT3 and 2 on CT4). There were no differences between those who developed LC and those who did not in sex, age, CD4+ nadir, previous lung disease, family history, or amount of packets/year. At each visit, other pathologies were diagnosed, mainly COPD, calcified coronary artery and residual tuberculosis lesions. At the end of the study, 38 patients quit smoking and 75 reduced their consumption. Two patients died from LC and 16 from other causes (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: The design of the present study did not allow us to define the real usefulness of the strategy. Adherence to the test progressively decreased over time. The diagnosis of other thoracic pathologies is very frequent. Including smokers in an early diagnosis protocol for LC could help to quit smoking.

New developments in infective endocarditis.

Infective endocarditis is a continually evolving disease. Present-day patients differ significantly from those treated a few decades ago: they tend to be older and have more comorbidities and health care-related episodes, while new groups of patients have emerged with new types of endocarditis, such as those affecting patients with percutaneous valve prostheses. There have also been changes in diagnostic techniques. Although transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography are still the most commonly used imaging modalities, other techniques, such as 3-dimensional transesophageal ultrasound, cardiac computed tomography, and nuclear medicine tests (PET/CT and SPECT/CT), are increasingly used for diagnosing both the disease and its complications. In recent years, there have also been significant developments in antibiotic therapy. Currently, several treatment strategies are available to shorten the hospital phase of the disease in selected patients, which can reduce the complications associated with hospitalization, improve the quality of life of patients and their families, and reduce the health care costs of the disease. This review discusses the main recent epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic developments in infective endocarditis.

Ten Years of HIV Diagnosis in a Dermatology and Venereology Department: A Retrospective Study on Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics. / [Artículo traducido] Diez años de diagnóstico de VIH en un Departamento de Dermatología y Venereología: un estudio retrospectivo sobre características demográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission remains an important health issue, with a high burden that is felt across the world. This work aims to analyze the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of newly diagnosed patients with HIV in a Department of Dermatology and Venereology. A retrospective observational study was conducted from all health records of newly diagnosed patients with HIV from a Dermatology unit from January 2011 to December 2020. A total of 134 patients with new HIV diagnoses were included in the analysis. Concurrent dermatological or venereal diseases were diagnosed in 91.0% of the patients (n=122), being the most common conditions syphilis (22.4%, n=30) and urethritis (14.9%, n=20). Out of all the patients with diagnoses of concurrent sexually transmitted infection (STI) (41.0%, n=55), syphilis was reported in 81.8% of the patients (n=45), gonorrhea in 9.1% (n=5), and chlamydia in 5.5% (n=3). We present a large patient database on the clinical conditions associated with newly diagnosed HIV, concluding that infectious diseases were the most common conditions associated with newly diagnosed HIV.

Early diagnosis in ATTRv amyloidosis, how early is enough? How early is possible?

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv amyloidosis) is a rare, progressive, and debilitating genetic disorder characterized by the deposition of abnormal transthyretin (TTR) protein aggregates in various tissues, leading to organ dysfunction. Early diagnosis of ATTRv amyloidosis is critical for starting timely interventions and improving patient outcomes. This review explores the concepts of "how early is enough" and "how early is possible" in the context of diagnosing ATTRv amyloidosis, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for early recognition.

Evaluation of FebriDx® for the management of children with acute febrile respiratory infection.

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a common cause of inappropriate antibiotic prescription (ATB) in pediatrics. FebriDx® is a rapid diagnostic test that differentiates between viral and bacterial infections. The objective is to analyse the impact of FebriDx® on ATB prescription when managing febrile ARI. METHODS: Prospective study carried out in patients aged 1-<18 years with febrile ARI in the emergency department. FebriDx® was performed and the impact on management was evaluated at follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 216 patients were included. Clinical assessment and FebriDx® result coincided coincided in 174 (80.5%) cases. A modification of the initial therapeutic plan was made in 22 (52.4%) of the 42 discordant ones (10.2% of the overall patients). In pneumonia the impact was 34.5%; in all cases it involved not prescribing ATB. CONCLUSIONS: FebriDx® could be a useful tool in the management of pediatric patients with febrile ARI to optimize ATB prescription.

Evaluación del manejo y seguimiento de los pacientes diabéticos en la prevención de la retinopatía diabética / Evaluation of the management and follow-up of diabetic patients in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy

Fundamentos: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica con alta morbimortalidad que afecta a 537 millones de adultos en el mundo. España es el segundo país europeo en prevalencia, con un 14,8% en población de veinte-setenta y nueve años, con 11,6 casos por cada 1.000 personas/año. La retinopatía diabética (RD) es la quinta causa de pérdida de visión a nivel mundial y la séptima causa de ceguera/discapacidad visual entre afiliados a la Organización Nacional de Ciegos de España (ONCE). La detección precoz de RD previene la ceguera en diabéticos y está condicionada por la hemoglobina glicosilada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el manejo de los pacientes diabéticos en la comarca del Aljarafe (Sevilla) e identificar oportunidades de mejora en la coordinación de su seguimiento entre el médico de Atención Primaria y el médico oftalmólogo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo (2016-2019) con los pacientes registrados en el censo de diabéticos de los veintiocho municipios del Aljarafe. Se consultó la historia de salud de Atención Primaria y Hospital, así como el programa de Telemedicina. En cuanto al análisis estadístico, para variables cualitativas se calcularon totales y porcentajes; para variables cuantitativas, media y distribución estándar (si distribución normal), y la mediana y cuartiles (distribución no normal). Resultados: Se registraron 17.175 diabéticos en el Aljarafe (5,7% de población); 14.440 pacientes (84,1%) tenían alguna determinación de hemoglobina durante el periodo, 9.228 (63,9%) las tenían todas en rango adecuado. Tenían control fundoscópico 12.040 diabéticos (70,1%), y de los que no, 346 (10,6%) tenían todas fuera de rango. Hubo 1.878 (10,9%) pacientes sin control fundoscópico ni metabólico, 1.019 (54,3%) eran mujeres, 1.219 (64,9%) menores de sesenta y cinco años, 1.019 (54,3%) con comorbilidad grave...(AU)

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with high morbidity and mortality, affecting 537 million adults worldwide. Spain is the second European country in prevalence, with 14.8% in the population aged twenty/seventy-nine years; with 11.6 cases per 1,000 people/year. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the fifth cause of vision loss worldwide and the seventh cause of blindness/visual impairment among members of the National Organization of the Blind in Spain (ONCE). Early detection of DR prevents blindness in diabetics and is conditioned by glycosylated hemoglobin. The aim of this paper was to analyze the management of diabetic patients in Aljarafe region (Seville) and identify opportunities for improvement in the coordination of their follow-up between the Primary Care physician and the ophthalmologist. Methods: A retrospective observational study (2016-2019) was carried out, with patients registered in the diabetic census of the twenty-eight municipalities of Aljarafe. The primary care and hospital health history, and telemedicine program were consulted. About statistical analysis, for qualitative variables, totals and percentages were calculated; for quantitative variables, mean and standard devia-tion (if normally distributed) and median and quartiles (if non-normally distributed). RESULTS // There were 17,175 diabetics registered in Aljarafe (5.7% of the population); 14,440 patients (84.1%) had some determi-nation of hemoglobin during the period, 9,228 (63.9%) had all of them in the appropriate range. Fundoscopic control was performed on 12,040 diabetics (70.1%), and of those who did not, 346 (10.6%) had all of them out of range. There were 1,878 (10.9%) patients without fundoscopic or metabolic control, 1,019 (54.3%) were women, 1,219 (64.9%) were under sixty-five years of age, 1,019 (54.3%) had severe comorbidity...(AU)

Transtorno do Espectro Autista e Transtorno Desafiante de Oposição: Dificuldades no diagnostico / Transtorno del Espectro Autista y Trastorno Negativista Desafiante: Dificultades en el diagnóstico / Autism Spectrum Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder: Difficulties in diagnosis

Introdução: O Transtorno do Espectro Autista e Transtorno Desafiante de Oposição, são desordens comumente diagnosticadas em indivíduos ainda na infância. Objetivo: Identificar possíveis fatores dificultadores no diagnóstico diferencial dos referidos transtornos. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura, a qual selecionou artigos nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, periódico Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e Periódicos Eletrônicos de Psicologia entre os meses de setembro e outubro de 2021. Para tanto, foram utilizadas as palavras chaves Transtorno do Espectro Autista, autismo, Transtorno Desafiante de Oposição, Transtorno Opositor Desafiador, diagnóstico, comorbidades, comportamentos disruptivos e dificuldades diagnósticas. Resultados: Oito artigos foram selecionados para extração de dados. O diagnóstico correto desses transtornos pode ser desafiador devido à sobreposição de sinais com outros transtornos e comorbidades, bem como à diversidade presente no espectro autista e à variedade de manifestações dos transtornos disruptivos. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos destacam os prejuízos na área da comunicação, o comprometimento na área social e os graus de severidade, como sendo características semelhantes entre os dois transtornos, podendo serem possíveis fatores que podem dificultar no diagnóstico do Transtorno do Espectro Autista e Transtorno Desafiante de Oposição, de maneira diferencial ou concomitante. Conclusões: O número de pesquisas relacionadas aos transtornos citados acima é inferior ao que se faz necessário para melhor conhecimento sobre o tema. No que diz respeito as pesquisas de materiais científicos, foram encontradas dificuldades para obtenção de estudos que estivessem de acordo com a nossa pesquisa. Com isso, faz-se necessário mais pesquisas que tentem investigar e compreender o porquê da escassez de material que estudem tais diagnósticos de maneira concomitante (AU).

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorderare disorders commonly diagnosed in individuals in childhood. Objective:Identify possible factors that hinder the differential diagnosis of these disorders. Methodology:An integrative review of the literature was carried out, which selected articles from the Virtual Health Library databases, Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel journal and Electronic Psychology Journalsdatabases between the months of September and October 2021. To this end, the keywords Autistic Spectrum Disorder, autism, Disorder Defiant Disorder, Opposition, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, diagnosis, comorbidities, disruptive behaviors and diagnostic difficulties.Results:Eight articles were selected for data extraction. Correctly diagnosing these disorders can be challenging due to overlapping signs with other disorders and comorbidities, as well as the diversity present in the autism spectrum and the variety of manifestations of disruptive disorders. Furthermore, most studies highlight losses in the area of communication, impairment in the social area and degrees of severity, as being similar characteristics between the two disorders, and may be possible factors that can make it difficult to diagnose Autism Spectrum Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, differentially or concomitantly. Conclusions:The number of studies related to the disorders mentioned above is lower than what is needed for a better understanding of the subject. With regard to research on scientific materials, difficulties were encountered in obtaining studies that were in accordance with our research. With this, more research is needed to try to investigate and understand the reason for the scarcity of material that studies such diagnoses concomitantly (AU).

Introducción: El Trastorno del Espectro Autista y el Trastorno Negativista Desafiante son trastornos comúnmente diagnosticados en individuos en la infancia. Objetivo: Identificar posibles factores que puedan dificultar el diagnóstico diferencial de los trastornos antes mencionados.Metodología:Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura, que seleccionó artículos en las bases de datos Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, revista Coordinación para el Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Educación Superior y Revistas Electrónicas de Psicología entre septiembre y octubre de 2021. Para ello, se utilizaron las palabras clave Trastorno del espectro autista, autismo, Trastorno negativista desafiante, Trastorno negativista desafiante, diagnóstico, comorbilidades, conductas disruptivas y dificultades diagnósticas. Resultados: Se seleccionaron ocho artículos para la extracción de datos. El diagnóstico correcto de estos trastornos puede ser un desafío debido a la superposición de síntomas con otros trastornos y comorbilidades, así como a la diversidad presente en el espectro del autismo y la variedad de manifestaciones de los trastornos disruptivos. Además, la mayoría de los estudios destacan las deficiencias en el área de la comunicación, la deficiencia en el área social y los grados de gravedad, como características similares entre ambos trastornos, que pueden ser posibles factores que dificulten el diagnóstico del Trastorno del Espectro Autista y Trastorno de Oposición Desafiante, ya sea de forma diferencial o concomitante. Conclusiones: El número de estudios relacionados con los trastornos antes mencionados es inferior al necesario para una mejor comprensión del tema. En cuanto a la investigación sobre materiales científicos, se encontraron dificultades para obtener estudios que estuvieran de acuerdo con nuestra investigación. Con esto, se necesita más investigación para tratar de investigar y comprender la razón de la escasez de material que estudie dichos diagnósticos de forma concomitante (AU).

Síndrome de Rapunzel: atadura sicológica y simulación orgánica / Rapunzel syndrome: psychological bondage and organic simulation

Introducción. El síndrome de Rapunzel es una entidad infrecuente, que se presenta como un tricobezoar a causa de una aglomeración de cabello acumulado dentro del tracto gastrointestinal, por lo que simula otras patologías quirúrgicas. Caso clínico. Paciente femenina de 10 años de edad, con tricotilomanía y tricofagia, dolor abdominal y síntomas inespecíficos de obstrucción intestinal de ocho meses de evolución. Al examen físico se encontró abdomen con distensión y masa palpable en epigastrio y mesogastrio. La ecografía permitió hacer el diagnóstico de tricobezoar gástrico extendido hasta el intestino delgado, por lo que se llevó a cirugía para gastrotomía y se extrajo el tricobezoar, con evolución satisfactoria de la paciente. El abordaje integral permitió conocer la atadura sicológica por posible maltrato infantil. Resultado. La paciente tuvo una evolución satisfactoria y se dio egreso al quinto día de hospitalización. Actualmente se encuentra en seguimiento por sicología, siquiatría infantil y pediatría. Discusión. El caso clínico denota la importancia en reconocer situaciones de presentación infrecuente en pediatría, que puedan estar asociadas a alteraciones sicológicas o presunción de maltrato infantil y que se presenten como una condición orgánica recurrente que simule otras patologías abdominales frecuentes en la infancia. El retraso diagnóstico puede conducir a un desenlace no deseado con complicaciones. Conclusión. Se hace mandatorio el manejo integral del paciente pediátrico y aumentar la sensibilidad para reconocer situaciones de presunción de maltrato infantil, sobre todo en pacientes con una condición orgánica quirúrgica recurrente.

Introduction. Rapunzel syndrome is an uncommon condition that manifests as trichobezoars, which are hair bundles in the stomach or small intestine that can mimics other surgical illnesses. Multiple complications can arise from delayed diagnosis and treatment. Clinical case. A 10-year-old female patient with trichotillomania and trichophagia, with abdominal pain and nonspecific symptoms of intestinal obstruction of eight months of evolution. Physical examination revealed epigastric tenderness and a solid mass was palpable in the mesogastric and epigastric region. An abdominal ultrasound showed gastric trichobezoar that extended into the small intestine. A gastrotomy was performed and the trichobezoar was extracted with satisfactory evolution of the patient. The comprehensive approach allowed knowing the psychological bond due to possible child abuse. Results. The patient had a satisfactory evolution and was discharged on the fifth day of hospitalization. He is currently being monitored by psychology, child psychiatry and pediatrics. Discussion. This clinical case highlights the importance of recognizing situations that seldom present in pediatrics, which may have a psychological aspect due to the presumption of child abuse, and which present as a recurrent organic condition simulating other frequent abdominal pathologies in childhood; all of which may lead to an unwanted outcome due to diagnostic delay. Conclusion. The comprehensive management of the pediatric patient is mandatory to recognize situations of presumed child abuse, in the face of a recurrent surgical conditions.

Manifestaciones orales del COVID-19 en Paraguay: resultados de una encuesta en línea

Introducción: Estudios previos han reportado que pacientes infectados con el virus del COVID-19, podrían manifestar sintomatologías a nivel de la cavidad oral. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de manifestaciones orales asociadas a COVID-19 en un segmento de la población paraguaya y determinar cuáles son las más prevalentes. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Fue realizada una encuesta electrónica de enero a marzo del 2022. Los datos fueron presentados como frecuencias y porcentajes y analizados mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software R versión 4.0.3. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 478 personas. El 79,50 % correspondió al sexo femenino y el 45,19 % tenía entre 25 y 34 años. El 65,48 % informó haber experimentado al menos 1 síntoma o signo oral durante el curso de COVID-19. La pérdida de la sensación de sabores amargos, seguida de la alteración del sabor de los alimentos y la pérdida de la percepción dulce, fueron los síntomas más comunes. Se encontró una proporción significativamente mayor de manifestaciones orales en el rango de 18-24 años (χ²; p= 0,003). Entre las personas que desarrollaron COVID-19 de forma moderada a severa hubo mayor número de manifestaciones de síntomas orales (χ²; p= 0,044). Discusión: Se identificó una alta frecuencia de manifestaciones orales en pacientes con casos de moderados a severos de COVID-19, destacándose los trastornos del gusto como los más predominantes. Los individuos más jóvenes fueron los más afectados.

Introduction: Previous studies have reported that patients infected with the COVID-19 virus could manifest symptoms in the oral cavity. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 in a segment of the Paraguayan population and determine the most prevalent ones. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. An electronic survey was conducted from January to March 2022. The data were presented as frequencies and percentages and analyzed using the chi-square test. Statistical analysis was performed with R software version 4.0.3. Results: The sample consisted of 478 individuals. 79.50% were female, and 45.19% were between 25 and 34 years old. 65.48% reported having experienced at least 1 oral symptom or sign during the course of COVID-19. The loss of the sensation of bitter tastes, followed by the alteration of the taste of foods and the loss of sweetness perception, were the most common symptoms. A significantly higher proportion of oral manifestations was found in the 18-24 age range (χ²; p= 0.003). Among people who developed COVID-19 in a moderate to severe form, a greater number of oral symptom manifestations were observed (χ²; p= 0.044). Discussion: A high frequency of oral manifestations was identified in patients with moderate to severe cases of COVID-19, with taste disorders standing out as the most predominant. Younger individuals were the most affected.

El diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico

Conocer las manifestaciones del comportamiento del luchador en la etapa inicial de ejecución del entrenamiento deportivo permite caracterizar, proyectar y controlar el proceso, con una dirección científica. Por ello la presente investigación plantea como objetivo proponer indicadores para el diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico y lograr la efectividad en la formación integral de su personalidad. Ante la situación presentada se realizaron observaciones al comportamiento de los luchadores en el ambiente familiar, escolar, social y deportivo; además de encuestas y entrevistas que permitieron caracterizar el proceso investigado y pronosticar los posibles resultados, para luego desarrollar una eficiente intervención formativa. Las conclusiones derivadas del estudio y análisis de los resultados evidenciaron que los indicadores de diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado del luchador, en la etapa de perfeccionamiento básico contribuyeron con efectividad, en la formación integral de su personalidad.

Conhecer as manifestações do comportamento do lutador na etapa inicial do treinamento esportivo permite caracterizar, projetar e controlar o processo, com uma direção científica. Por essa razão, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor indicadores para o diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado do lutador, na etapa de aperfeiçoamento básico, e alcançar a eficácia na formação integral de sua personalidade. Diante da situação apresentada, foram feitas observações do comportamento dos lutadores no ambiente familiar, escolar, social e esportivo; além de pesquisas e entrevistas que permitiram caracterizar o processo investigado e prever os possíveis resultados, para então desenvolver uma intervenção formativa eficiente. As conclusões derivadas do estudo e da análise dos resultados mostraram que os indicadores do diagnóstico pedagógico personalizado do lutador, na etapa de aperfeiçoamento básico, contribuíram efetivamente para a formação integral de sua personalidade.

Knowing the manifestations of the wrestler's behavior in the initial stage of sports training execution allows to characterize, project and control the process, with a scientific direction. Therefore, the objective of this research is to propose indicators for the personalized pedagogical diagnosis of the wrestlers, in the basic improvement stage and to achieve effectiveness in the comprehensive formation of his personality. Given the situation presented, observations were made of the behavior of the wrestlers in the family, school, social and sports environment; in addition to surveys and interviews that allowed to characterize the investigated process and predict possible results, to then develop an efficient training intervention. The conclusions derived from the study and analysis of the results showed that the personalized pedagogical diagnosis indicators of the wrestler, in the basic improvement stage, contributed effectively to the comprehensive formation of his personality.