Evaluation of exposure to cyanogenic glycosides and potential hydrogen cyanide release in commercially available foods among the Korean population.

The release of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) after food ingestion can pose a serious health risk to consumers. This study aimed to simultaneously quantify four cyanogenic glycosides (lotaustralin, prunasin, taxiphyllin, and dhurrin) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis scope extended beyond agricultural products to various consumer foods to estimate dietary exposure to cyanogenic glycosides and assess its risk levels. The major exposure sources are cassava chips (lotaustralin), apples (seeds) (prunasin and dhurrin), and Prunus mume axis (taxiphyllin). In addition to quantifying specific cyanogenic glycosides, this study proposed the development of a preliminary risk assessment framework based on the dietary exposure assessment and the calculation of theoretical levels of HCN derived from cyanogenic glycoside concentrations. In the absence of established guidelines for the permissible intake of foods containing cyanogenic glycosides, this study provides initial guidance for assessing the risks associated with a range of commonly consumed foods.

Toxicological evaluation and preliminary exposure assessment on glycerol monocaprylate.

As a commonly used food preservative, glycerol monocaprylate (GMC) has limited information and lacked a comprehensive risk assessment. In this study, we conducted in vitro genotoxicity tests, a 90-day subchronic toxicity study, and dietary exposure assessment in China. Rats (n = 10/sex/group) were orally administered GMC at doses of 1.02, 2.04, and 4.08 g/kg BW/day along with a water and corn oil for 90 days, including satellite groups (n = 5/sex/group) in the control groups and 4.08 g/kg BW dose group for observation after 90 days. Body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, endocrine hormone level and other metrics were examined. GMC did not exhibit genotoxicity based on the genotoxicity tests results, and an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 40.8 mg/kg BW/day was established based on the 90-day subchronic toxicity study. Estimated daily intake of GMC for general population and consumer population in China were 0.99 mg/kg BW/day and 3.19 mg/kg BW/day respectively, which were significantly lower than the ADI. Our findings suggest that GMC does not pose a known health risk to Chinese consumers at the current usage level.

Screening and dietary exposure assessment of T-2 toxin and its modified forms in commercial cereals and cereal-based products in Shanghai.

A reliable and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method coupled with HLB-SPE was developed for simultaneous determination of T-2 and its modified forms (HT-2, NEO, T-2-triol, T-2-tetraol, T-2-3G, and HT-2-3G) in cereals and cereal-based products. Acceptable linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), limits of quantitation (0.5-10.0 µg/kg), intra-day precision (RSD < 12.8 %), inter-day precision (RSD ≤ 15.8 %), and recovery (76.8 %-115.2 %) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 107 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and T-2 was detected in 29.0 % of maize and maize flour samples (0.51 to 56.61 µg/kg) and in 10-33.3 % of wheat flour and barley samples (1.27 to 78.51 µg/kg). Moreover, 66.7 % of the positive samples were simultaneously contaminated with two or more T-2 forms. The possible health risk related to T-2 and its modified forms in cereals and cereal-based products was evaluated using a probabilistic dietary exposure assessment. The 95th percentile dietary exposure values of the sum of T-2 forms ranged from 0.16 to 1.70 ng/kg b.w./day for lower bound (LB), and 0.17 to 7.59 ng/kg b.w./day for upper bound (UB). Results strongly suggested that the presence of T-2 and its modified forms in cereals and cereal-based products warrants greater attention and investigation, although probabilistic dietary exposure values currently remain below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value of 20 ng/kg b.w./day.

Singapore's Total Diet Study (2021-2023): Study Design, Methodology, and Relevance to Ensuring Food Safety.

A total diet study is often used to evaluate a population's baseline dietary exposure to chemical hazards from across the diet. In 2021-2023, Singapore carried out a TDS, and this article presents an overview of the study design and methodological selections in Singapore's TDS, as well as its relevance to ensuring food safety. A food consumption survey was conducted on Singapore citizens and permanent residents, where food consumption patterns of the Singapore population were identified. The selection of chemical hazards and foods for inclusion in Singapore's TDS, as well as principal considerations on sampling, food preparation, and analytical testing are discussed. Commonly consumed foods by the Singapore population in food categories such as grain and grain-based products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, vegetables, fruits, milk and dairy products were included in this study, and mean concentrations of chemicals tested in each food category were reported, with food categories possessing higher levels identified. Future work will include dietary exposure assessments for the population and analysis of the contributions by food and cooking method.

Tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk from three districts in Indonesia: Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment.

Background and Aim: Milk can introduce antibiotics into the human diet which poses a public health risk. Therefore, a study to determine the tetracycline residue in dairy milk and its health risk assessment is needed. A cross-sectional study was performed to detect tetracycline residues in fresh dairy milk samples collected from the districts of Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang, Indonesia, and to evaluate dietary exposure to tetracycline residues through milk consumption in 10-12-year-old children and adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 203 fresh dairy milk samples were collected from local and smallholder dairy cows in Malang, Boyolali, and Padang Panjang in April and August 2018. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array at 355 and 368 nm was used to detect tetracycline residues. Data were evaluated for dietary exposure assessment. Results: The results showed that the most common residue found was chlortetracycline (8.37%), followed by tetracycline (7.88%) and oxytetracycline (5.91%) in the concentration range of 14.8-498.4, 11.7-49.4, and 11.6-85.6 ng/g, respectively. Seven (3.45%) samples exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRL) for chlortetracycline. However, neither oxytetracycline nor tetracycline residues exceeded the MRL. The mean concentration of the tetracycline residues was 21.76-137.05 ng/g, resulting in an estimated daily intake of 16.46-172.83 ng/kg body weight/day. Conclusion: Tetracycline residues were found in almost all milk sampling locations. The highest prevalence and residue concentration were obtained from chlortetracycline. Estimated daily intake of tetracycline through milk by 10-12-year-old children and adult consumers was low and the risk to consumers was negligible.

Tracing the Bioaccessibility of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Fish during Cooking Treatment.

The effect of cooking on the contents of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in foods has been widely studied, but whether cooking-induced structural and chemical modifications in foods affect the oral bioaccessibility of PFAS remains largely unknown. In this study, three kinds of fishes with different fat contents were selected, and the bioaccessibility of PFAS during cooking treatment (steaming and frying) was evaluated using in vitro gastrointestinal simulation with gastric lipase addition. The results showed that related to their molecular structures, the bioaccessibility of an individual PFAS varied greatly, ranging from 26.0 to 108.1%. Cooking can reduce the bioaccessibility of PFAS, and steaming is more effective than oil-frying; one of the possible reasons for this result is that the PFAS is trapped in protein aggregates after heat treatment. Fish lipids and cooking oil ingested with meals exert different effects on the bioaccessibility of PFAS, which may be related to the state of the ingested lipid/oil and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. Gastric lipase boosted the release of long-chain PFAS during in vitro digestion, indicating that the degree of lipolysis considerably influences the bioaccessibility of hydrophobic PFAS. Estimated weekly PFAS intakes were recalibrated using bioaccessibility data, enabling more accurate and reliable dietary exposure assessments.

Risk assessment of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters through dietary exposure from edible oils for the Zhejiang population in China by Monte Carlo simulation.

The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of 3-monochoropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters from edible oils for the Zhejiang population in China. Exposure assessment of 3-MCPD esters was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation based on the concentrations of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils combined with survey data on the eating habits of Chinese residents classified by age group and gender. The simulation results indicated that the mean daily intakes (CDI) of 3-MCPD esters for children 7-10 years old were 2.154 µg (kg BW d)-1 for boys and 2.049 µg (kg BW d)-1 for girls, which are lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 4 µg (kg BW d)-1 for 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD esters individually or in combination, set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The range of mean dietary intakes of 3-MCPD esters in different subpopulation groups ranged 1.242-1.672 µg (kg BW d)-1, which was lower than the PMTDI. However, the CDI values of 3-MCPD esters in high percentile exposure subgroups (95th, 99th) of males (7-49 years old) and females (7-10 and 50-75 years old) were all above 4µg (kg bw d)-1. Outside of the senior group (50-75 years old), males had more exposure to 3-MCPD than females. The average hazard indexes (HI) of 3-MCPD esters to male and female children were 1.257 and 1.024, respectively, indicating there was a risk, but no immediate measures are required to address this risk. The average HI of 3-MCPD esters to adolescent, adult, and seniors were all below 1, indicating risk for those age groups were at an acceptable level.

Dissipation dynamics and comparative dietary exposure assessment of mefentrifluconazole in rice.

A fast and sensitive analytical method based on UHPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was established to investigate the dissipation and final residual amounts of mefentrifluconazole in rice, and dietary risk to consumers was evaluated. The method provided good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9979), accuracy (recovery range, 79.0-101.5%), precision (relative standard deviation range, 1.3-13.9%), and sensitivity (limit of quantification, 0.005 mg/kg). The dissipation dynamics of mefentrifluconazole in rice followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 2.8-16.6 days. The final residues of mefentrifluconazole in various samples of harvested brown rice ranged from less than the limit of quantification to 0.092 mg/kg, the latter value being higher than the maximum residue limit recommended by the European Union. Comparative dietary exposure of mefentrifluconazole was assessed using field data and Chinese dietary patterns for different genders, regions, and age data. Although the results showed acceptable levels of risk for both acute exposure (the percentage of the acute reference dose ≤ 0.7483%) and chronic dietary intake (the percentage of acceptable daily intake ≤ 31.8516%), more studies of children are needed because they are at higher risk than other groups. This work provides the necessary data for registering and establishing the maximum residue limit for mefentrifluconazole in rice in China and reveals the potential risks to different groups of long-term application of mefentrifluconazole to rice and other crops.

Chronic dietary exposure to total arsenic, inorganic arsenic and water-soluble organic arsenic species based on results of the first German total diet study.

For risk assessment purposes, the dietary exposure to total arsenic and inorganic arsenic was estimated within the first German total diet study (BfR MEAL Study) for the whole population in Germany. Therefore, occurrence data of 356 different foods from the BfR MEAL Study were combined with consumption data from German nutrition surveys. Due to the different toxicological potentials of other water-soluble organic arsenic species present in rice-based foods, fish and seafood, dietary exposure to dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid and arsenobetaine was assessed in consumers in Germany through such foods for the first time. Related to the bodyweight, dietary exposure to total arsenic and inorganic arsenic in infants and young children (0.5-<5 years) were higher than in adolescents/adults (≥14 years). The highest median exposure estimates to inorganic arsenic resulted for the age group of infants from 0.5 to <1 year under modified lower bound conditions and for young children from 1 to <2 years under upper bound conditions (0.17 µg kg-1 bodyweight day-1-0.24 µg kg-1 bodyweight day-1 and 0.26 µg kg-1 bodyweight day-1-0.34 µg kg-1 bodyweight day-1, respectively). 'Grains and grain-based products' (especially rice) were identified as the main contributors for dietary exposure to total arsenic and inorganic arsenic for all age classes. Especially, for infants and young children, high consumption of rice-based foods and fish fingers is driving the dietary exposure to dimethylarsinic acid. The dietary exposure calculations indicate that a further reduction of dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic and further investigations to water-soluble organic arsenic species are necessary.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning contamination status and dietary exposure assessment in coastal cities of China / 预防医学

@#Paralytic shellfish poisoning contamination is a threat to human health. Based on review of research articles pertaining to paralytic shellfish poisoning contamination in shellfishes and assessment of dietary exposure to paralytic shellfish poisoning in coastal cities of China from 2007 to 2022, the article describes the status of paralytic shellfish poisoning contamination, influencing factors and dietary exposure assessment in different sea areas of China (Bohai Sea, Huanghai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea), and the relatively high-level contamination of paralytic shellfish poisoning in shellfishes is found to strongly correlate with red tides caused by season and water temperature in the Bohai Sea and South China Sea areas. Acute exposure assessment based on point estimate model is commonly used for assessment of dietary exposure to paralytic shellfish poisoning, and the risk of human dietary exposure to paralytic shellfish poisoning is within the acceptable range in most areas. Intensified monitoring of paralytic shellfish poisoning contamination in shellfishes and full consideration of parameters like processing factor during dietary exposure assessment are required in the future to allow more precise results.

Dietary exposure assessment of paralytic shellfish toxins through shellfish consumption in Shenzhen population, China.

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by certain marine dinoflagellates accumulate in filter-feeding marine bivalves. We used LC-MS/MS to detect and quantify 13 PSTs in 188 shellfish samples of 14 species collected from Shenzhen city's Buji seafood wholesale market from March 2019 to February 2020. Twenty-six of 188 shellfish samples (13.8%) were PSTs detectable. Within 14 species, 10 out of 34 noble clam Chlamys nobilis samples contain detectable PSTs with the highest detection rate 29.4%. Seven out of 17 samples from Nan'ao island contained detectable PSTs with the highest detection rate 41.2% among 11 origins. Samples containing PSTs were concentrated in spring and winter, with the highest levels in March>December>January. Among PSTs detected, C1 was dominant. Acute dietary exposure assessment for Shenzhen residents were based on mean adult body weight, 99th percentile daily shellfish consumption of Shenzhen food consumption survey 2008 and maximum PSTs concentration for each shellfish species. The outcome for Chlamys nobilis was 2.4~3.7-fold higher than recommended ARfDs. Mean PSTs concentration, P99, and mean shellfish consumption were used to assess chronic dietary exposure. The results were lower than recommended ARfDs. In conclusion, residents in Shenzhen are at risk for acute PSTs poisoning, while relatively safe from chronic PSTs exposure.

Establishment of an appropriate method for determining multiple heterocyclic amines in soy products processed with various methods.

A method using UPLC-MS/MS and a core-shell C18 column was developed to simultaneously determine 21 heterocyclic amines (HAs) in 15 min. Appropriate QuEChERS conditions were also established to conveniently extract HAs from soy products cooked with various methods. These conditions presented good analytical performance; limit of detection, limit of quantification, recovery (%), repeatability (coefficient of variation (CV) %) and intermediate precision (CV%) were 0.008 âˆ¼ 0.150 ng/g, 0.025 âˆ¼ 0.500 ng/g, 62 âˆ¼ 91%, ≤ 28% and ≤ 23% for tofu sample, and 0.003 âˆ¼ 0.100 ng/g, 0.010 âˆ¼ 0.350 ng/g, 64 âˆ¼ 93%, ≤ 19% and ≤ 20% for soy milk sample, respectively. HAs contents in the samples increased with cooking temperature and time. The tofu samples cooked by frying had much higher HAs content than those cooked by boiling and roasting. Norharman and Harman mainly contributed HAs content in all samples. For the general population in Taiwan, the highest estimated level of HAs consumed from the samples is 373.67 ng/day.

[Pollution status and exposure assessment of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in grains on sale from Shaanxi Province, 2002-2018].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pollution status of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in grains sold in Shaanxi Province, and to analyze the potential risk of dietary exposure. METHODS: A total of 1873 samples of wheat, wheat flour, rice, maize and their products were randomly collected in circulation. The contents of lead and cadmium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and total mercury and arsenic were determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The pollution status of four elements in grains was evaluated by single factor pollution index method, margin of exposure(MOE) was used to assess lead exposure, cadmium exposure was assessed by the ratio of estimated monthly intake(EMI) to provisional tolerable monthly intake(PTMI), and exposure to mercury and arsenic was assessed using the ratio of estimated weekly intake(EWI) to provisional tolerable weekly intake(PTWI). RESULTS: The average values of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in grains sold in Shaanxi Province were 0.070, 0.022, 0.0079 and 0.030 mg/kg. The over-standard rates of lead, cadmium and total mercury were 6.30%, 1.39% and 4.43%. The average single factor pollution index of lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic was less than 0.7; The MOE value of lead in grains was 0.99-18.41, the intake of cadmium in grains accounted for 19.08% of PTMI, and the intake of mercury and arsenic accounted for 10.28% and 10.67% of PTWI. CONCLUSION: Lead, cadmium, total mercury and total arsenic in all kinds of cereals sold in Shaanxi Province from 2002 to 2018 were less polluted and their intake was within the safe range.

Antibiotic residues in cattle and sheep meat and human exposure assessment in southern Xinjiang, China.

In recent years, antibiotics have become widely used in animal breeding. The application of antibiotics in livestock may lead to the presence of antibiotic residues in animal-derived foods, especially meat, that may pose a threat to human health. In this study, 26 common antibiotics (eight sulfonamides, nine fluoroquinolones, four tetracyclines, and five macrolides) were screened in 88 meat samples (cattle muscles and sheep muscles, kidneys, and livers) obtained from southern Xinjiang. The antibiotics were screened via the clean-up step based on solid-phase extraction and determined through ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, their risk to human health was analyzed. Overall, 16 antibiotics were detected with a total detection rate of 95.46%. The percentage of noncompliant samples was 28.41% with an exceedance maximum residue limit of 1.14%. The illegal use rate of the antibiotic norfloxacin was 27.27%. The estimated daily exposure doses of all compounds in adults were <102.218 ng/kg bw/day even after applying the worst-case scenario approach. This result demonstrated that the antibiotic residues in the tested samples imposed negligible harm to people's health and had an acceptable level of food safety risk. However, the high detection frequencies found in this work indicated that the risk of antibiotic residues could not be ignored given the cumulative risk of antibiotics, particularly the emergence of bacterial resistance, to the human body. The need for effective strategies and publicity for the judicious use of antibiotics to safeguard residents' health is immediate.

The first harmonised total diet study in Portugal: Planning, sample collection and sample preparation.

The first Total Diet Study (TDS) was carried out in Portugal using harmonised procedures developed under the TDS-Exposure project. This publication describes in detail the TDS planning, sample collection and preparation, filling a gap found in literature. TDS food list (1070 items) by food group for 18-74 years olds was derived using 24 h recall food consumption survey data. Of the 164 TDS samples defined based on FoodEx2, the most represented belonged to 'Composite dishes' (21%) and 'Fish and Fish products' (15%). A total of 227 TDS samples (12 subsamples each), were collected (2014-2016) in Greater Lisbon region as 126 'national', 17 'regional non-seasonal' and 21 'regional seasonal'. Seasonal samples were mostly fruits, vegetables and some fish. Subsamples were prepared as consumed, pooled, homogenised and stored at -18 °C. The harmonised procedures used allow comparison of exposure assessment with other countries and evaluation of exposure trends if TDS are used.

Chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic.

Following an official request to EFSA from the European Commission, EFSA assessed the chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) in the European population. A total of 13,608 analytical results on iAs were considered in the current assessment (7,623 corresponding to drinking water and 5,985 to different types of food). Samples were collected across Europe between 2013 and 2018. The highest mean dietary exposure estimates at the lower bound (LB) were in toddlers (0.30 µg/kg body weight (bw) per day), and in both infants and toddlers (0.61 µg/kg bw per day) at the upper bound (UB). At the 95th percentile, the highest exposure estimates (LB-UB) were 0.58 and 1.20 µg/kg bw per day in toddlers and infants, respectively. In general, UB estimates were two to three times higher than LB estimates. The mean dietary exposure estimates (LB) were overall below the range of benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL 01) values of 0.3-8 µg/kg bw per day established by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain in 2009. However, for the 95th percentile dietary exposure (LB), the maximum estimates for infants, toddlers and other children were within this range of BMDL 01 values. Across the different age classes, the main contributors to the dietary exposure to iAs (LB) were 'Rice', 'Rice-based products', 'Grains and grain-based products (no rice)' and 'Drinking water'. Different ad hoc exposure scenarios (e.g. consumption of rice-based formulae) showed dietary exposure estimates in average and for high consumers close to or within the range of BMDL 01 values. The main uncertainties associated with the dietary exposure estimations refer to the impact of using the substitution method to treat the left-censored data (LB-UB differences), to the lack of information (consumption and occurrence) on some iAs-containing ingredients in specific food groups, and to the effect of food preparation on the iAs levels. Recommendations were addressed to improve future dietary exposure assessments to iAs.

Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya.

The current study was conducted to assess the levels of organophosphates and carbamates in vegetables in Kenya and to examine potential consumer health risks. A total of 90 samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Residues of acephate, chlorpyrifos, methamidophos, omethoate and profenofos were found in 22% of the samples, ranging from 10 to 1343 µg/kg. The EU MRL was exceeded in 21%, 10%, 8% and 22% of the samples of French beans, kales, spinach and tomatoes, respectively. Chlorpyrifos in spinach had an acute HQ of 3.3 and 2.2 for children and adults, respectively, implying that potential health risks with respect to acute dietary exposure cannot be excluded. For chronic dietary exposure, all chronic HQs were below 1. The HI for the pesticides was 0.54 and 0.34 for children and adults. Routine monitoring of OPs and carbamates in vegetables is recommended to minimise consumer's health risks.

Implementation of Harmonized Food Consumption Data Collection in the Balkan Region According to the EFSA EU Menu Methodology Standards.

Initiatives in the Capacity Development in Nutrition Research in the Balkan region in the last decade have been toward the creation of contemporary, harmonized Research Infrastructure (RI) compliant with European standards. This study describes the process of creation and implementation of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EU Menu methodology in the Balkan region during the EFSA support projects for food consumption data collection in four countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia). This process entailed the application and improvement of an innovative tool, the DIET ASSESS and PLAN (DAP), a platform for standardized food consumption data collection and dietary intake assessment. DAP comprises computerized food consumption, anthropometric measurements, and physical activity questionnaires, validated food picture book, and FoodEx2 exposure hierarchy with sets of facet descriptors of the interest. It hosts the Balkan food platform with a Serbian food composition database (FCDB) and Regional FCDB, compliant with European Food Information Resource (EuroFIR™) standards. The implementation of the DAP platform in national dietary surveys conducted with the support of the EFSA EU Menu project in Balkan countries enabled harmonized food consumption data compilation and reporting. Application of the methodology entailed the development of study protocol and extensive education and training of study personnel. The entire data collection process was managed by internal and external survey coordinators. A pilot study was conducted to test the entire data collection and control process and was afterward used to make necessary improvements and adjustments to meet EU Menu requirements. Data collected are internationally comparable with food consumption data in other European countries within the framework of the EU Menu program. The existence of such data in the Balkan region will catalyze research activities in emerging topics, such as identification of dietary patterns, the establishment of national nutrient reference values and food-based dietary guidelines (not only in Serbia, but in the whole Balkan region), dietary exposure assessments, the endorsement and evaluation of new food legislations, the environmental and other effects of diet on the food system. The developed and implemented methodology underpins evidence-based policy-making processes lacking in the field of public health nutrition in the region.

Dietary exposure assessment of phthalic acid esters in Guangzhou residents / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand phthalic acid esters pollution of daily consumed food in Guangzhou City，and evaluate the hazard of phthalic acid esters exposure in residents dietary. Methods Detected the content of phthalic acid esters in 10 types of food by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy（GC-MS）methods .It combined with a survey on dietary nutrients intake of Guangzhou residents was conducted．Hazard index on the dietary exposure assessment of chemicals in food was applied. Results It showed that the highest levels of DBP，DEHP and DIBP，from the mixed diet samples in Guangzhou were 1.256，1.418，0.576 mg/kg respectively；and the exposure level of DBP，DEHP and DIBP were 2.431、5.981、2.408μg/kg.d ;HQ was respectively 0.243、0.125、0.025. HI was 0.393. Conclusion The dietary contamination of phthalic acid esters for Guangzhou was kept at a low level.But the pollution of 3 kinds of mixed samples such as meats，eggs，aquatic and products may be a certain risk of health that should attract more attention.

Levels of BPA in makdous, a traditional Syrian food, using solid-phase extraction followed by HPLC

Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupter, can migrate from packaging material into food stuff. This research was designed to measure BPA levels in makdous, a traditional Syrian food. Forty three samples of makdous stored in different plastic containers (polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and unspecified plastic containers) were analyzed every 3 months for one year beginning July 2017. Quantification of BPA was carried out by an RP-HPLC system equipped with fluorescence detector after solid phase extraction. Migration was found in PE and PP plastic containers with slight differences. Statistically significant differences in BPA levels were observed between samples assayed after two weeks of preparation and samples assayed after 12 months (mean 16.32 vs. 38.26 µg/kg, p value=0.003). According to these amounts, BPA levels were all under the specific migration limit of 0.05 mg/kg as newly referred in Regulation (EU) No 2018/213. These levels of exposure would only contribute to 2.15% and 2.75% of the EFSA t-TDI in both men and women respectively based on mean dietary exposure estimates derived from a 24-h dietary information study from 875 participants. Hence there are no concerns about potential health risks from makdous consumption