Review on the Role of Paraffin-embedded Margin-controlled Mohs Micrographic Surgery to Treat Skin Tumors. / [Artículo traducido] Revisión del rol de la cirugía micrográfica con cortes en parafina en el tratamiento de tumores cutáneos.

Paraffin-embedded margin-controlled Mohs micrographic surgery (PMMS) includes various procedures such as slow Mohs or deferred Mohs technique, the Muffin and Tübingen techniques, and staged margin excision, or the spaghetti technique. PMMS is a variation of conventional Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) that allows histopathological examination with delayed margin control. PMMS requires minimum training and may be adopted by any hospital. The setback is that PMMS can require procedures across multiple days. PMMS lowers the rate of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma vs wide local excision in high-risk basal cell carcinoma, and improves the rates of recurrence and survival in lentigo maligna. PMMS can be very useful in high-risk squamous cell carcinoma treatment. Finally, it is a promising technique to treat infrequent skin neoplasms, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, or extramammary Paget's disease, among others. In this article, we present a literature narrative review on PMMS, describing techniques and indications, and highlighting long-term outcomes.

Review on the Role of Paraffin-embedded Margin-controlled Mohs Micrographic Surgery to Treat Skin Tumors.

Paraffin-embedded margin-controlled Mohs micrographic surgery (PMMS) includes various procedures such as slow Mohs or deferred Mohs technique, the Muffin and Tübingen techniques, and staged margin excision, or the spaghetti technique. PMMS is a variation of conventional Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) that allows histopathological examination with delayed margin control. PMMS requires minimum training and may be adopted by any hospital. The setback is that PMMS can require procedures across multiple days. PMMS lowers the rate of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma vs wide local excision in high-risk basal cell carcinoma, and improves the rates of recurrence and survival in lentigo maligna. PMMS can be very useful in high-risk squamous cell carcinoma treatment. Finally, it is a promising technique to treat infrequent skin neoplasms, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, or extramammary Paget's disease, among others. In this article, we present a literature narrative review on PMMS, describing techniques and indications, and highlighting long-term outcomes.

Cierre primario diferido en pacientes laparotomizados de emergencia con índice SENIC ≥ 3 puntos / Deferred primary closure in emergency laparotomized patients with SENIC index ≥ 3 points

Las infecciones del sitio operatorio representan un desafío en el entorno hospitalario. El cierre primario diferido ha surgido como técnica para prevenirlas. Esta investigación busca explorar los beneficios del cierre primario diferido en la reducción de infecciones, estancia hospitalaria y costos, mejorando los resultados clínicos en cirugías abdominales. Objetivos. Evaluar el cierre primario diferido en pacientes laparotomizados de emergencia que acuden Hospital Universitario de Mérida ­Venezuela, con índice SENIC ≥ 3 puntos. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio experimental prospectivo para evaluar los efectos del cierre primario diferido en comparación con el cierre primario en laparotomías exploradoras. La muestra consistió en 160 pacientes. Se analizaron la presencia de infecciones, la duración de la estancia hospitalaria y la evolución temporal de las infecciones como desenlaces del estudio. Resultados. Se encontró que el cierre primario diferido redujo la presencia de infecciones en comparación con el cierre primario. La limpieza trans-operatoria y el diagnóstico de abdomen agudo quirúrgico infeccioso fueron factores beneficiosos. La antibioticoterapia continua en el postoperatorio también fue más efectiva. Se observó una disminución del riesgo de infección en el grupo experimental en un 37% en comparación con el grupo de control. Conclusiones. El cierre primario diferido de la herida reduce significativamente la probabilidad de infección del sitio operatorio en cirugías abdominales con heridas contaminadas. Es una técnica beneficiosa para pacientes con abdomen agudo quirúrgico infeccioso. Además, el cierre primario diferido resulta rentable al disminuir tanto la incidencia de ISO como la duración de la estancia hospitalaria

Surgical site infections pose a challenge in the hospital setting. Delayed primary closure has emerged as a technique to prevent such infections. This research aims to explore the benefits of delayed primary closure in reducing infections, hospital stay, and costs, thus improving clinical outcomes in abdominal surgeries. Objectives. To evaluate delayed primary closure in emergency laparotomized patients with SENIC index ≥ 3 points at the University Hospital of Mérida, Venezuela. Methods. A prospective experimental study was conducted to assess the effects of delayed primary closure compared to primary closure in exploratory laparotomies. The sample consisted of 160 patients. The presence of infections, duration of hospital stay, and temporal evolution of infections were analyzed as study outcomes. Results. Delayed primary closure was found to reduce the presence of infections compared to primary closure. Transoperative cleaning and the diagnosis of infectious surgical acute abdomen were beneficial factors. Continuous postoperative antibiotic therapy was also more effective. A 37% reduction in the risk of infection was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusions. Delayed primary closure significantly reduces the probability of surgical site infection in abdominal surgeries with contaminated wounds. It is a beneficial technique for patients with infectious surgical acute abdomen. Additionally, delayed primary closure proves cost-effective by reducing both the incidence of surgical site infections and the duration of hospital stay(AU)

Parto asincrónico en un embarazo gemelar. Primer reporte de caso en el Perú / Asynchronous delivery in a twin pregnancy. First case report in Peru

RESUMEN El parto asincrónico (PA) o parto diferido (PD) es una presentación poco prevalente de la gestación múltiple. Este ocurre cuando un feto nace por vía vaginal y el -o losfetos restantes se mantienen intraútero y nacen con una diferencia de días o semanas. Se realiza el primer reporte en el Perú de una gestante cuyo primer parto fue a las 20,1 semanas y el segundo a las 24,4 semanas, y se detalla el manejo y los resultados perinatales del caso. La evidencia sugiere que un PD mejora la supervivencia y reduce la morbimortalidad del segundo feto. Es imprescindible continuar la investigación en este tema para describir su prevalencia real, identificar candidatas ideales, estandarizar el manejo obstétrico y así optimizar resultados maternos y fetales.

ABSTRACT Asynchronous delivery (AD) or delayed interval delivery (DID) is a rare presentation of multiple gestation. This occurs when one fetus is delivered vaginally and the remaining fetus or fetuses are kept in utero and are born with a difference of days or weeks. This is the first report in Peru of a pregnant woman whose first delivery was at 20.1 weeks and the second at 24.4 weeks, and the management and perinatal results of the case are detailed. The evidence suggests that a DID improves survival and reduces morbidity and mortality of the second fetus. Further research on this topic is essential to describe its real prevalence, identify ideal candidates, standardize obstetric management and thus optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.

Effect of protein supplementation on yield and milk composition of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows kept in deferred pasture of brachiaria grass / [Efeito da suplementação de proteína na produção e na composição do leite de F1 vacas Holandês x Zebu mantidas em pasto diferido de capim-braquiária]

The objective of this study was to evaluate different supplementation strategies concentrated to F1 Holstein x Zebu lactating cows managed in deferred signal grass pasture on the yield and composition of milk and body weight gain. Thirty six F1 Holstein x Zebu cows with an average lactation period of 267 ± 10 days, mean body weight of 548 ± 19kg were used following a completely randomized design in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, being four feeding strategies and five days under evaluation. The treatments consisted of four nutritional strategies: deferred pasture as a source of roughage without supplementation (PDSS); deferred pasture as a source of roughage with protein supplement offer (PDCS); deferred pasture supplemented with 15 kilos of corn silage (natural base) + 1,200 grams of protein supplement (PDSP) and corn silage (ad libitum) + 700 grams of protein supplement (SMP). There was no interaction (P> 0.05) between the nutritional plans and days under evaluation for any of the variables. It was found that cows fed SMP showed milk production 26.06% higher than the other nutritional plans (mean of 11.46kg/day). F1 Holstein/Zebu cows handled in deferred pasture in a traditional way supplemented with protein maintains milk yield.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes planos nutricionais para vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu mantidas em pasto diferido de capim-braquiária sobre a produção e a composição do leite e no ganho em peso corporal. Foram utilizadas 36 vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu com período médio de lactação de 267 ± 10 dias, peso corporal médio de 548 ± 19kg, seguindo o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, sendo quatro estratégias de alimentação e cinco dias em avaliação. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro planos nutricionais: pasto diferida como fonte de forragem sem suplementação (PDSS); pastagem diferida como fonte de forragem com oferta de suplemento de proteico (PDCS); pasto diferido suplementado com 15 quilos de silagem de milho (base natural) + 1.200 gramas de suplemento proteico (PDSP) e silagem de milho (ad libitum) + 700 gramas de suplemento de proteína (SMP). Verificou-se que as vacas alimentadas com SMP apresentaram produção de leite 26,06% superior aos demais planos nutricionais (média de 11,46kg/dia). Vacas F1 Holandês/Zebu tratadas em pastagem diferida de maneira tradicional, suplementada com proteína, mantêm o rendimento de leite.(AU)

Parto gemelar diferido: a propósito de un caso / Delayed twin birth: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presenta el caso de un parto diferido en una gestación gemelar en la que se consigue retrasar el parto del segundo gemelo 45 días con manejo conservador. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 25 años, gestación gemelar bicorial biamniótica, con diagnóstico de muerte fetal del primer gemelo en semana 24+3 y parto del mismo tras una semana de evolución. Se decide la opción de tratamiento conservador expectante, con reposo absoluto, manteniendo tocolisis intravenosa, controles analíticos seriados, controles cardiotocográficos diarios, profilaxis antibiótica y antitrombótica. Con ello se consigue diferir el parto un total de 45 días. CONCLUSIÓN: El parto diferido en gestaciones gemelares es una práctica poco habitual, por lo que se carece de protocolos y actuaciones específicas. La bibliografía disponible difiere en cuanto al manejo de dichos casos y en el total de días que se consigue diferir el parto, pero en todos los estudios se reporta el beneficio en términos de resultados perinatales al conseguir aumentar la edad gestacional del segundo gemelo. En nuestro caso se consiguió una mejora sustancial del resultado perinatal asociado a la prematuridad sin importantes efectos adversos maternos y tras el periodo de latencia indicado.

INTRODUCTION: We report a delayed delivery of a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy, in which the birth of the second twin was postponed 45 days. CASE REPORT: At 24+3 weeks of gestation, a 25-year-old woman with dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy presented with preterm premature rupture of membranes and intrauterine dead of the first fetus. Spontaneous delivery of the first death twin, occurred al 25+2 weeks. Tocolysis, antibiotic, antithrombotic prophylaxis, absolute rest, serial blood tests and fetal cardiotocography controls, were performed. The second twin was delivered at 31+5 weeks, after a the preterm premature rupture of membranes triggered the labor. The interval between the first and second birth was 45 days. CONCLUSION: Delayed delivery in twin pregnancies, is an uncommon clinical situation, so there are not validated medical protocols. Available bibliography offers different practices related to its management. Most studies confirm the better survival rate and perinatal outcomes of the postponed birth twin.

Delayed-Iinterval delivery in dichorionic twin pregnancies: A case report of 154 latency days / Parto diferido emg ravidez gemelar bicoriônica: Um caso com 154 dias de latência

Abstract Premature delivery often complicates multifetal pregnancies, placing neonates at risk of seriousmorbidity andmortality. In select cases, pretermbirth of one sibling may not require delivery of the remaining fetus(es), which may remain in utero for a delayedinterval delivery, consequently improving neonatalmorbidity andmortality. Currently, there is no consensus on the best protocol for the optimalmanagement of these cases. We report one case of delayed-interval delivery of a dichorionic pregnancy assisted in our center. In this case, prophylactic cerclage, tocolytic therapy and administration of broad-spectrum prophylactic antibiotics enabled delivery at 37 weeks, corresponding to 154 days of latency, which is, to our knowledge, the longest interval described in the literature. The attempt to defer the delivery of the second fetus in peri-viability is an option that should be offered to parents after counseling, providing that the clinical criteria of eligibility are fulfilled. The correct selection of candidates, combined with the correct performance of procedures, as well as fetal and maternal monitoring and early identification of complications increase the probability of success of this type of delivery.

Resumo O parto pré-termo espontâneo complica frequentemente as gestações multifetais, condicionando elevada morbimortalidade perinatal. Em determinados casos, o nascimento prematuro do primeiro feto pode não requerer o nascimento do(s) feto(s) restante(s), que podem permanecer in utero, com o objetivo de diminuir a morbidade e mortalidade neonatal. Atualmente, não existe consenso quanto à melhor atitude clínica nas situações de parto diferido. Descrevemos um caso de parto diferido de gravidez bicoriônica vigiado no nosso centro. Neste caso, a realização de cerclagem, a terapêutica tocolítica e a administração de antibioticoterapia de largo espectro permitiu o parto às 37 semanas do segundo gêmeo, o que corresponde a 154 dias de latência, que, segundo o nosso conhecimento, é o intervalo de diferimento mais longo descrito na literatura. A tentativa de diferir o parto do segundo feto na periviabilidade é uma opção que deve ser oferecida aos progenitores, após aconselhamento e desde que se cumpram os critérios clínicos de elegibilidade. A seleção correta das candidatas, em conjunto com a realização de corretos procedimentos, monitorização fetal e materna e identificação precoce de complicações aumentam a possibilidade de sucesso deste tipo de parto.

Parto diferido o asincrónico del segundo gemelo: un caso clínico con buen desenlace neonatal / Delayed interval delivery or asynchronous birth of the second twin: a case report with a good outcome neonatal

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El parto diferido o asincrónico ocurre cuando los fetos de un embarazo múltiple nacen con una diferencia de días o semanas. La finalidad es incrementar la edad gestacional del segundo gemelo y aumentar la tasa de supervivencia. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente primigesta de 39 años, con embarazo gemelar bicorial, biamniótico logrado mediante fertilización in vitro. En la semana 23 + 2 acudió a urgencias por sangrado vaginal y dolor abdominal. En la especuloscopia se observó líquido amniótico claro y dilatación cervical de 4-5 cm. El registro cardiotocográfico reportó dinámica uterina franca. En la ecografía se visualizaron dos fetos: el primero en presentación podálica sin latido cardiaco y el segundo en transversa con latido cardiaco. Después del nacimiento del primer gemelo se observó la retracción del cuello uterino y desaparición de la dinámica uterina. El estudio ecográfico mostró la bolsa amniótica íntegra, sin signos de desprendimiento placentario ni pérdida del bienestar fetal. Se propuso a la pareja la posibilidad de realizar un cerclaje cervical y diferir el parto del segundo gemelo, hecho que fue aceptado. Se consiguió prolongar la gestación del segundo gemelo 77 días, que nació mediante parto, sin morbilidad materna ni fetal. CONCLUSIONES: El parto diferido es una práctica adecuada para incrementar la tasa de supervivencia del feto o fetos retenidos. Los protocolos asociados con este tipo de partos son variados. Se requieren estudios adicionales para establecer los criterios de tratamiento de este tipo de partos.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Delayed Interval delivery or asynchronous birth is when a multiple pregnancy`s fetuses are not born simultaneously, and with several day´s difference between their births. This practice´s objective is to increase the second twin´s gestational age and, as such, improve its survival rate. CLINICAL CASE: A 39 years-old patient with bicorial biamniotic twin pregnancy achieved by in vitro fertilization. At 23 + 2 weeks of pregnancy assisted to Emergency service for vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. In the speculoscopy a clear amniotic fluid and cervical dilation of 4-5 cm was observed. The cardiotocographic record reported frank uterine dynamics. In the ultrasound, two files are displayed: the first in the syntax presentation in the heartbeat and the second in the transversal with heartbeat. After the birth of the first twin, retraction of the cervix and the disappearance of uterine dynamics were observed. The ecological study showed the amniotic bag intact, without signs of placental detachment or loss of fetal well-being. It was proposed to the couple the possibility of performing the cervical fence and the other part of the second day, which was accepted. It was possible to prolong the gestation of the second year to 77 days, which was born through childbirth, without registering maternal or fetal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed Interval delivery is a good practice to increase the survival rate of a retained fetus or retained fetuses. The protocols associated with this type of births are varied. Additional studies are required to establish treatment criteria for this type of births.

Cierre primario diferido en las amputaciones parciales del pie diabético / Primary deferred closure in partial amputations of diabetic foot

Introducción: Las amputaciones parciales del pie diabético requieren un prolongado período de cicatrización. La presencia de angiopatía y neuropatía periférica y la ausencia de actividad del factor de crecimiento epidérmico entorpecen dicho proceso. Objetivos: Evaluar la evolución de las amputaciones parciales del pie diabético con el uso del Heberprot-P® mediante un procedimiento quirúrgico de cierre total diferido a un segundo tiempo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, en 52 pacientes operados de amputación de los artejos del pie atendidos en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia de Camagüey, en el período comprendido desde enero 2015 hasta septiembre de 2016 y en los que fue factible realizar este procedimiento. Resultados: El sexo femenino representó el 59,6 por ciento, con mayor número de casos en el intervalo de 61-70 años. Se realizaron 30 operaciones los artejos centrales y 22 entre el primero y el quinto. El 94,6 por ciento cicatrizó entre los 16 y los 20 días. Ninguno fue reintervenido. Conclusiones: La terapia con Heberprot-P® abre nuevos caminos para lograr mayor efectividad en el tratamiento y cicatrización del pie diabético. El procedimiento empleado mejoró el resultado funcional y estético de los pies operados(AU)

Introduction: Partial amputation of diabetic foot requires a long cicatrization period. The presence of angiopathy and peripheral neuropathy, and the lack of epidermal growth factor activity dull the process. Objective: To evaluate the evolution of partial amputations of diabetic foot using Heberprot-P® through a surgical procedure based in a total deffered closure to a second time. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was in a total of 52 patients operated on foot knuckles amputations in Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Provincial Hospital of Camagüey Province, from January 2015 to September 2016. In this patients was feasible to carry out the so above mentioned surgical procedure. Results: The female gender represented the 59, 6 percent with major number of cases from 61 to 70 years old. 30 surgeries were performed on the central knuckle and 22 between the first and fifth knuckle. 94,6 percent healed within 16 to 20 days. None of the patients was reoperated. Conclusions: Heberprot-P® therapy opens new ways to achieve better effectiveness in the treatment and cicatrization of diabetic foot. The procedure used improved the functional and aesthetical results in the operated feet(AU)

[Deferred versus immediate stenting in patients with ST - segment elevation myocardial infarction and residual large thrombus burden reclassified in the culprit lesion]. / Stent diferido versus inmediato en pacientes con infarto de miocardio ST elevado y alta carga de trombo residual reclasificado en la lesión culpable.

BACKGROUND: Reclassification of a large thrombus burden is an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events and no-reflow in patients with ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients with a greater residual thrombus burden have worse microvascular dysfunction and greater myocardial damage. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 833 STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The final residual thrombus burden was reclassified after the lesion was wired, and a thrombus aspiration or balloon dilatation was performed to restore and stabilise a thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 2-3 flow. Deferred stenting (DEI) was compared with immediate stenting (ISI) group, and the primary outcome was the incidence of no-/slow-reflow (TIMI ≤ 2, or TIMI 3 with myocardial blush grade < 2). RESULTS: Overall, 47 patients (6.8%) had a residual large thrombus burden reclassified. The right coronary artery was the culprit vessel in 34 cases. More patients had coronary ectasia in the DSI group (P=.005). Fewer patients in the DSI had no-/slow-reflow (36% vs. 58%), and the myocardial blush grade 3 was more frequent in the DSI group (P=.005). After repeat coronary angiography in the DSI group, stenting was not performed in 56%, and oral anticoagulation was more frequent in the follow-up (P=.031). Major cardiac adverse events were similar between groups. There was a tendency to better left ventricular function in the DSI group (P=.056). CONCLUSIONS: Deferred stenting may be an efficient option in STEMI patients with a residual large thrombus burden reclassified after achieving a stable TIMI 2-3 flow.

Stent diferido versus inmediato en pacientes con infarto de miocardio ST elevado y alta carga de trombo residual reclasificado en la lesión culpable / Deferred versus immediate stenting in patients with ST - segment elevation myocardial infarction and residual large thrombus burden reclassified in the culprit lesion

Resumen Introducción: Un trombo intracorononario largo reclasificado es un predictor independiente de resultados adversos y no reflujo en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST. Pacientes con mayor carga de trombo residual tienen peor disfunción microvascular y mayor daño miocárdico. Métodos: Evaluamos retrospectivamente a 833 pacientes que fueron a angioplastia primaria entre enero del 2011 y junio del 2016. La carga de trombo residual final fue reclasificada tras realizar el cruce de la guía, predilatación con balón o tromboaspiración, para restaurar y estabilizar un flujo TIMI 2-3. Las estrategias de stent diferido vs. stent inmediato fueron comparadas, siendo el objetivo primario la incidencia de no reflujo (TIMI ≤ 2, o TIMI 3 con TMP < 2). Resultados: Cuarenta y siete pacientes (6.8%) presentaron una alta carga trombo residual reclasificado. La coronaria derecha fue la arteria culpable en 34 casos. Hubo mayor frecuencia de ectasia coronaria en el grupo de stent diferido (p = 0.005). Se encontraron menores tasas de no reflujo en el stent diferido (36% vs. 58%), con una mayor frecuencia de un TMP 3 (p = 0.005). Tras la nueva cateterización un 56% quedó libre de stent en el grupo diferido y la anticoagulación oral les fue más frecuentemente indicada (p = 0.031). La tasa de eventos cardiacos adversos mayores fue similar entre los grupos. Hubo una tendencia a una mejor función ventricular izquierda en el grupo diferido (p = 0.056). Conclusiones: El stent diferido puede ser una alternativa eficiente en pacientes con IAM CEST y alta carga de trombo residual reclasificado, después de conseguir un flujo TIMI 2-3 estable.

Abstract Background: Reclassification of a large thrombus burden is an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events and no-reflow in patients with ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients with a greater residual thrombus burden have worse microvascular dysfunction and greater myocardial damage. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 833 STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The final residual thrombus burden was reclassified after the lesion was wired, and a thrombus aspiration or balloon dilatation was performed to restore and stabilise a thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 2-3 flow. Deferred stenting (DEI) was compared with immediate stenting (ISI) group, and the primary outcome was the incidence of no-/slow-reflow (TIMI ≤ 2, or TIMI 3 with myocardial blush grade < 2). Results: Overall, 47 patients (6.8%) had a residual large thrombus burden reclassified. The right coronary artery was the culprit vessel in 34 cases. More patients had coronary ectasia in the DSI group (P=.005). Fewer patients in the DSI had no-/slow-reflow (36% vs. 58%), and the myocardial blush grade 3 was more frequent in the DSI group (P=.005). After repeat coronary angiography in the DSI group, stenting was not performed in 56%, and oral anticoagulation was more frequent in the follow-up (P=.031). Major cardiac adverse events were similar between groups. There was a tendency to better left ventricular function in the DSI group (P=.056). Conclusions: Deferred stenting may be an efficient option in STEMI patients with a residual large thrombus burden reclassified after achieving a stable TIMI 2-3 flow.

Errores diagnósticos en la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática / Misdiagnosis in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

RESUMEN Introducción: Si bien la hemorragia subaracnoidea representa el 5% de los accidentes cerebrovasculares, determina una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad. Su presentación frecuentemente con cefalea y vómitos, determina que pueda confundirse su diagnóstico con otras entidades. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron todos los casos de hemorragia subaracnoidea sometidos a intervenciones quirúrgicas en un centro asistencial, durante 5 años. Se registraron datos patronímicos, días desde el inicio de los síntomas al diagnóstico, complicaciones, grado clínico al inicio y en el momento del diagnóstico y estudios imagenológicos realizados. Resultados: Se encontraron 90 casos de hemorragia subaracnoidea sometidos a cirugía durante el periodo analizado. Se registró un diagnóstico diferido de 44.4%. El 35% de estos pacientes presentaron complicaciones, comparado con un 16% en pacientes con diagnóstico oportuno. El 35% de los pacientes aumento el grado clínico. El 70% del retraso se atribuyó a un error diagnóstico, un 25% a la ausencia de consulta del paciente, y en 5% al retraso en el estudio y/o traslado del paciente a un centro de tercer nivel. Discusión y conclusiones: La proporción de pacientes con diagnóstico diferido es superior al reportado en la última década, sin embargo, el porcentaje de complicaciones es similar o incluso inferior al encontrado en centros de referencia. El diagnostico en diferido determina un aumento del grado clínico y en consecuencia empeora el pronóstico. La mayor proporción de pacientes en los cuales no se llega a un diagnóstico oportuno se atribuyen a la ausencia de sospecha clínica de la patología.

ABSTRACT Introduction: While subarachnoid hemorrhage accounts for 5% of accidents cerebrovascular determines high morbidity and mortality. His presentation, frequent-mind with headache and vomiting, determined to be confused diagnosis with other entities. Materials and methods: All cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent surgical Interventions in a hospital, for 5 years were analyzed. Patronymic record data, data were recorded days from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis, complications, clinical grade at baseline and at the time of diagnosis and imaging studies. Results: 90 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent surgery during the study period were found. a delayed diagnosis of 44.4% was recorded. 35% of these patients had complications, compared with 16% in patients with diagnostic appropriate. 35% of patients increased clinical grade. 70% of the delay was attributed to a misdiagnosis, 25% to the absence of consultation with the patient, and 5% to the delay in the study and / or transfer the patient to a tertiary care center. Discussion and conclusions: The proportion of patients with delayed diagnosis is higher than reported in the last decade, however, the complication rate is similar or even lower than found in reference centers. Delayed diagnosis determines an increase of clinical grade and prognosis worsens accordingly. The largest proportion of patients in whom not reach a timely diagnosis is attributed to the absence of clinical suspicion of pathology.

Infección del sitio quirúrgico en niños sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con cierre esternal diferido: estudio de casos y controles / Surgical site infections in children undergoing cardiac surgery with delayed sternal closure: case-control study

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSI) are an important cause of morbidity in pediatric cardiac surgery. Risk factors in patients requiring delayed sternal closure (DSC) are unknown. Aim: To report the rate of SSI in children undergoing cardiac surgery with DSC and determine the risk factors. Methodology: A retrospective case-control study, in patients younger than 15 years old undergoing cardiac surgery with DSC in our center between 2009 and 2010. SSI was diagnosed according to the criteria of the nosocomial infections committee of our institution, based on international recommendations. Univariate and multivariate analysis of variables was performed. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 58 patients were included; the average age was 9.5 days. The most frequent diagnosis were transposition of the great arteries (36%) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (27%). 13 patients had SSI (22%); 11 incisional and 2 mediastinitis. It was independently associated to SSI by-pass (BP) time longer than 200 min (OR adjusted = 9,53; IC 95% 1,37-66,35) and mechanical ventilation (MV) more than 5 days (OR adjusted = 8,98; IC 95% 1,16-69,40). Conclusion: The duration of BP and MV are risk factors of SSI in children undergoing cardiac surgery with DSC.

Introducción: Las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) son importante causa de morbilidad en cirugía cardíaca pediátrica. Los factores de riesgo en pacientes que requieren cierre esternal diferido (CED) se desconocen. Objetivos: Reportar la tasa de ISQ en niños sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con CED y determinar factores de riesgo de ISQ. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles en pacientes bajo 15 años de edad, sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con CED, en los años 2009 y 2010. Se consideró casos aquellos con ISQ diagnosticada según criterios del comité de IAAS local. Se realizó análisis uni y multivariado de las variables. Se consideró significativo un p < 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 58 pacientes; la mediana de edad fue 9,5 días. Diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron transposición de grandes arterias (36%) e hipoplasia de ventrículo izquierdo (27%). Trece pacientes presentaron ISQ (22%); 11 incisionales y 2 me-diastinitis. Se asociaron de manera independiente a ISQ: circulación extracorpórea (CEC) mayor a 200 min (OR ajustado = 9,53; IC 95% 1,37-66,35) y ventilación mecánica invasora (VMI) más de 5 días (OR ajustado = 8,98; IC 95% 1,16-69,40). Conclusión: La duración de CEC y VMI son factores de riesgo de ISQ en niños sometidos a cirugía cardíaca con CED.