Influence of Solvent Selection on the Crystallizability and Polymorphic Selectivity Associated with the Formation of the "Disappeared" Form I Polymorph of Ritonavir.

The comparative crystallizability and polymorphic selectivity of ritonavir, a novel protease inhibitor for the treatment of acquired immune-deficiency syndrome, as a function of solvent selection are examined through an integrated and self-consistent experimental and computational molecular modeling study. Recrystallization at high supersaturation by rapid cooling at 283.15 K is found to produce the metastable "disappeared" polymorphic form I from acetone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and toluene solutions in contrast to ethanol which produces the stable form II. Concomitant crystallization of the other known solid forms is not found under these conditions. Isothermal crystallization studies using turbidometric detection based upon classical nucleation theory reveal that, for an equal induction time, the required driving force needed to initiate solution nucleation decreases with solubility in the order of ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and toluene consistent with the expected desolvation behavior predicted from the calculated solute solvation free energies. Molecular dynamics simulations of the molecular and intermolecular chemistry reveal the presence of conformational interplay between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions within the solution phase. These encompass the solvent-dependent formation of intramolecular O-H...O hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl and carbamate groups coupled with differing conformations of the hydroxyl's shielding phenyl groups. These conformational preferences and their relative interaction propensities, as a function of solvent selection, may play a rate-limiting role in the crystallization behavior by not only inhibiting to different degrees the nucleation process but also restricting the assembly of the optimal intermolecular hydrogen bonding network needed for the formation of the stable form II polymorph.

Relatos de madres de desaparecidos: voces desde el colectivo / Stories of mothers of the disappeared: voices from the collective

La desaparición forzada en el país es alarmante, sobre todo de jóvenes de 15 a 29 años. Este evento rompe el lazo social y deja a las madres en estado traumático. El propósito de esta investigación fue triangularlas narrativas de desaparición, denuncia e integración de las madres al colectivo. Los resultados muestran que la vivencia de desaparición y el proceso de denuncia son tramas de degradación, donde las madres quedan revictimizadas, dado el maltrato de servidores públicos; mientras que, la integración a un colectivo hace de ideal reparatorio, pues confraternizan las madres en su dolor y resistencia en la búsqueda. Se concluye invitando a los psicólogos a buscar modos de elaboración acordes a la vivencia de trauma social AU

The enforced disappearance in this country is alarming, especially for young people between 15 and 29 years old. This event breaks the social bond and leaves mothers in a traumatic state. The purpose of this research is to triangulate the narratives of disappearance, filling in reportsand integration of the mothers into the collective. The results show that the experience of disappearance and the reporting processesare degrading,where the mothers are re-victimized, given the mistreatment of public servants. Beingthe integration to a collective a reparatory ideal, because the mothers fraternize in their pain and resistance in the searching. It concludes by inviting psychologists to seek ways of elaboration according to the experience of social trauma AU

1. Victims of Enforced Disappearances: Absent Bodies, Inner Presences: 1. Victims of Enforced Disappearances: Absent Bodies, Inner Presences1.

Enforced disappearance represents the quintessence of human rights violations with a strong psychological component. Bodies vanishing have a deterrent effect by terrorizing and paralyzing the entire society. However, the absence of those bodies is overly present in the inner experience of the families of the disappeared, who are victims in their turn. A state of severe psychological deterioration affects the relatives of the disappeared: depression, anxiety, powerlessness, guilt, post-traumatic stress disorder, inability to mourn, even suicide are the consequences of the unbearable uncertainty about the fate of the loved one. But the disappeared persons, notwithstanding the absence of their bodies, continue to be more present than ever in the inner experience of those who have loved them. For the families of the disappeared, to regain psychological equilibrium is a fine balance between the need to remember and the necessity to forget. The author affirms that, at a social and political level, to cultivate a collective memory of enforced disappearance is an ethical duty which validates the actual occurrence of the atrocities, helps prevent repetition and alleviates the transgenerational transmission of trauma.

Les disparitions forcées représentent la quintessence des violations des droits humains avec une forte composante psychologique. Les corps que l'on ne retrouve pas sont un moyen de dissuasion qui opère en terrorisant et paralysant la société toute entière. L'absence de ces corps est excessivement présente dans l'expérience intérieure des familles de ces disparus ; elles deviennent des victimes à leur tour. Un état de détérioration psychologique aigu affecte les membres de la famille du disparu : dépression, angoisse, sentiment d'impuissance, culpabilité, syndrome post-traumatique, incapacité à faire le deuil, et même le suicide sont les conséquences de l'insupportable incertitude concernant le destin de la personne aimée. Les personnes disparues, du fait de l'absence de leur dépouille, continuent d'être plus que jamais présentes dans l'expérience intérieure de ceux qui les ont aimées. Pour les familles des disparus, retrouver une stabilité psychologique se trouve dans un équilibre délicat entre le besoin de se souvenir et la nécessité d'oublier. L'auteur soutient qu'au niveau social et politique, cultiver une mémoire collective des disparitions forcées est un devoir éthique qui confirme que des atrocités ont bien eu lieu, qui aide à en prévenir la répétition et qui allège la transmission transgénérationnelle du traumatisme.

La desaparición forzada representa la quintaesencia de las violaciones de derechos humanos con un fuerte componente psicológico. La desaparición de cuerpos tiene un efecto disuasorio al aterrorizar y paralizar a toda la sociedad. Sin embargo, la ausencia de esos cuerpos está excesivamente presente en la experiencia interior de las familias de los desaparecidos, que son víctimas a su vez. Un estado de grave deterioro psicológico afecta a los familiares de los desaparecidos: depresión, ansiedad, impotencia, culpabilidad, trastorno de estrés postraumático, incapacidad para el duelo, incluso suicidio son las consecuencias de la insoportable incertidumbre sobre la suerte del ser querido. Pero las personas desaparecidas, a pesar de la ausencia de sus cuerpos, siguen estando más presentes que nunca en la experiencia interior de quienes las han amado. Para las familias de los desaparecidos, recuperar el equilibrio psicológico es un delicado equilibrio entre la necesidad de recordar y la necesidad de olvidar. La autora afirma que, a nivel social y político, cultivar una memoria colectiva de la desaparición forzada es un deber ético que valida la ocurrencia real de las atrocidades, ayuda a prevenir su repetición y alivia la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma.

Impacto psicosocial de la desaparición forzada. Una visión de las madres que buscan a su ser querido / Psychosocial impact of enforced disappearance. A vision of mothers searching for their loved one

Resumen. Desaparición Forzada, una realidad más frecuente en nuestra sociedad: las cifras refieren 91,500 personas desaparecidas para septiembre de 2021, en México. Los mecanismos que son necesarios para la atención de aquellos familiares que buscan a su ser querido, deberán ser una prioridad para las disciplinas de la salud mental, ya que se ven afectadas física y psicológicamente. El objetivo del estudio fue: realizar un análisis del impacto psicosocial a partir de las emociones, pensamientos, afrontamiento y apoyo social en las madres de desaparecidos y su contribución en el proceso de búsqueda. Participaron diez madres de desaparecidos de Coahuila, México. La metodología fue cualitativa, y como técnica de recolección de datos: una entrevista semiestructurada; los datos resultantes se sometieron a un análisis del discurso. Resultados: las emociones de las participantes al inicio del proceso de búsqueda son muy específicas, luego se diversifican y se multiplican, se vuelven más intensas y afectan directamente dicho proceso. Los pensamientos, se centran principalmente en evasivas y negación ante los hechos de desaparición; el afrontamiento afecta directamente su vida cotidiana, sus hábitos y costumbres. El apoyo social se enfoca en sus familias y en asociaciones que los asisten para llevar a cabo la búsqueda.

Abstract. Forced Disappearance is a more frequent reality in our society: the figures indicate that in Mexico there are 91,500 missing persons as of September 2021. Considering the mechanisms that are necessary for the care of those family members who are looking for their loved one should be a priority for the disciplines of mental health, as they are affected physically and psychologically. The objective of the study was: to carry out an analysis of the psychosocial impact based on the emotions, thoughts, coping and social support in the mothers of the disappeared and their contribution in the search process. Ten mothers of the disappeared from Coahuila, Mexico participated. The methodology was qualitative, the data collection technique was a semi-structured interview, and the resulting data were subjected to a discourse analysis. Results: the emotions of the participants at the beginning of the search process are very specific, then they diversify and multiply, become more intense and directly affect said process. The thoughts are mainly focused on evasions and denial in the face of the disappearance events; coping directly affects your daily life, your habits and customs. Social support focuses on their families and associations that assist them to carry out the search.

Environmental and biodiversity effects of different beef production systems.

Agricultural livestock production ranks among the most environmental impactful industry sectors at the global level, and within the livestock sector, beef production accounts for a large proportion of environmental damage. Beef production in Alpine mountain regions, such as in South Tyrol (Italy), is a small, but increasing agricultural sector. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the environmental impact of different organic and conventional beef production systems in South Tyrol and to compare their environmental impact and effect on biodiversity under Alpine production conditions. Live cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used and 1 kg of live weight (LW) was chosen as functional unit (FU). Global warming potential (GWP, kg CO2-eq), acidification potential (AP, g SO2-eq), eutrophication potential (EP, g PO4-eq), non-renewable energy use (NRE, MJ-eq), land occupation (LO, m2 organic land/year) and biodiversity damage potential (BDP) expressed in potential disappeared fraction (PDF) were investigated. The study involved 18 beef cattle farms in the South Tyrolean region: Conventional calf-fattening farms (CCF = 6), organic suckler cow farms (SCF = 6), and conventional heifer/ox fattening farms (HOF = 6). The CCF system showed a higher environmental impact compared to SCF and HOF systems for all impact categories (P < 0.05). Between the organic and the conventional system (SCF and HOF), no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found for most of the considered impact categories (means ± SEM per FU): GWP: 19.8 vs 17.1 ± 4.2 kg CO2-eq, AP: 11.4 vs 9.3 ± 4.7 g SO2-eq, EP: 4.1 vs 2.8 ± 1.2, NRE: 21.9 vs 13.8 ± 7 MJ-eq, SCF and HOF respectively. Only for LO (70.8 vs 44.1 ± 17.7 m2 organic/y, P < 0.01, SCF and HOF respectively) and the effect on BDP (-1.93 vs -0.85 ± 0.35, PDF, P < 0.01, SCF and HOF respectively) differences between organic and conventional production methods could be revealed. The study showed that beef cattle husbandry in the Alpine area has a satisfactory environmental performance. In particular, the systems studied showed a positive impact in terms of biodiversity.

Traumatic Experiences of the Living Disappeared in Argentina: A Review.

Between 1976 and 1983, in Argentina, among the 30,000 individuals kidnapped and killed by armed forces, several pregnant women delivered their children in captivity, who were illegally adopted by families with close military ties. To date, 130 of these children have been identified (named Living Disappeared, LDs) and reunited with their biological families. The aim of this review was to analyze the peculiarity of their traumatic experiences the specific factors of trauma resolution. We conducted a comprehensive search of the articles that specifically deal with Argentinean LDs. Fifteen records met the inclusion criteria. Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and traumatic memories were reported by LDs, both after and before learning the truth; the processing of trauma was found to be facilitated by verbalizing traumatic experiences, listening to others' narratives, and recognizing the belonging to a political community. The pathogenic relevance of the early exposure to trauma, the climate of lies, secrets, and doubts which characterized the life with the illegally adoptive parents and the conflict between two identities have been found. The findings come out on the side of the influence of the context in trauma resolution.

Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos: the highest Amphibian diversity within an Atlantic Forest protected area / Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos: a maior diversidade de anfíbios em uma área de proteção da Mata Atlântica

Abstract: We studied the amphibian community of the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO) for over thirty years. The area of 20,024 hectares has a steep altitudinal gradient (200-2,263 m a.s.l.), and it is located in the municipalities of Guapimirim, Magé, Petrópolis and Teresópolis, middle of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Most data were obtained from sampling sites in the municipality of Teresópolis, with additional data from zoological collections and bibliography. We recorded 83 amphibian species distributed in two orders, Anura, 13 families: Aromobatidae (1), Brachycephalidae (11), Bufonidae (5), Centrolenidae (2), Craugastoridae (2), Cycloramphidae (8), Hemiphractidae (7), Hylidae (28), Hylodidae (6), Leptodactylidae (5), Microhylidae (1), Odontophrynidae (3), Phyllomedusidae (3) and Gymnophiona, one family: Siphonopidae (1). In addition, we present six species that occurs in the buffer zone. Ten of these species are endemic of the park, 18 have PARNASO as its type locality, and five the type locality is at the buffer zone.

Resumo: Estudamos a comunidade de anfíbios do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO) por mais de 30 anos. A área de 20.024 hectares possui um gradiente altitudinal de 200 a 2.263m acima do nível do mar, e está localizada nos municípios de Guapimirim, Magé, Petrópolis e Teresópolis, que ficam no meio do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A maioria das coletas foram feitas no município de Teresópolis, com dados adicionais de outras coleções zoológicas e de bibliografia. Foram registradas ao todo 83 espécies de anfíbios distribuídos em duas ordens, Anura, 13 famílias: Aromobatidae (1), Brachycephalidae (11), Bufonidae (5), Centrolenidae (2), Craugastoridae (2), Cycloramphidae (8), Hemiphractidae (7), Hylidae (28), Hylodidae (6), Leptodactylidae (5), Microhylidae (1), Odontophrynidae (3), Phyllomedusidae (3) e Gymnophiona, uma família: Siphonopidae (1). Foram registradas, também, seis espécies que ocorrem na zona de amortecimento. Destas espécies 10 são endêmicas, 18 têm o PARNASO como localidade tipo e cinco têm a localidade tipo na zona de amortecimento.

Spatial scale affects novel and disappeared climate change projections in Alaska.

The formation of novel and disappeared climates between the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the present is important to consider to understand the expansion and contraction of species niches and distributions, as well as the formation and loss of communities and ecological interactions over time. Our choice in climate data resolution has the potential to complicate predictions of the ecological impacts of climate change, since climate varies from local to global scales and this spatial variation is reflected in climate data. To address this issue, we downscaled LGM and modern (1975-2005) 30-year averaged climate data to 60-m resolution for the entire state of Alaska for 10 different climate variables, and then upsampled each variable to coarser resolutions (60 m to 12 km). We modeled the distributions of novel and disappeared climates to evaluate the locations and fractional area of novel and disappeared climates for each of our climate variables and resolutions. Generally, novel and disappeared climates were located in southern Alaska, although there were cases where some disappeared climates existed within coastal and interior Alaska. Climate resolution affected the fractional area of novel and disappeared climates in three patterns: As the spatial resolution of climate became coarser, the fractional area of novel and disappeared climates (a) increased, (b) decreased, or (c) had no explainable relationship. Overall, we found the use of coarser climate data increased the fractional area of novel and disappeared climates due to decreased environmental variability and removal of climate extremes. Our results reinforce the importance of downscaling coarse climate data and suggest that studies analyzing the effects of climate change on ecosystems may overestimate or underestimate their conclusions when utilizing coarse climate data.

El derecho a la muerte / The right to written death

Este artículo fue publicado originalmente en el número 42 de la revista Conjetural, e incluido luego, con modificaciones, como Postfacio del libro Epitafios : el derecho a la muerte escrita (Grupo Edit. Norma, Buenos Aires, 2005). Se lo reproduce aquí en una versión completa cedida por el autor para este número de la revista de la UBA. Se consignan a continuación sus apartados : Duelo y transmisión / Lo siniestro perdura : un funeral sin resolver / La política de los huesos : No entregar los cadáveres / La estetización de la muerte / El espejismo de restos.

This article was originally published in issue 42 of Conjetural magazine, and then included, with modifications, such as Postface of the book Epitafios : the right to written death (Grupo Edit, Norma, Buenos Aires, 2005). It is reproduced here in a complete version provided by the author for this issue of the UBA magazine. Its sections are consigned below : Grief and transmission / The sinister endures : an unresolved funeral / The policy of the bones : Do not deliver the corpses / The aestheticization of death / The mirage of remains.

Poesía diaria : veinte años de los recordatorios de detenidos-desaparecidos en Página-12 / Twenty years of reminders of missing relatives in Page / 12

Desde 1988 el diario Página/12 ofrece a familiares y amigos de personas secuestradas y asesinadas durante la última dictadura cívico-militar un espacio para recordar y homenajear a sus seres queridos que ya no están. Se trata de una iniciativa que, por sus características y permanencia en el tiempo, resulta absolutamente conmovedora y original. Este artículo presenta el valor de este gesto a través de su relación con la escritura como vía para la simbolización de la muerte ante la ausencia del cuerpo.

Since 1988, the Argentine newspaper Página / 12 offers relatives and friends of people kidnapped and murdered during the last civil-military dictatorship a space to remember and honor their loved ones who are no longer there. It is an initiative that, due to its characteristics and permanence over time, is absolutely moving and original. This article presents the value of this gesture through its relationship with writing as a way to symbolize death in the absence of the body.

Politicas de la memoria : historias cotidianas (H), de Andrés Habegger / Memory policies Daily Stories (H), by Andrés Habegger Eduardo Laso

Historias cotidianas (H) es un film conmovedor debido al tono humilde y despojado con que nos muestra fotos y relatos en los que aparecen rostros, nombres, afectos, y los sueños de los que ya no están. El desaparecido súbitamente aparece ante nosotros : es alguien con un rostro, con deseos, ilusiones, y gestos reconocibles. En el film los desaparecidos cobran vida en los recuerdos de los hijos y así aparecen a través de los ojos de ellos. Y cuanto más humanos y reconocibles se nos vuelven, más dimensiones presenta el crimen perpetrado. El trabajo analiza el modo en que el film nos muestra también los modos en que estos hijos de desaparecidos fueron rearmando su cotidianeidad en torno de esa dolorosa ausencia, y pudieron hacer algo con ella.

Historias cotidianas (H) is a moving film due to the humble and stripped tone with which it shows us photos and stories that evoke faces, names, affections and dreams of those who are no longer. The disappeared suddenly appears before us : it is someone with a face, with desires, illusions, and recognizable gestures. In the film the disappeared come alive in the memories of the children and thus appear through their eyes. And the more human and recognizable they become, the more dimensions the crime perpetrated presents. The work analyzes the way in which the film also shows us the ways in which these children of the disappeared were rearmando their daily life around that painful absence, and could do something with it.

Crocodile. Cocodrilo: la tecnología como excusa en la pregunta por la responsabilidad subjetiva / Crocodile Technology as an excuse in the question of subjective responsibility

El cuarto episodio de la tercera temporada ha sido calificado como uno de los más despiadados en la historia de la serie Black Mirror. Resulta llamativo, sin embargo, que la tecnología no juega un papel predominante en el thriller nórdico que propone el relato: es apenas la excusa para traer al centro de la escena a la responsabilidad subjetiva. ¿Hasta dónde estamos dispuestos a llegar para mantener intacto lo que creemos que somos, nuestras condiciones de vida, nuestros proyectos a futuro, nuestra seguridad yoica? Si bien esta pregunta puede sonar fútil y superficial, el episodio se desenvuelve más allá: en el pasado, para dar cuentas de una decisión de la juventud, pero por sobre todo en el presente, en cada uno de los pasos del derrotero de la protagonista en su caída a los infiernos

The fourth episode of the third season has been described as one of the most ruthless in the history of the Black Mirror series. It is striking, however, that technology does not play a predominant role in the Nordic thriller that the story proposes: it is just the excuse to bring to the center of the scene subjective responsibility. How far are we willing to go to keep intact our beliefs in what we are, our living conditions, our future projects, our ego security? While this question may sound futile and superficial, the episode unfolds further: in the past, to give an account of a decision of youth, but above all in the present, in each of the steps of the course of the protagonist in his fall to the underworld

Multiple pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus cysts and cavities that disappeared with anti-fungal agents.

A 26-year-old man with a 10-year history of asthma was admitted to our hospital with a six-week history of dry cough and slight fever. We observed the left pneumothorax with multiple cysts and cavities and performed partial cystectomy of the left upper lung. Y-shaped mycelia were detected in the resected tissue, and Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured. Pulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed from the histopathological and bacteriological findings, and the patient demonstrated positive immunological reactions to A. fumigatus. After administration of an intravenous antifungal agent for one month and an oral antifungal agent for another three months, all cysts and cavities disappeared. Aspergillus infection usually results from saprophytic growth within pre-existing cavities. In this case, multiple cysts and cavities may have been caused by Aspergillus, possibly through a check-valve mechanism.

El tren de las 4 y 30: lejana, temprana memoria / The Train of 4:30: Distant, Early Memory

La obra de teatro "El tren de las 4 y 30", de 1993, es anterior a varios de los trabajos usualmente mencionados como ejemplos de posmemoria. La experiencia, de la que formaron parte hijos de desaparecidos, surgió en el marco de un trabajo de investigación realizado entre 1991 y 1993 en Argentina y en otros cuatro países de Latinoamérica ­El Salvador, Honduras y Chile- por profesionales de la salud mental vinculados a los derechos humanos. Este temprano ejemplo vería reforzada su marca posmemorial por los ejercicios puestos en juego en los talleres realizados en la Argentina, de los que formaron parte quienes participaron en la obra. Dado su carácter marcadamente subjetivo y metafórico, "El Tren de las 4 y 30" se presentaría como un episodio vinculado a la construcción de memoria pero por fuera de un registro testimonial o meramente coyuntural. En este sentido, su lenguaje es fundamentalmente poético. A mitad de camino entre el inicio de la posdictadura, 1983, y el año en que se estrenó Los rubios, 2003, la obra que presentamos podría aportar al panorama de estudios sobre posmemoria uno de los primeros ejemplos de creación artística y colectiva realizada por hijos de desaparecidos.

The play "The train of 4:30", of 1993, predates several of the works usually mentioned as examples of postmemory. The experience, of which children of missing persons formed part, arose in the framework of a research project carried out between 1991 and 1993 in Argentina and in four other countries in Latin America -El Salvador, Honduras and Chile- by mental health professionals linked to human rights. This early example would see his postmemorial mark reinforced by the exercises put into play in the workshops held in Argentina, of which those who participated in the work were part. Given its markedly subjective and metaphorical character, "The Train of 4:30" would be presented as an episode linked to the construction of memory but outside of a testimonial or merely conjunctural record. In this sense, his language is fundamentally poetic. Halfway between the beginning of the post-dictatorship, 1983, and the year in which "Los rubios" (2003) was released, the work we present could contribute to the post-memory studies panorama one of the first examples of artistic and collective creation made by children of disappeared.

Study on the Method Used to Display Self-fading Lines and Erasable Lines.

Two new kinds of writing tools are popular in China's market. One is a self-fading pen, and another is an erasable pen. The ink of the two kinds of writing tools has a remarkable characteristic that it can gradually fade or disappear under heat or be rubbed off. How to reveal the disappeared written lines is a very important question for document examiners. In this article, three series of ink line samples were made with five types of self-fading pens, 18 types of erasable pens, and three types of papers. Temperature, humidity, and lighting are known as influential factors of the process, and the effect of fading was examined. Luminescence, ultraviolet (UV), sidelight, electrostatic indentation development,low temperature, and solution revealing methods are found to be effective methods used to reveal the disappeared written lines. The best operating conditions for each method were obtained from the conducted experiments.

Characterization factors for land use impacts on biodiversity in life cycle assessment based on direct measures of plant species richness in European farmland in the 'Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest' biome.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used tool to assess environmental sustainability of products. The LCA should optimally cover the most important environmental impact categories such as climate change, eutrophication and biodiversity. However, impacts on biodiversity are seldom included in LCAs due to methodological limitations and lack of appropriate characterization factors. When assessing organic agricultural products the omission of biodiversity in LCA is problematic, because organic systems are characterized by higher species richness at field level compared to the conventional systems. Thus, there is a need for characterization factors to estimate land use impacts on biodiversity in life cycle assessment that are able to distinguish between organic and conventional agricultural land use that can be used to supplement and validate the few currently suggested characterization factors. Based on a unique dataset derived from field recording of plant species diversity in farmland across six European countries, the present study provides new midpoint occupation Characterization Factors (CF) expressing the Potentially Disappeared Fraction (PDF) to estimate land use impacts on biodiversity in the 'Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest' biome in Europe. The method is based on calculation of plant species on randomly selected test sites in the biome and enables the calculation of characterization factors that are sensitive to particular types of management. While species richness differs between countries, the calculated CFs are able to distinguish between different land use types (pastures (monocotyledons or mixed), arable land and hedges) and management practices (organic or conventional production systems) across countries. The new occupation CFs can be used to supplement or validate the few current CF's and can be applied in LCAs of agricultural products to assess land use impacts on species richness in the 'Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest' biome.

Entropy-based divergent and convergent modular pattern reveals additive and synergistic anticerebral ischemia mechanisms.

Module-based network analysis of diverse pharmacological mechanisms is critical to systematically understand combination therapies and disease outcomes. We first constructed drug-target ischemic networks in baicalin, jasminoidin, ursodeoxycholic acid, and their combinations baicalin and jasminoidin as well as jasminoidin and ursodeoxycholic acid groups and identified modules using the entropy-based clustering algorithm. The modules 11, 7, 4, 8 and 3 were identified as baicalin, jasminoidin, ursodeoxycholic acid, baicalin and jasminoidin and jasminoidin and ursodeoxycholic acid-emerged responsive modules, while 12, 8, 15, 17 and 9 were identified as disappeared responsive modules based on variation of topological similarity, respectively. No overlapping differential biological processes were enriched between baicalin and jasminoidin and jasminoidin and ursodeoxycholic acid pure emerged responsive modules, but two were enriched by their co-disappeared responsive modules including nucleotide-excision repair and epithelial structure maintenance. We found an additive effect of baicalin and jasminoidin in a divergent pattern and a synergistic effect of jasminoidin and ursodeoxycholic acid in a convergent pattern on "central hit strategy" of regulating inflammation against cerebral ischemia. The proposed module-based approach may provide us a holistic view to understand multiple pharmacological mechanisms associated with differential phenotypes from the standpoint of modular pharmacology.

Continued use of IBV 793B vaccine needs reassessment after its withdrawal led to the genotype's disappearance.

Over a period of almost two years, broilers chickens on several hundred Italian farms, were monitored for infectious bronchitis virus. Detections were genotyped using a hypervariable region of the gene coding for the S1 segment of the spike protein. A range of genotypes were detected which comprised QX, Q1, Mass, D274 and 793B. Sequences of 793B viruses detected in chickens, vaccinated with either of the two commonly used 793B type vaccines were almost identical to sequences of one or other of these vaccines. This strong indication of vaccine association led to the withdrawal of live 793B vaccine use on all of the farms of the study. Except for one sample collected soon after 793B vaccination ceased, it was no longer possible to detect 793B vaccine on these farms. It appears that field 793B strains have disappeared from the region of Italy tested thus obviating any need for current vaccine protection against 793B.

Mourning the dead, mourning the disappeared: the enigma of the absent-presence.

Freud's interest in the impact of death on the living goes back further than Mourning and Melancholia (1917e, [1915]). In Totem and Taboo (1912-13) Freud noted the ambivalence of the emotions we experience in relation to the dead. In this paper, I focus on Mourning and Melancholia as a landmark in the understanding of both the normal and psychopathological aspects of mourning and depressive processes in human beings. Mourning and Melancholia bridges Freud's first and second topographic theories of the psychic apparatus and constitutes for many authors the foundation of his theory of internal object relations. With this psychoanalytic understanding of mourning as a framework, I discuss 'special mourning processes,' such as the those confronted by psychoanalysts in Argentina when treating the relatives of thousands of people who were 'disappeared' by the military dictatorship in the 1970s; they are 'special' in the sense that the external reality [which] constitutes the starting point of the psychic mourning process, as described by Freud, is absent. I argue that the 'absent-presence' of the body as an enigmatic message initiates a special mourning process that bears certain characteristics of, and is isomorphic to, Laplanche's seduction theory.