ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros recém-formados sobre as medidas das Precauções Específicas (PE). Método: Estudo transversal descritivo-exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um hospital privado de São Paulo, em fevereiro de 2019. Os enfermeiros foram abordados para participar da pesquisa enquanto aguardavam o início do processo seletivo para "Enfermeiro Junior". Para avaliar o conhecimento, foi utilizado um instrumento validado, contendo 29 questões de múltipla escolha, divididas em cinco eixos temáticos, sendo definida como ponto de corte a média 7,0 (de zero a 10). Para análise dos dados, foi usado o pacote estatístico R Core, e o lme4 para os modelos mistos generalizados, sendo adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 enfermeiros recém-formados com nota geral de 5,82, sendo a maior média (7,9) no eixo "Equipamento de Proteção Individual". Nos demais eixos, as médias foram abaixo de 7,0, tendo a menor pontuação (4,35) no eixo "Cuidados com o Ambiente". Conclusão e Implicações para a prática: O estudo evidenciou déficit de conhecimento sobre as PE entre os enfermeiros recém-formados, com implicações para a segurança dos pacientes e dos profissionais de saúde, desde a prática assistencial na graduação (estágios) ao início da carreira profissional
Objective: To assess the knowledge of newly graduated nurses about Specific Precautions/Isolation measures. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-exploratory study with a quantitative approach was conducted in a private hospital in São Paulo in February 2019. The researcher approached the nurses waiting for the "Junior Nurse" position selection process to participate in the survey. The participants answered a validated instrument with 29 multiple-choice questions, divided into five thematic categories. A score of 7.0 (from zero to 10) was defined as the cut-off point. The R Core statistical package and the lme4 for generalized mixed models were used for data analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: 190 newly graduated nurses participated in the study, with an overall knowledge of Specific Precautions score of 5.82, with the highest mean (7.9) in the "Personal Protective Equipment" category. In the other four categories, the nurses scored below 7.0, with the lowest score (4.35) in the "Care for the environment". Conclusion and Implications for the practice: The study showed a deficiency of Specific Precautions knowledge among newly graduated nurses, with implications for the patients' and healthcare professionals' safety from graduation practice (internship) to the beginning of their professional career
Objetivo: Evaluar los conocimientos de los enfermeros recién graduados sobre las medidas de Precauciones Específicas/aislamiento. Método: Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo-exploratorio con enfoque cuantitativo en un hospital privado de São Paulo en febrero/2019. El investigador abordó a los enfermeros que esperaban el proceso de selección del puesto de "Enfermero Junior" para que respondieran a la encuesta. Se utilizó un instrumento validado con 29 preguntas de opción múltiple, divididas en cinco categorías temáticas, y definió como punto de corte 7,0 (de cero a 10). Se utilizó el paquete estadístico R Core y el lme4 para modelos mixtos generalizados, y nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados: Participaron 190 enfermeros recién graduados con una puntuación global de 5,82, con la media más alta (7,9) en "Equipos de protección personal". En las demás categorías, las puntuaciones fueron inferiores a 7,0, siendo la más baja (4,35) la de "Cuidado del ambiente". Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: El estudio mostró una deficiencia de conocimientos sobre Precauciones Específicas entre los enfermeros recién graduados, lo que tiene implicaciones para la seguridad de los pacientes y de los profesionales de la salud desde la práctica de graduación (pasantía) hasta el inicio de la carrera profesional
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Young Adult , Communicable Disease Control , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , COVID-19/prevention & control , Nurses , Cross-Sectional Studies , Personal Protective Equipment , COVID-19/transmissionABSTRACT
Introducción: La peste bubónica afectó a gran parte del mundo en la primera mitad del siglo xx, causando desde pequeños brotes a grandes epidemias. En Cuba se presentó en dos oportunidades, en 1912 y en 1914, causando alguna morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Rescatar la historia de las epidemias de peste bubónica en Cuba. Metodología: Cualitativa, utilizando como métodos teóricos el histórico-lógico y el análisis documental. Se revisaron estadísticas en el Departamento de Estadísticas y Registros Médicos del Ministerio de Salud Pública, artículos de la época, directrices y planes de enfrentamiento a la epidemia orientados por el Departamento Nacional de Sanidad, de la Secretearía de Sanidad y Beneficencia, e informes redactados por los sanitaristas que trabajaron en su control. Resultados: En 1912 existieron brotes en La Habana, Santiago de Cuba y Pinar del Río, importada de las Islas Canarias. Durante la segunda epidemia en 1914, erradicada al año siguiente, se produjeron 68 casos y 23 fallecidos. Se diseñó una estrategia de lucha que incluyó, desde el ingreso y aislamiento de los sospechosos, vigilancia de los residentes en la zona, recogida de ratas, hasta desinfección, saneamiento y desratización de la zona afectada. Conclusiones: Las medidas tomadas fueron oportunas y eficientes, controlando la epidemia. No se produjeron más casos desde julio de 1915(AU)
Introduction: The bubonic plague affected much of the world in the first half of the twentieth century, causing from small outbreaks to large epidemics. In Cuba, it appeared twice in 1912 and in 1914 causing some morbidity and mortality. Objective: To rescue the history of bubonic plague's epidemics in Cuba. Methodology: Qualitative, using as theoretical methods the historical- logic and the documentary analysis. Statistics were reviewed in the Department of Statistics and Medical Records of the Ministry of Public Health, in articles of the time, in guidelines and plans to confront the epidemic established by the National Department of Health of the Secretariat of Health and Charity, and also reports written by the health workers who participated in the control strategies of this disease. Results: In 1912, there were outbreaks in Havana, Santiago de Cuba and Pinar del Rio imported from the Canary Islands. In the second epidemic in 1914 that was eradicated in 1915, there were 68 cases and 23 deaths. A control strategy was designed, which included the entry and isolation of the suspects, surveillance of the residents in the area, collection of rats, disinfection, sanitation and deratization of the affected area. Conclusions: The measures taken were timely and efficient for controlling the epidemic. No more cases have occurred since July, 1915(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/history , CubaABSTRACT
Introducción: La peste bubónica afectó a gran parte del mundo en la primera mitad del siglo xx, causando desde pequeños brotes a grandes epidemias. En Cuba se presentó en dos oportunidades, en 1912 y en 1914, causando alguna morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Rescatar la historia de las epidemias de peste bubónica en Cuba. Metodología: Cualitativa, utilizando como métodos teóricos el histórico-lógico y el análisis documental. Se revisaron estadísticas en el Departamento de Estadísticas y Registros Médicos del Ministerio de Salud Pública, artículos de la época, directrices y planes de enfrentamiento a la epidemia orientados por el Departamento Nacional de Sanidad, de la Secretearía de Sanidad y Beneficencia, e informes redactados por los sanitaristas que trabajaron en su control. Resultados: En 1912 existieron brotes en La Habana, Santiago de Cuba y Pinar del Río, importada de las Islas Canarias. Durante la segunda epidemia en 1914, erradicada al año siguiente, se produjeron 68 casos y 23 fallecidos. Se diseñó una estrategia de lucha que incluyó, desde el ingreso y aislamiento de los sospechosos, vigilancia de los residentes en la zona, recogida de ratas, hasta desinfección, saneamiento y desratización de la zona afectada. Conclusiones: Las medidas tomadas fueron oportunas y eficientes, controlando la epidemia. No se produjeron más casos desde julio de 1915(AU)
Introduction: The bubonic plague affected much of the world in the first half of the twentieth century, causing from small outbreaks to large epidemics. In Cuba, it appeared twice in 1912 and in 1914 causing some morbidity and mortality. Objective: To rescue the history of bubonic plague's epidemics in Cuba. Methodology: Qualitative, using as theoretical methods the historical- logic and the documentary analysis. Statistics were reviewed in the Department of Statistics and Medical Records of the Ministry of Public Health, in articles of the time, in guidelines and plans to confront the epidemic established by the National Department of Health of the Secretariat of Health and Charity, and also reports written by the health workers who participated in the control strategies of this disease. Results: In 1912, there were outbreaks in Havana, Santiago de Cuba and Pinar del Rio imported from the Canary Islands. In the second epidemic in 1914 that was eradicated in 1915, there were 68 cases and 23 deaths. A control strategy was designed, which included the entry and isolation of the suspects, surveillance of the residents in the area, collection of rats, disinfection, sanitation and deratization of the affected area. Conclusions: The measures taken were timely and efficient for controlling the epidemic. No more cases have occurred since July, 1915(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Plague/history , Plague/epidemiology , Communicable Disease Control , CubaABSTRACT
The first week of September 2013, the National Epidemiological Surveillance System identified two cases of cholera in Mexico City. The cultures of both samples were confirmed as Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. Initial analyses by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and by polymerase chain reaction-amplification of the virulence genes, suggested that both strains were similar, but different from those previously reported in Mexico. The following week, four more cases were identified in a community in the state of Hidalgo, located 121 km northeast of Mexico City. Thereafter a cholera outbreak started in the region of La Huasteca. Genomic analyses of the strains obtained in this study confirmed the presence of pathogenicity islands VPI-1 and VPI-2, VSP-1 and VSP-2, and of the integrative element SXT. The genomic structure of the 4 isolates was similar to that of V. cholerae strain 2010 EL-1786, identified during the epidemic in Haiti in 2010. This study shows that molecular epidemiology is a very powerful tool to monitor, prevent and control diseases of public health importance in Mexico.
La primera semana de septiembre de 2013, el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica identificó dos casos de cólera en Ciudad de México. Los cultivos de ambas muestras se confirmaron como Vibrio cholerae serogrupo O1, serotipo Ogawa, biotipo El Tor. Los análisis iniciales por electroforesis por campos pulsados y por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa indicaron que ambas cepas eran similares, pero diferentes de las previamente reportadas en México. La semana siguiente se identificaron cuatro casos más en una comunidad del Estado de Hidalgo, ubicada a 121 kilómetros al noreste de Ciudad de México. Posteriormente se inició un brote de cólera en la región de La Huasteca. Los análisis genómicos de cuatro cepas obtenidas en este estudio confirmaron la presencia de las islas de patogenicidad VPI -1 y VPI-2, VSP-1 y VSP-2, y del elemento integrador SXT. La estructura genómica de los cuatro aislamientos fue similar a la de V. cholerae cepa 2010 EL-1786, identificada durante la epidemia en Haití en 2010. Este estudio pone de manifiesto que la epidemiología molecular es una herramienta muy poderosa para vigilar, prevenir y controlar enfermedades de importancia en salud pública en México.
Subject(s)
Cholera/virology , Disease Outbreaks , Genome, Viral/genetics , Vibrio cholerae O1/genetics , Cholera/epidemiology , Haiti/epidemiology , Humans , Mexico/epidemiology , Phylogeny , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Vibrio cholerae O1/classification , Vibrio cholerae O1/pathogenicity , Virulence Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
La enfermedad crónica representa una cadena de acontecimientos y resultados en la vida de quien la afronta y su familia; el asma es una enfermedad que afecta en mayor proporción a la población infantil. "Quizás no se pueda considerar el asma una enfermedad única, sino la expresión común de una serie de factores genéticos y ambientales que en su conjunto producen una reacción inflamatoria, que origina la disminución del calibre bronquial y una respuesta exagerada frente a estímulos de carácter diverso (SEPAR, 1998)" (Fernández, 1997, p. 11). Existen factores tangibles e intangibles que se deben contemplar e indagar, con el fin de generar un cuidado holístico para los niños que viven con asma. Desde esta perspectiva y con esta meta, se busca un acercamiento desde la visión integrativa del mundo para conocer de manera objetiva un contexto específico de determinar cómo se relacionan el nivel de estrés, el estilo de afrontamiento y el control de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir la relación entre el estrés, el afrontamiento y el control de la enfermedad en el niño con asma entre los 6 y los 12 años, quien se encuentra asistiendo a consulta externa o está hospitalizado en el Hospital Infantil Universitario San José Infantil. Método: La investigación es un estudio cuantitativo de tipo correlacional. La población considerada para el presente estudio estuvo constituida por 280 niños con asma del Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José, en la ciudad de Bogotá, y se contemplaron dos grupos: el primero integrado por niños que ingresaron a consulta externa y el segundo, con niños que se encontraban hospitalizados, ambos grupos con diagnóstico de asma. De esta manera se logró describir y comparar el comportamiento y relación de las variables en cada grupo. Resultados y conclusiones: En conclusión, se evidenciaron las relaciones de las tres variables de interés y, desde la perspectiva de los niños, se puede decir que hay una correlación inversa entre estrés y afrontamiento (r=-.581), entre estrés y control del asma (r=-.545) y una relación directa entre afrontamiento y control del asma (r=.759). De manera general, se puede inferir que los niños con bajos niveles de estrés tienen un mayor control de su enfermedad y asumen un afrontamiento funcional frente a su estado de salud. De otro lado, se concluye que algunas características sociodemográficas y de salud de la población estudiada pueden constituir un factor determinante y están presentes en el niño con asma, se destacan el bajo peso al nacer, el consumo de cigarrillo en el hogar, el grado escolar que cursa el niño y el tiempo de la enfermedad.
Chronic disease represents a chain of events and outcomes in the life of those who face it and their families; Asthma is a disease that affects the child population in greater proportion. "Asthma may not be considered a unique disease, but the common expression of a series of genetic and environmental factors that together produce an inflammatory reaction, which causes the reduction of the bronchial caliber and an exaggerated response to Stimuli of diverse character (Separ, 1998) "(Fernandez, 1997, p. 11). There are tangible and intangible factors that must be considered and investigated to generate a holistic care for children living with asthma. From this perspective and with this goal, an approach is sought from the integrative vision of the world to know in an objective way a specific context, how the level of stress, the style of coping and the control of the disease are related. Objective: To describe the relationship between stress, coping and control of the disease in the child with asthma between 6 and 12 years of age, who is attending external consultation or is hospitalized in the children's Hospital Universitario San Jose Infantil. Method: Research is a quantitative study of correlational type. The population considered for the present study consisted of 280 children with asthma from the University children's Hospital of San José, in the city of Bogotá, and two groups were contemplated: the first composed of children who entered the external consultation and the second, with children who were hospitalized, both groups diagnosed with asthma. In this way, it was possible to describe and compare the behavior and relation of the variables in each group. Results and conclusions: In conclusion, the relationships of the three variables of interest were evident and, from the perspective of the children, one can say that there is a reverse correlation between stress and coping (r =-. 581), between stress and asthma control (r =-. 545) and a direct relationship between coping and asthma control (r =. 759). In general, it can be inferred that children with low levels of stress have greater control of their disease and assume a functional coping with their health status. It is concluded that some sociodemographic and health characteristics of the population studied can be a determining factor and are present in the child with asthma. It highlights the low birth weight, the consumption of cigarette by a family member, the school degree that the child and the time of the disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Asthma , Stress, Psychological , Adaptation, Psychological , Pediatric Nursing , Disease Management , Correlation of DataABSTRACT
Doenças emergentes são aquelas novas que promovem significativo impacto sobre o ser humano, devido à sua gravidade e à potencialidade de deixar sequelas limitadoras e morte ou pelas repercussões sociais relacionadas com a sua prevalência, reveladoras de degradação ambiental. As doenças reemergentes ou resistentes às drogas são as que reaparecem após período de declínio significativo ou com risco de aumento no futuro próximo.
New emerging diseases are diseases that promote significant impact on human beings, due to its seriousness and potential consequences of allowing limiting and death or the social implications related to its prevalence, indicative of environmental degradation. The reemerging diseases resistant to drugs are those that reapper after a period of significant decline, or at risk of increasing in the near future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/history , Brazil , Chagas Disease , Hepatitis , Influenza in Birds , Tuberculosis , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted, in Germany, to evaluate the effect of shoot diseases control, and different wheat cultivars, on the root health and the natural endomycorrhiza fungus infection. The treatments were different shoot diseases control (no control; stalk diseases control; leaf diseases control; stalk and leaf diseases control) and three wheat cultivars (Sorbas, Kraka and Kanzler). The root length, the percentage of healthy roots, as well as the mycorrhizal frequency and intensity were evaluated at four wheat development stages. The chemical control of diseases initially inhibited the root growth, and later increased it, but there were no significant effects on the root health and the mycorrhizal infection. The cultivar Kanzler presented both the highest level of mycorrhiza infection and the largest percent of healthy roots, while Kraka showed the lowest values. A significant positive correlation was obtained between these two variables.
Foi conduzido, em Langreder, na Alemanha, um experimento a campo, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do controle de doenças da parte aérea e de três cultivares de trigo sobre a sanidade radicular da planta e a infecção com fungos micorrízicos nativos. Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes controles químicos de doenças da parte aérea (sem controle, controle de doenças do colmo, controle de doenças da folha), controle de doenças do colmo e da folha e dos cultivares de trigo Sorbas, Kraka e Kanzler. O comprimento de raízes, o percentual de raízes sadias e a freqüência e intensidade micorrízicas foram avaliados em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento do trigo. Observou-se que o controle químico das doenças provocou, inicialmente, uma inibição no crescimento das raízes, beneficiando seu desenvolvimento posterior. Não apresentou, entretanto, efeito significativo sobre a sanidade das raízes nem sobre a infecção micorrízica. No cultivar Kanzler ocorreu o maior nível de infecção micorrízica e o maior percentual de raízes sadias, enquanto Kraka apresentou os menores valores. Estas duas variáveis apresentaram correlação positiva significativa.
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted, in Germany, to evaluate the effect of shoot diseases control, and different wheat cultivars, on the root health and the natural endomycorrhiza fungus infection. The treatments were different shoot diseases control (no control; stalk diseases control; leaf diseases control; stalk and leaf diseases control) and three wheat cultivars (Sorbas, Kraka and Kanzler). The root length, the percentage of healthy roots, as well as the mycorrhizal frequency and intensity were evaluated at four wheat development stages. The chemical control of diseases initially inhibited the root growth, and later increased it, but there were no significant effects on the root health and the mycorrhizal infection. The cultivar Kanzler presented both the highest level of mycorrhiza infection and the largest percent of healthy roots, while Kraka showed the lowest values. A significant positive correlation was obtained between these two variables.
Foi conduzido, em Langreder, na Alemanha, um experimento a campo, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do controle de doenças da parte aérea e de três cultivares de trigo sobre a sanidade radicular da planta e a infecção com fungos micorrízicos nativos. Os tratamentos constaram de diferentes controles químicos de doenças da parte aérea (sem controle, controle de doenças do colmo, controle de doenças da folha), controle de doenças do colmo e da folha e dos cultivares de trigo Sorbas, Kraka e Kanzler. O comprimento de raízes, o percentual de raízes sadias e a freqüência e intensidade micorrízicas foram avaliados em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento do trigo. Observou-se que o controle químico das doenças provocou, inicialmente, uma inibição no crescimento das raízes, beneficiando seu desenvolvimento posterior. Não apresentou, entretanto, efeito significativo sobre a sanidade das raízes nem sobre a infecção micorrízica. No cultivar Kanzler ocorreu o maior nível de infecção micorrízica e o maior percentual de raízes sadias, enquanto Kraka apresentou os menores valores. Estas duas variáveis apresentaram correlação positiva significativa.