Evaluation and Comparison of Facial Appearance Using the Golden Ratio: An Anthropometric Study in Preschool and School-Going Children of Santhal Tribe in West Bengal.

Introduction Golden ratio and beauty are two inseparable sides of the same coin and have been studied for centuries by the Greeks. This divine ratio is defined as an invincible parameter in aesthetic dentistry to measure looks, symmetry, and balance. Being beautiful and handsome also boosts confidence in today's children and therefore is a top priority for young growing kids. However, there is no study done to define facial measurements based on the golden ratio in preschool and school-going children that can succor aesthetics in formative years. The purpose of this research was to evaluate facial proportions in the vertical dimension, quantify them in reference to the golden ratio, and analyze the association with gender among preschool and school-going children of the Santhal tribe in the Bankura district. Materials and methods A total of 399 subjects, 198 children of 3-5 years with primary teeth and 201 children of 6-12 years with mixed dentition, were selected from schools in villages of Bankura district, West Bengal, India. The subjects were made to relax in a sitting position and a digital vernier caliper was used to record the following vertical facial parameters: total facial height (TFH), trichion-gnathion distance (Tr-Gn), and subnasale-gnathion distance (Sn-Gn). The total facial height was correlated with sexual dimorphism and dentition. The ratio of Tr-Sn/Sn-Gn was calculated and compared with the golden ratio. The ratio was classified as normal (if it was between 1.6 and 1.699, i.e., normal to the golden ratio value), long (if it was more than 1.699, i.e., more than the golden ratio value), or short (if it was below 1.6, i.e., less than the golden ratio value). This facial analysis based on the golden ratio was correlated to sexual dimorphism and dentition. The data were recorded, compared with gender, and statistically analyzed using the unpaired t-test and Chi-square test. Results The total facial height was larger in males than females in both primary and mixed dentition; however, the value was highly significant in primary dentition. Tr-Sn/Sn-Gn ratios were lower in the long facial category in both males and females in both preschool and school-going children. The values were statistically significant in these ratios for both dentitions. Conclusion The majority of children in the Santhal tribe of Bankura in West Bengal did not conform to the golden ratio and showed long faces. There was a significant association of facial features with sexual dimorphism. Clinical significance The early prediction of facial features in children and its confirmation with the established golden ratio can be considered an imperative parameter to comprehend facial aesthetics and symmetry.

An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth dimensions for the existence of golden proportion in the representative North Indian population.

Context: Esthetic appearance of the face is a major concern in self-image among the majority of the population. The dimensions, anatomy, and arrangement of maxillary anterior are the key factors in the esthetic appearance of the face. Aim: The present study aimed to measure the mesiodistal dimensions of maxillary anterior teeth and analyzing the golden proportion in the representative North Indian population. Materials and Methods: Subjects were seated in the upright position in a dental clinical chair. A digital Vernier caliper was used to record the mesiodistal dimensions of central incisors (CIs), lateral incisor (LI), and canine (C) teeth in maximum smile position. A total of three sets of recordings were made by a single observer to avoid the measurement bias of both left and right sides of teeth. Digital images were also captured. Obtained measurements were used for the calculation of ratios and statistical analysis was done. Results: The prevalence of golden ratio between right CI/LI was observed in 3.1% males and 3.2% females. The calculated median ratio was 1.2 for males and 1.3 for females which differs significantly (P > 0.05) from the golden ratio. The divine proportion between visible portion of right C/LI was seen in 39.5% males and 32.3% females with calculated median value for males being 0.6 and that for females was 0.7. Conclusion: The prevalence of golden proportion between the CI/LI in esthetically pleasing smiles was too small (mean-3.9 in males and 2.75 in females) while the golden ratio of 0.6 was found in the majority of the population irrespective of the gender.

The golden ratio-dispelling the myth.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this article is to explore the claims often cited in scientific journals regarding the golden ratio, and its proposed link to beauty and idealized forms in nature, including idealized human proportions. MAIN BODY: Claims made in the nineteenth century through to the modern day in the clinical literature do not appear to be supported by evidence. SHORT CONCLUSIONS: There is no convincing evidence that the golden ratio is linked to idealized human proportions or facial beauty. There is currently no evidence to support the use of the golden ratio in orthognathic or facial aesthetic/reconstructive surgical planning or analysis of results.

Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face and their correlation to phi in a South Indian population.

Background: With the shift in focus from the hard to soft tissue in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, the scope of orthodontic treatment has grown beyond achieving an ideal occlusion, also to achieve ideal aesthetic facial proportions. Since time immemorial, the various horizontal and vertical proportions of an ideal face is considered to follow the golden/divine ratio. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the vertical and horizontal proportions of the face and their relation of phi in males and females of Dakshina Kannada population. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 100 subjects, which included 50 males and 50 females, aged between 18 and 30 years. Photographs were taken under standardized condition and adjusted to a standardized image size (5″ × 4″). Adobe Photoshop CS5.1 software was used for making all the measurements. A total of 11 vertical and horizontal ratios were independently measured for males and females, and their relation to phi was assessed. The data were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk test for testing the normality. Homogeneity of variance assumption was tested by using Levene statistic homogeneity of variance. One sample t test was used for the comparison between phi and mean vertical and horizontal ratios in males and females. Results: In males and females of the Dakshina Kannada, a statistically significant correlation was seen between all the horizontal and vertical facial proportions and phi (p < 0.05). Between male and female groups, a significant difference was noted in the intertemporal/intercanthal ratio, interalae/nose width and Intereye-soft menton/ala-soft menton (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Golden proportion can be used as a guideline in orthodontic treatment planning. However, it should not be the decisive factor in determining the facial attractiveness.

Pentagon Inside the Circle of Willis and the Golden Ratio.

The Golden ratio ("phi" or "Ф") has been known to us for ages and its use in art and architectural designs has enhanced its exquisiteness. Even some of the astounding creations of nature do follow this principle of Golden or divine proportions. Three centuries ago the circle of Willis at the base of the brain was first described and illustrated by Thomas Willis. Classically it was described as being circular in shape, however, the gross anatomy reveals a slightly different picture. The components of this complex neurovascular structure are so arranged that it appears more like a pentagon than a circle. A regular pentagon, unlike a circle, is a Golden shape that mathematically obeys the laws of Golden proportions. Like most other marvelous structures in nature, the close resemblance of the circle of Willis to a pentagon is more of a conscious effort of nature to establish consonance with aesthetic perception, rather than just a mere coincidence.

Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension.

BACKGROUND: Leonardo de Vinci contributed several observations and drawings on facial proportion and the lower one third of the face. Many facial and body measurements to determine vertical dimension at occlusion. These facial measurements can be implemented in construction of complete denture patients. AIM: This study aims to correlate the vertical dimension at occlusion to 13 anthropometric measurements. Then correlating, which measurement is more accurate to the vertical dimension at occlusion. METHODOLOGY: 20 male and female subjects were selected. Vertical dimension at occlusion and 12 anthropometric parameters were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twice the length of the eye and distance between the tip of the thumb and tip of the index finger is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in male patients and that vertical distance from the pupil to corner of the mouth, vertical height of the ear is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in female patients.

Effects of malocclusions on facial attractiveness and their correlations with the divine proportion.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of malocclusions on facial attractiveness and to determine if it was correlated with the divine proportion. METHODS: Standard frontal facial photos were taken from 335 subjects in natural head position. Facial attractiveness of the subjects was evaluated by 10 dental students using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). All of the evaluations were arranged in order, and 30 attractive subjects with the highest score and 30 nonattractive subjects having the lowest score were chosen. On the frontal photos of these subjects, 13 landmarks were determined and 12 ratios were measured. Two way ANOVA was used to determine the effects of malocclusions on facial attractiveness, Student's t test was used to compare the facial proportions of the attractive and nonattractive subjects, and one sample t test was used to define the relationships between the divine proportion and facial ratios. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between malocclusion groups in terms of facial attractiveness. Of the 12 facial ratios, significant differences were found between attractive and nonattractive subjects regarding trichion-menton/nasion-menton, subnasale-menton/stomion-menton, nasion-subnasale/stomion-menton, nasion-subnasale/nasal width, and trichion-menton/right-left frontotemporale ratios. All of the ratios except nasion-subnasale/stomion-menton in the attractive group and subnasale-menton/stomion-menton and nasion-menton/nasion-trichion in the nonattractive group were found to be different from the divine proportion. CONCLUSIONS: Sagittal skeletal malocclusions evaluated by ANB angle are not effective on facial attractiveness. Facial ratios used in this study have little effect on attractiveness, and are different from the divine proportion.

Golden Gait: An Optimization Theory Perspective on Human and Humanoid Walking.

Human walking is a complex task which includes hundreds of muscles, bones and joints working together to deliver harmonic movements with the need of finding equilibrium between moving forward and maintaining stability. Many different computational approaches have been used to explain human walking mechanisms, from pendular model to fractal approaches. A new perspective can be gained from using the principles developed in the field of Optimization theory and in particularly the branch of Game Theory. In particular we provide a new insight into human walking showing as the trade-off between advancement and equilibrium managed during walking has the same solution of the Ultimatum game, one of the most famous paradigms of game theory, and this solution is the golden ratio. The golden ratio is an irrational number that was found in many biological and natural systems self-organized in a harmonic, asymmetric, and fractal structure. Recently, the golden ratio has also been found as the equilibrium point between two players involved into the Ultimatum Game. It has been suggested that this result can be due to the fact that the golden ratio is perceived as the fairest asymmetric solution by the two players. The golden ratio is also the most common proportion between stance and swing phase of human walking. This approach may explain the importance of harmony in human walking, and provide new perspectives for developing quantitative assessment of human walking, efficient humanoid robotic walkers, and effective neurorobots for rehabilitation.

Evaluation of facial divine proportion in North Indian Population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the facial divine proportion and its relationship with facial attractiveness in North Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For evaluation of various facial proportions, standardized frontal facial photographs of total 300 subjects between 18 and 30 years of age were obtained. Black and white copies of these photographs were presented in front of an evaluation jury for assigning scores of facial attractiveness and finally 130 attractive subjects were selected. These subjects were divided into two groups, Group I (attractive females n = 65) and Group II (attractive males n = 65) and they were further analyzed for various parameters of facial proportions. Unpaired Student's t-test was used to compare both groups. RESULTS: Group I showed that five of seven vertical facial proportions were close to divine proportion (1.618) whereas only two vertical proportions in Group II were close to it. Transverse facial proportions in both groups deviated more from divine proportion (1.618) and were closer to silver proportion (1.414). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the facial proportions of attractive females in the North-Indian population were close to the divine proportion. Thus, facial divine proportion could be an important factor in the perception of facial attractiveness of North-Indian attractive females.

Proporção divina em indivíduos oclusões classes I, II e III esqueléticas em radiografias cefalométricas laterais / Proporción divina en pacientes con oclusión clases I, II y III esqueléticas en radiografías cefalométricas laterales / Divine proportion in patients with skeletal occlusion classes I, II and III on lateral cephalometric radiographs

Introdução: o conceito inicial de beleza remete a um conjunto que engloba harmonia e equilíbrio das proporções faciais estabelecidas pelas estruturas esqueléticas, dentárias e de tecidos moles. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi analisara proporção divina em radiografias cefalométricas laterais de 93 indivíduos brasileiros adultos, acima de 18 anos, de ambos os gêneros, com classes I, II e III esqueléticas, não submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico, por meio do software de cefalometria Aurea Ceph. Métodos: para análise estatística, foi aplicada a análise de variância ANOVA, teste Tukey e T de Studentem nível de significância de 5 porcento. Resultados: das sete razões estudadas, quando se avaliou as classes, evidenciou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre a relação (N-Ena/V1S-DM16) nas classes I e III eas relações (A-Pog/V1-C1MS e A-Pog/V1S-MD16) nas classes II e III. Quando se comparou as razões nas diferentes classes em relação ao número áureo (1 618) houve diferença estatisticamente significante na classe I para as razões (N-Ena/V1S-DM16, V1S-C1MS/C1MS-DM16 e Ena-Me/AB); na classe II para as razões (A-Pog/V1-C1MS e A-Pog/V1S-MD16); e na classe III para as razões (N-Ena/V1S-DM16, Ena-Enp/V1S-C1MS, V1S-C1MS/C1MS-DM16 e Ena-Me/AB). Conclusões: de acordo com a metodologia empregada e os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que das sete razões analisadas, a classe I apresentou três razões divinas, a classe II duas e a classe III quatro. O grupo classe II apresentou razões divinas com componente dentário e medidas verticais, sugerindo que a magnitude do erro sagital é importante no conceito da estética facial(AU)

Introducción: el concepto inicial de la belleza se refiere a un conjunto con la armonía y el equilibrio de las proporciones faciales establecidos por el tejido óseo, dental y suave. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la divina proporción en las radiografías cefalométricas de 93 individuos brasileños adultos, de 18 años, de uno y otro géneros, con las clases I, II y III del esqueleto, y no sometidos a un tratamiento de ortodoncia por medio de software de cefalometría Áurea Ceph". Métodos: el análisis estadístico se aplicó al análisis de varianza ANOVA, prueba de Tukey y prueba t de Student. El nivel de significación fue de 5 por ciento. Resultados: de los siete ratios estudiados, hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las proporciones al comparar las clases en (N-Ena/V1S-DM16) clases I y III y (A-Pog/V1-C1MS, A-Pog/V1S-MD16) clases II y III. Cuando se comparó con las proporciones en las diferentes clases en relación con el número de oro (1 618), hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la clase I para las (N-Ena/V1S-DM16, razones V1S-C1MS/C1MS-DM16, Ena-Me/AB), y en clase II de (A-Pog/V1-C1MS razones, A-Pog/V1S-MD16) y clase III para los (N-Ena/V1S-DM16 razones, Ena-Enp/V1S-C1MS, V1S-C1MS/C1MS-DM16, Ena-Me/AB). Conclusiones: de acuerdo con la metodología utilizada y los resultados obtenidos, se concluyó que en siete de las razones expuestas, la clase que tenía tres razones áureas se observó en dos y cuatro, clase II a clase III. El grupo de clase II fueron razones áureas con componente dental y horizontal, lo que sugiere que la magnitud del error es importante en el concepto de estética facial sagital. El grupo de clase II fueron razones áureas con componente dental y medidas verticales, y también sugiere que la magnitud del error es importante en el concepto de estética facial sagital(AU)

Introduction: the original concept of beauty refers to a set of harmony and balance features determined by bone, dental and soft tissue. Objective: the purpose of this study was to analyze divine proportion as reflected on cephalometric radiographs of 93 Brazilian subjects of both sexes aged 18 with skeletal classes I, II and III, not undergoing orthodontic treatment. The analysis was based on cephalometric software Aurea Ceph. Methods: statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA, Tukey's test and Student's t test. The significance level was 5 percent. Results: the seven ratios studied showed a statistically significant difference between proportions when comparing (N-Ena/V1S-DM16) classes I and III, and (A-Pog/V1-C1MS, A-Pog/V1S-MD16) classes II and III. When proportions in the different classes were compared with the golden number (1 618), a statistically significant difference was found in class I for (N-Ena/V1S-DM16, V1S-C1MS/C1MS-DM16, Ena-Me/AB), in class II for (A-Pog/V1-C1MS, A-Pog/V1S-MD16) and in class III for (N-Ena/V1S-DM16, Ena-Enp/V1S-C1MS, V1S-C1MS/C1MS-DM16, Ena-Me/AB). Conclusions: based on the methodology used and the results obtained, it was concluded that in seven of the ratios presented, the class with three golden ratios was found in two and four, class II to class III. The class II group were golden ratios with a dental and horizontal component, suggesting that the magnitude of the error is relevant to the concept of sagittal facial aesthetics. The class II group were golden ratios with a dental component and vertical measurements, also suggesting that the magnitude of the error is relevant to the concept of sagittal facial aesthetics(AU)

Proporciones divinas en la sonrisa en un grupo de estudiantes de la facultad de odontología de la Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela. Año 2013 / Divine proportions in smiling in a group of students of the facultad de odontología de la Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela Year 2013

La estética dental es considerara como la búsqueda de la perfección en el ámbito bucal. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la prevalencia por sexo de las proporciones divinas, en la sonrisa de los estudiantes de quinto año de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Carabobo. Se realizó para ello, un estudio descriptivo, con diseño no experimental y transversal. La muestra fue no probabilística e intencional, quedando conformada por 34 estudiantes de quinto año. Se aplicó la observación directa y un compás dental para recoger los datos y se recopilaron en una hoja de registro. Los valores promedio del ancho mesiodistal de las unidades del cuadrante superior izquierdo fueron ligeramente superiores a los del superior derecho. El cuadrante superior derecho mostró un mayor porcentaje de proporciones divinas a razón que el izquierdo, correspondiendo el mayor valor el par 11 y 12 (58,8%). El 76,5% de los estudiantes presentaron proporción divina en al menos un par de unidades, resaltando que el 20,6% la presentó en los 4 pares valorados. En conclusión, se reportó un bajo porcentaje de proporciones divinas en la muestra analizada, siendo los incisivos central y superior, los que mostraron la mayor proporción...

Dental aesthetics is considered as the pursuit of perfection in the mouth area. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence by gender of divine proportions, smiling fifth year students of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Carabobo. A descriptive study was made for it, with no experimental and cross-sectional design. The sample was not random and intentional, being made up of 34 fifth graders. Direct observation and dental compass was used to collect data 2013, were collected on a record sheet. The average values of the mesiodistal width of the left upper quadrant units were slightly higher than in the top right. The upper right quadrant showed a higher percentage of divine proportions right than the left , with the highest value pair 11 and 12 ( 58.8 %). 76.5% of students had divine proportion in at least a couple of units , noting that 20.6% introduced in the 4 rated peers. In conclusion, we reported a low percentage of divine proportions in the sample, with the central and upper incisors, which showed the highest proportion...

Proporción divina en pacientes con síndrome de clase II división 1 / Divine proportion in patients with Class II Division I Syndrome

La belleza y la armonía facial desempeñan una función decisiva en las relaciones sociales del hombre. La afectación estética es el principal motivo de consulta de los pacientes de Ortodoncia. La Proporción Divina está siendo estudiada cada día más, con fines diagnósticos y terapéuticos relacionados con la estética facial. Con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento de la Proporción Divina en mediciones faciales en pacientes con Síndrome de Clase II división 1 y su relación con el sexo se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal durante los años 2008-2010 en el Departamento de Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de la Habana. La muestra estuvo formada por 30 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y se estudiaron las mediciones faciales mediante fotografías de frente y perfil. El estudio arrojó que los mayores porcentajes se encontraron en los pares que relacionaban la distancia entre el canto lateral de los ojos y el margen lateral de la nariz (66,7 por ciento); la base del tragus y el canto lateral del ojo y de este a la punta de la nariz (66,7 por ciento); de trichion al ala de la nariz y de esta al mentón (63,3 por ciento). Pocos pacientes mostraron la Proporción Divina en las mediciones faciales estudiadas, sin diferencias significativas en su comportamiento en relación con el sexo(AU)

The beauty and the facial harmony have a decisive function in social relationships of man. The esthetic affection is the leading cause of consultation of patients to Orthodontics. Divine Proportion is being more and more studied having diagnostic and therapeutical aims related to the facial aesthetics. To assess the behavior of Divine Proportion in facial measurements in patients presenting with Class II Division I syndrome and its relation to sex a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted for 2008-2010 in the Orthodontics Department of the Stomatology Faculty of La Habana. The sample included 30 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria studying the facial measurements by frontal and in profile photos. Study demonstrated that the greater percentages were in the pairs related to the distance between the lateral edge of eyes and the lateral margin of the nose (66.7 percent); the tragus basement ahd the lateral side of eye and from this one to nose tip and from this one to chin (63.3 percent). Few patients showed the Divine Proportion in the study facial measurements without significant differences in its behavior in relation to sex(AU)

Assessment of divine proportion in the cranial structure of individuals with Angle Class II malocclusion on lateral cephalograms

INTRODUCTION: The study of the Divine Proportion (Φ = 1.618) began with the Greeks, having as main researchers the mathematician Pythagoras and the sculptor Phidias. In Dentistry, Ricketts (1981-82) was an early to study this issue. OBJECTIVE: This study proposed to evaluate how some cephalometric measures are presented in relation to the Divine Proportion, with the total of 52 proportions, formed by 28 cephalometric landmarks. METHODS: Lateral cephalograms of 40 Class II adults patients aging from 17 to 45 years (13 male and 27 female) were evaluated. The linear distances between the landmarks were measured using Radiocef Studio software. RESULTS: After statistical analysis, the data shown an average of 65,48% in the Divine Proportion, 17,5% in the relation Ans-Op/V1S-DM16 and 97,5% in the relations Na-Me/Na-PoNa e Na-PoNa/Na-Gn. CONCLUSION: Among all cephalometric measurements investigated, the lower facial third and the dental arches showed the smallest percentages of Divine Proportion.

Proporción divina en pacientes con síndrome de clase II división 1 / Divine proportion in patients with Class II Division I Syndrome

La belleza y la armonía facial desempeñan una función decisiva en las relaciones sociales del hombre. La afectación estética es el principal motivo de consulta de los pacientes de Ortodoncia. La Proporción Divina está siendo estudiada cada día más, con fines diagnósticos y terapéuticos relacionados con la estética facial. Con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento de la Proporción Divina en mediciones faciales en pacientes con Síndrome de Clase II división 1 y su relación con el sexo se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal durante los años 2008-2010 en el Departamento de Ortodoncia de la Facultad de Estomatología de la Habana. La muestra estuvo formada por 30 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y se estudiaron las mediciones faciales mediante fotografías de frente y perfil. El estudio arrojó que los mayores porcentajes se encontraron en los pares que relacionaban la distancia entre el canto lateral de los ojos y el margen lateral de la nariz (66,7 por ciento); la base del tragus y el canto lateral del ojo y de este a la punta de la nariz (66,7 por ciento); de trichion al ala de la nariz y de esta al mentón (63,3 por ciento). Pocos pacientes mostraron la Proporción Divina en las mediciones faciales estudiadas, sin diferencias significativas en su comportamiento en relación con el sexo(AU)

The beauty and the facial harmony have a decisive function in social relationships of man. The esthetic affection is the leading cause of consultation of patients to Orthodontics. Divine Proportion is being more and more studied having diagnostic and therapeutical aims related to the facial aesthetics. To assess the behavior of Divine Proportion in facial measurements in patients presenting with Class II Division I syndrome and its relation to sex a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted for 2008-2010 in the Orthodontics Department of the Stomatology Faculty of La Habana. The sample included 30 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria studying the facial measurements by frontal and in profile photos. Study demonstrated that the greater percentages were in the pairs related to the distance between the lateral edge of eyes and the lateral margin of the nose (66.7 percent); the tragus basement ahd the lateral side of eye and from this one to nose tip and from this one to chin (63.3 percent). Few patients showed the Divine Proportion in the study facial measurements without significant differences in its behavior in relation to sex.(AU)

Photometric study of divine proportion and its correlation with facial attractiveness

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate if there is correlation between perception of facial esthetic and divine proportion, verifying if most attractive faces are closer to and less attractive faces are more distant to this proportion. METHODS: Standard facial photographs (frontal and lateral) in natural head position were taken of a sample of 85 Brazilian Caucasian women, with mean age of 23 years and 9 months. The photographs were evaluated by 5 orthodontists, 5 artists and 5 laymen and were classified, according to their subjective analysis of facial esthetic, in pleasant, acceptable and not pleasant. Frontal photographs were evaluated by divine proportion analysis using the computerized method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: According to subjective analysis the sample consisted 18.8% of pleasant, 70.6% of acceptable and 10.6% of not pleasant faces. After statistical analysis, a lack of agreement was verified in esthetic facial preferences among the three groups of observers. It was also possible to verify that in this research there was no correlation between perception of facial beauty and divine proportion.

Comportamiento de proporciones divinas e índice de Bolton en mediciones dentales de individuos con maloclusión / Behavior of divine proportions and the Bolton's index in dental measurements of subjects with malocclusion

Los pacientes acuden cada vez con más frecuencia a los servicios estomatológicos en busca de mejorar su aspecto estético. Uno de los métodos más polémicos para el examen de la estética lo constituyen aquellos que se basan en el empleo de la proporción divina, esto motivó a la realización de este trabajo. Se evaluó el comportamiento de las proporciones divinas en mediciones dentales de individuos con maloclusión, mediante el empleo del índice de Bolton. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en estudiantes del segundo al quinto años de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana, Cuba, desde el mes de enero del año 2009 al mes de enero del año 2010. Se emplearon modelos de yeso pertenecientes a 80 estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de edad. Se efectuaron mediciones de los anchos mesiodistales de los dientes y se relacionaron algunas secciones de dientes donde se identificaron los que guardaron relación de proporción divina, según la variable oclusión. Los estudiantes que presentaron maloclusión se estudiaron según la variación del índice de Bolton. En los estudiantes con maloclusión el índice de Bolton que predominó fue a favor de un mayor tamaño de los dientes anteroinferiores, con rangos de proporción divina menores de 1,60(AU)

Patients came more and more frequently to Stomatology services to improve the esthetic feature. Among the more polemic methods for esthetics examination are those based on the use of divine proportion, leading to carrying out of present paper to assess the behavior of divine proportions in the dental measurements of subjects with malocclusion using the Bolton's index. A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in second to fifth years students of the Stomatology Faculty of La Habana from January, 2009 to January, 2010 using the plaster casts in 80 students aged 18 to 25. Measurements of the mesio-distal width of teeth relating some sections of them where were identified those en relation to the divine proportion according the occlusion variable. The students presenting with malocclusion were studied according the variation of Bolton's index. In the students with malocclusion, there was predominance of Bolton's index favoring a great size of anteroinferior teeth with ranks of divine proportion of 1,60(AU)

Comportamiento de proporciones divinas en mediciones dentales de individuos con normoclusión y maloclusión / Behavior of divine proportions in dental measuring of individuals with normal occlusion and malocclusion

Los pacientes acuden cada vez con más frecuencia a los Servicios Estomatológicos en busca de mejorar su aspecto estético. Uno de los métodos más polémicos para el examen de la estética lo constituyen aquellos que se basan en el empleo de la proporción divina, la cual se establece en su representación lineal, de forma tal que si dividimos un segmento en dos porciones que guarden esta proporción, el todo será a la porción mayor como esta última a la menor. Algebraicamente se expresa como (a+b)/b= b/a, esta relación entre segmentos va a equivaler al valor numérico de Phi (1.618); esto motivó la realización de este trabajo para evaluar el comportamiento de las proporciones divinas en mediciones dentales. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en modelos de yeso pertenecientes a 80 estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana. Se realizaron mediciones de los anchos mesiodistales de los dientes, y se relacionaron algunas secciones de dientes donde se identificaron los que guardan relación de proporción divina según la variable oclusión. De los 13 pares estudiados, solo 5 se comportaron en los rangos establecidos para la proporción divina, tanto en individuos con normoclusión como en individuos con maloclusión.

Patients is coming up more frequency to dentistry services claiming improve their esthetic aspect. One of the most controversial assessments to exam esthetic is established using divine proportion, which is establish in their linear representation, so if a segment is divide in two portions which saves this fraction, the whole will be to major portion as this one to the minor, it´s expressed as if (a+b)/b= b/a, relationship between this segments will be equivalent to number value of Phi (1.618). That was the reason to carry out present study to evaluate the behavior of divine proportions on dental measuring. Transversal descriptive study was carrying out using cast model belonging to 80 students from 18 to 25 years of Havana´s Faculty of Dentistry. Measures were taking account highest width of teeth and then related with some teeth pairs being identified relationship about divine proportion according to occlusion characteristic. Only five of thirteen teeth pairs were bearing on established rank for divine proportion on individuals with normal occlusion as much as individuals with malocclusion.

Del código da vinci a la sonrisa de nuestros pacientes / Da vinci code the smile of our patients

El análisis de la Divina Proporción es un capítulo que los estudiantes de bellas artes, llevan como temas básicos para el entendimiento histórico de la belleza y la armonía. Los jóvenes odontólogos que se inician en el mundo de la estética y cosmética dental deberán usar estas normas como referencia para el diagnóstico y plan de tratamiento en los procedimientos de la odontología restauradora. En el artículo se explicará la evolución del concepto de belleza pasando por las matemáticas y su historia así como su relación con el ser humano y su expansión facial. Es la primera vez que un tema tan universal es nuevamente traído a su análisis y entendimiento. Así lo hizo a escribir el sugestivo título EL CODIGO DA VINCI, el autor Dam Brown, el resalta la importancia de 1618 como explicación de muchos aspectos que son considerados com bellos: El humano, lo arquitectónico, en el crecimiento de los vegetales, hasta el ritmo de reproducción de los animales de la sonrisa de nuestros pacientes, con arcadas ovoides o curvas.

The analysis of the Divine Proportion, it is a chapter that students of art, take as basic agenda for the historical understanding of beauty and harmony. Young dentists who beging in the world of aesthetic and dental cosmetic will have to use these norms as a referring for the diagnosis and as a plan of treatment in the clinical dental procedures. In the article the evolution of the beauty concept was explained passing thorough mathehmatics and their history as well as the relation human being and his face expression. It is the first time that such a universal topic is brought again to it's analysis and understanding. Thus hte author Dan Brown did it when he wrote the suggestive title EL CODIGO DA VINCI. He highlights the importance of 1618 as an explanation of many aspects that are considered to be like beautiful: the human being the architectonic thing, in the growth of the vegetables, even in the rate of reproduction of animals and it's later application in the analysis of the smile of our patients, with ovoid or curved arcades.