Re-Examining the Link Between Premarital Sex and Divorce.

Premarital sex predicts divorce, but we do not know why. Scholars have attributed the relationship to factors such as differences in beliefs and values, but these explanations have not been tested. It is further unclear how this relationship changes by number of sexual partners, or differs by gender. We re-examine this relationship with event history models using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Models include measures of adolescent beliefs and values, religious background, and personal characteristics, as well as approximate number of premarital sexual partners in young adulthood. We find the relationship between premarital sex and divorce is highly significant and robust even when accounting for early-life factors. Compared to people with no premarital partners other than eventual spouses, those with nine or more partners exhibit the highest divorce risk, followed by those with one to eight partners. There is no evidence of gender differences.

Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries.

Scholars argue that gender culture, understood as a set of beliefs, norms, and social expectations defining masculinities and femininities, plays an important role in shaping when romantic relationships end. However, the relevance of gender culture is often underappreciated, in part because its empirical identification remains elusive. This study leverages cross-country variation in gender norms to test the hypothesis that gender culture conditions which heterosexual romantic relationships end and when. We analyze the extent to which male-breadwinning norms determine the association between men's unemployment and couple separation. Using harmonized household panel data for married and cohabiting heterosexual couples in 29 countries from 2004 to 2014, our results provide robust evidence that male-breadwinner norms are a key driver of the association between men's unemployment and the risk of separation. The magnitude of this mechanism is sizeable; an increase of one standard deviation in male-breadwinner norms increases the odds of separation associated with men's unemployment by 32 percent. Analyses also show that the importance of male-breadwinner norms is strongest among couples for whom the male-breadwinner identity is most salient, namely married couples. By directly measuring and leveraging variation in the key explanatory of interest, gender culture, our study offers novel and robust evidence reinforcing the importance of gender norms to understand when romantic relationships end.

Consecuencias del divorcio-separación en niños de edad escolar y actitudes asumidas por los padres / Consequences of divorce or separation in schoolchildren and the attitudes assumed by their parents

Introducción: el divorcio o separación de la pareja es un acontecimiento negativo que afecta en mayor medida a los hijos de la pareja y en los cuales pueden aparecer afectaciones en el área emocional, escolar, social y familiar. Objetivo: identificar los síntomas y signos psicológicos en niños de edad escolar relacionados con el divorcio-separación de los padres. Identificar los factores o acontecimientos potencialmente patógenos que aparecen posterior al divorcio separación y explorar las actitudes asumidas por los cuidadores primarios posteriores a este evento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio en el período de noviembre del 2013 a marzo del 2014 en un área de salud del municipio de San Miguel del Padrón. La muestra quedó conformada por 16 escolares del 2do ciclo. Se utilizaron diversos instrumentos psicológicos aplicados a los niños, como la entrevista, el dibujo libre, test de la familia, entre otros. También se trabajó con los cuidadores primarios y las maestras de los niños. Resultados: se constató la presencia de afectaciones en los escolares de 9 a 12 años en el área emocional, en la escolar y en las relaciones sociales y conductual asociadas a esta. Se identificaron factores y acontecimientos potencialmente patógenos posterior al divorcio-separación, tales como: pareja post-conyugal, familia reconstituida, cambio de residencia, escuela y amigos, pérdida de poder adquisitivo, etc. Conclusiones: los síntomas y signos más significativos identificados en los niños estudiados y relacionados con el divorcio o separación de los padres fueron: ansiedad, tristeza, irritabilidad, angustia, así como dificultades en la atención, bajo índice académico, dificultades en las relaciones con los coetáneos y adultos, intranquilidad, agresividad, pérdida de apetito y dificultades en el sueño, así como cefaleas, náuseas y vómitos recurrentes. Los factores o acontecimientos potencialmente patógenos fueron: pareja post-conyugal, familia reconstituida, cambio de residencia, escuela y amigos, pérdida de poder adquisitivo, convivencia forzada con miembros de la familia de alguno de los padres y disminución de la acción del padre con el que no conviven en la mayoría de los escolares estudiados(AU)

Introduction: Divorce or separation in the couple is a negative event that extensively affects the children and in which affections may appear in the emotional, school-related, social and family scopes. Objective: To identify psychological symptoms and signs in schoolchildren as related to divorce-separation of their parents, and to identify potentially pathogenic factors or events appearing after divorce-separation and to explore the attitudes assumed by primary caregivers regarding this event. Methods: A descriptive-exploratory study was carried out between November 2013 and March 2014 in a health area of San Miguel del Padrón Municipality. The sample was made up of 16 students from the second cycle. Various psychological instruments were applied to children, such as the interview, free drawing, family test, among others. We also worked with primary caregivers and the children's teachers. Results: We verified the presence of affectations in schoolchildren aged 9-12 in the emotional area, in the school and in the social and behavioral relations associated. Potentially pathogenic factors and events following divorce-separation were identified, such as post-marital couple, reconstituted family, change of residence, school and friends, loss of purchasing power, and more. Conclusions: The most significant symptoms and signs identified in the children, and related to their parents' divorce or separation, were anxiety, sadness, irritability, anguish, difficulties in attendance, low academic index, difficulties in relationships with both adults and other children, unquietness, aggressiveness, loss of appetite, sleep difficulties, recurrent headaches, nausea and vomiting. Potentially pathogenic factors or events were a post-marital partner, reconstituted family, change of residence, school and friends, loss of purchasing power, forced inhabiting with family members of one of the parents, and decrease in the father's action, with whom they do not inhabit in most of the students(AU)

Consecuencias del divorcio-separación en niños de edad escolar y actitudes asumidas por los padres / Consequences of divorce or separation in schoolchildren and the attitudes assumed by their parents

Introducción: el divorcio o separación de la pareja es un acontecimiento negativo que afecta en mayor medida a los hijos de la pareja y en los cuales pueden aparecer afectaciones en el área emocional, escolar, social y familiar. Objetivo: identificar los síntomas y signos psicológicos en niños de edad escolar relacionados con el divorcio-separación de los padres. Identificar los factores o acontecimientos potencialmente patógenos que aparecen posterior al divorcio separación y explorar las actitudes asumidas por los cuidadores primarios posteriores a este evento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio en el período de noviembre del 2013 a marzo del 2014 en un área de salud del municipio de San Miguel del Padrón. La muestra quedó conformada por 16 escolares del 2do ciclo. Se utilizaron diversos instrumentos psicológicos aplicados a los niños, como la entrevista, el dibujo libre, test de la familia, entre otros. También se trabajó con los cuidadores primarios y las maestras de los niños. Resultados: se constató la presencia de afectaciones en los escolares de 9 a 12 años en el área emocional, en la escolar y en las relaciones sociales y conductual asociadas a esta. Se identificaron factores...(AU)

Introduction: Divorce or separation in the couple is a negative event that extensively affects the children and in which affections may appear in the emotional, school-related, social and family scopes. Objective: To identify psychological symptoms and signs in schoolchildren as related to divorce-separation of their parents, and to identify potentially pathogenic factors or events appearing after divorce-separation and to explore the attitudes assumed by primary caregivers regarding this event. Methods: A descriptive-exploratory study was carried out between November 2013 and March 2014 in a health area of San Miguel del Padrón Municipality. The sample was made up of 16 students from the second cycle. Various psychological instruments were applied to children, such as the interview...(AU)

Unemployment and the Transition From Separation to Divorce.

Informal marital separation often quickly leads to divorce, but can become long-lasting, especially among disadvantaged populations. In this study, we focus on the timing of divorce after separating and examine how unemployment before or during separation affects this pivotal moment in the divorce process. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 Cohort (N = 2,219), we track unemployment before and during separation and show that men's unemployment during separation, rather than women's, reduces the likelihood of divorce, independent of preseparation unemployment and other characteristics. For men, unemployment during a marital separation prolongs the divorce process, creating an extended period of uncertainty in marital relationships on the brink of dissolution. We discuss the gendered relationship observed between employment status during an informal separation and an estranged couple's decision to complete the divorce process.

Fenomenología del divorcio (o la esencia de la separación) en mujeres / Fenomenologia do divórcio (ou a essência da separação) em mulheres / Phenomenology of divorce (or the essence of separation) in women

La experiencia de la separación y el divorcio en parejas heterosexuales suele tener significados diferentes asociadas a lo vivido antes, durante o después del hecho. Sin embargo, es posible hallar ciertas similitudes, así como significados emergentes que se posibilitan extraer al usar la fenomenología como un método. De un grupo de mujeres divorciadas/separadas, se extrajo información acerca de sus experiencias sobre éste fenómeno, con el propósito de comprender los sentimientos y emociones vivenciados por ellas y como medio terapéutico de significación de un hecho doloroso. Esto permitió comparar lo propuesto por fenomenólogos acerca de la separación emocional con lo vivenciado por las participantes de esta investigación.

A experiência de separação e divórcio em casais heterossexuais muitas vezes tem significados diferentes associados com a vida antes, durante ou após o fato. No entanto, é possível encontrar semelhanças e significados diferentes que são possíveis de extrair usando a fenomenologia como um método. Em um grupo separado de mulheres divorciadas, foram obtidas informações sobre as suas experiências sobre esse fenômeno, a fim de compreender os sentimentos e emoções vividos por elas e como um meio terapêutico de significação de um fato doloroso. Isso permitiu comparar propostas dos fenomenólogos sobre a separação de afetividade com a experiência vivida pelas participantes deste estudo.

The experience of separation and divorce in heterosexual couples often has different meanings associated to the lived fact before, during, and after it. Anyway, it is possible to find some similarities, as well as emergent meanings that are possible to extract from phenomenology as a method. From a group of separated/divorced women, information were extracted about their experience on this phenomenon, in order to understand the feelings and emotions lived by them and as a therapeutic significance of a painful episode. This allowed comparing what phenomenologists propose on emotional separation and what were experienced by the participants in this study.

Fenomenología del divorcio (o la esencia de la separación) en mujeres / Fenomenologia do divórcio (ou a essência da separação) em mulheres / Phenomenology of divorce (or the essence of separation) in women

La experiencia de la separación y el divorcio en parejas heterosexuales suele tener significados diferentes asociadas a lo vivido antes, durante o después del hecho. Sin embargo, es posible hallar ciertas similitudes, así como significados emergentes que se posibilitan extraer al usar la fenomenología como un método. De un grupo de mujeres divorciadas/separadas, se extrajo información acerca de sus experiencias sobre éste fenómeno, con el propósito de comprender los sentimientos y emociones vivenciados por ellas y como medio terapéutico de significación de un hecho doloroso. Esto permitió comparar lo propuesto por fenomenólogos acerca de la separación emocional con lo vivenciado por las participantes de esta investigación.(AU)

A experiência de separação e divórcio em casais heterossexuais muitas vezes tem significados diferentes associados com a vida antes, durante ou após o fato. No entanto, é possível encontrar semelhanças e significados diferentes que são possíveis de extrair usando a fenomenologia como um método. Em um grupo separado de mulheres divorciadas, foram obtidas informações sobre as suas experiências sobre esse fenômeno, a fim de compreender os sentimentos e emoções vividos por elas e como um meio terapêutico de significação de um fato doloroso. Isso permitiu comparar propostas dos fenomenólogos sobre a separação de afetividade com a experiência vivida pelas participantes deste estudo.(AU)

The experience of separation and divorce in heterosexual couples often has different meanings associated to the lived fact before, during, and after it. Anyway, it is possible to find some similarities, as well as emergent meanings that are possible to extract from phenomenology as a method. From a group of separated/divorced women, information were extracted about their experience on this phenomenon, in order to understand the feelings and emotions lived by them and as a therapeutic significance of a painful episode. This allowed comparing what phenomenologists propose on emotional separation and what were experienced by the participants in this study.(AU)