Effect of medication withdrawal on pain in Parkinson's disease patients - an observational study based on a sample of patients without antiparkinsonian medications

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of withdrawal of the antiparkinsonian drug regimen administration on patients with PD and its relation to pain. METHODS: The sample included 22 men and 12 women who were candidates for neurosurgery to control motor signs and symptoms treated with L-dopa as a drug, alone or in combination with others (Cholinergic Antagonists; Dopamine Agents). All of them were examined at two different moments, with and without medication, and analyzed for painful symptoms. The Hoehn and Yahr scale was used for functional staging of the disease. Pain intensity was assessed by using the numerical verbal scale. RESULTS: The mean pain intensity among those on medication {2.17±0.39 (SE)} was significantly lower than in the abstinence group {4.2±0.59 (SE), p=0.006, Wilcoxon}, which corresponded to the increase in the total functional staging score from 93 to 111, respectively. CONCLUSION: The interruption of the administration of specific medications in patients with Parkinson's disease caused, or increased the intensity of, painful discomfort correlated with the intensity of functional impairment. This effect was also observed in women, but it was statistically relevant only for men. The results suggest that pain may be a "red flag" that points to the need for a therapeutic drug review when its presence or worsening is detected.

Severo edema inducido por la terapia dopaminérgica en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Caso clínico / Severe leg edema associated with the use of dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson's disease. Report of one case

The main adverse effects of dopaminergic drugs used in Parkinson's disease are hypotension, somnolence, hallucinations and impulse control disorder. Less common is leg edema. We report on a 68-year-old male receiving levodopa and pramipexole consulting for severe leg edema lasting two years, whose etiology was not ascertained with multiple lab tests. This edema subsided substantially when pramipexole was discontinued and the dose of levodopa was increased to treat motor symptoms.

Síndrome de piernas inquietas (enfermedad de Willis-Ekbom): seguimiento a largo plazo de una serie de pacientes / Restless legs syndrome: long-term follow-up of a series of patients

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) affects 10% of the general population. Aim: To analyze a series of patients with a minimum follow-up period of four years, treated during an interval of 14 years. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 200 patients assessed and followed by the authors at a private outpatient clinic. Results: Fifty patients aged 25 to 90 years (34 females), who had a mean follow-up of 6,3 years (range 4-14 years), were selected. Sixty percent responded to therapy that initially consisted in dopamine agonists in 78% of cases. Thirty four percent remained symptomatic and 4% worsened. RLS severity scale improved from an initial score of 19,2 to 12,5 at the last follow-up visit (p < 0.05). Thirty-three patients (66%) experienced an overall worsening of symptoms beyond pretreatment levels during follow-up. The strategies to overcome this augmentation were the change to another agonist, use of ligands such as pregabalin and gabapentin, opioids and iron. Low ferritin was common in most of the patients in whom it was measured (24 of 45 results), mainly in those with augmentation (p < 0,05). Six percent of patients treated with dopamine agonist developed an impulse control disorder. Conclusions: RLS is a treatable condition during a long period of follow-up in most patients. We found a high rate of potentiation at presentation which can be explained by the inadequate use of high doses of dopaminergic agents.

Transtornos alimentares em homens abstinentes de substâncias psicoativas em tratamento ambulatorial / Eating disorders in males abstinent from psychoactive substances during outpatient treatment

Introdução: A alimentação exerce um papel similar ao da droga psicotrópica pelo prazer que dá às pessoas, já que age no mesmo sistema de recompensa cerebral. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a relação entre abstinência de substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) e transtornos alimentares em homens adultos em tratamento ambulatorial no Ambulatório de Adição da Unidade Álvaro Alvim do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal desenvolvido com 40 pacientes homens e realizado através de aplicação de questionários. O transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica (TCAP) foi mensurado através da Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP), e para a anorexia nervosa foi utilizado o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) ou Teste de Atitudes Alimentares. O estado nutricional dos indivíduos foi obtido através dos dados de índice de massa corporal (IMC). Resultados: O tempo de abstinência informado foi de 8 meses. A prevalência de obesidade foi de 17,5%, de sobrepeso, 37,5%, de eutrofia, 42,5%, e de desnutrição, apenas 2,5%. Quanto ao IMC, a média foi de 26,59 kg/m2 , o que caracteriza uma amostra com sobrepeso. Os indivíduos que apresentaram diagnóstico de TCAP foram aqueles com os valores de IMC significativamente mais altos (r = 0,47; p < 0,01), o que aponta uma relação de quanto maior o IMC, maior a pontuação para compulsão alimentar periódica. Conclusão: O perfil nutricional dos dependentes químicos em abstinência se caracteriza pelo excesso de peso, o que sugere uma troca de substâncias de abuso, com os alimentos de alto valor calórico e baixo valor nutricional entrando como substitutivos. Portanto, é importante que sejam promovidas novas estratégias terapêuticas para um melhor atendimento nutricional dos indivíduos em abstinência (AU)

Introduction: Food and psychotropic drugs play similar roles in terms of the pleasure they bring to people, since they act on the same brain reward system. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between abstinence from psychoactive substances and eating disorders in adult males during outpatient treatment at the Álvaro Alvim Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 40 male patients with the application of questionnaires. Binge eating disorder (BED) was measured by the Binge Eating Scale (BES), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used for anorexia nervosa. Nutritional status was obtained through body mass index (BMI) data.Results: The informed period of abstinence was 8 months. The prevalence of obesity was 17.5%; overweight, 37.5%; normal weight, 42.5%; and malnutrition, only 2.5%. The average BMI was 26.59 kg/m2 characterizing a sample with overweight. Individuals who were diagnosed with BED are those with significantly higher BMI values (r = 0,47; p < 0,01), so the higher the BMI value the higher the binge eating score. Conclusion: The nutritional profile of abstinent drug addicts is characterized by excess weight, which suggests an exchange of substance abuse, with high-calorie, low-nutrient food becoming a substitute. However, it is important to promote new therapeutic strategies to improve nutritional care of abstinent individuals (AU)

Neurocirugía ablativa estereotáctica enlas adicciones / Stereotactic ablative neurosurgery for addictions

El tema de la neurocirugía ablativa para las adicciones ha sido objeto de investigación desde diferentes perspectivas, tanto en su aspecto neurofisiológico como psiquiátrico. Losnuevos datos y conocimientos han demostrado la gran importancia de las conexiones entre las diferentes áreas del cerebro, cuya actividad funcional se altera durante el desarrollodel fenómeno adictivo; por eso, es importante vincular el conocimiento anatómico y neurofisiológico del sistema mesolímbico para desarrollar técnicas quirúrgicas como métodos curativos o paliativos para las adicciones. En la presente revisión sobre la neurocirugía ablativa para las adicciones, se analizan la anatomía y la neurofisiología del sistema límbico, particularmente del núcleo accumbens,y se discuten los alcances y las limitaciones de las técnicas quirúrgicas actuales, las cuales deben tenerse en cuenta para futuros avances en el campo neuroquirúrgico...

Ablative neurosurgery for addictions has been an object of investigation from different perspectives, in neurophysiology as well as in psychiatry. New knowledge and newevidence has proven the great importance that exists between different areas of the brain, in which functional activity alters during the development of the addictivephenomenon, that is why it is important to associate the anatomy and neurophysiology of the mesocorticolimbic system in order to develop new surgery techniques, for curative or palliative therapies regarding addiction disease. In this present review about ablative neurosurgery in the nucleus accumbens, it is analyzed the anatomy and physiology of the limbic system particularly of the nucleus accumbens, and it will be discussed the advantages and limitations of current surgery techniques which may be taken in consideration for future advances in neurosurgical field...