D-π-A type fluorescent dyes: Effect of π-bridge units on optical and G4 DNA binding properties.

Fluorescent solvatochromic dyes that are sensitive to the nature of local microenvironmental, have been explored as probes in applications ranging from the imaging biomolecules to understanding of basic biomolecule functions. To expand the scope of fluorescent solvatochromic dyes for G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures, and to illustrate the relationship between structure and properties, three newly designed D-π-A type fluorescent dyes were synthesized by introducing diarylimidazole to carbazole skeleton linked to benzene, furan or thiophene π-conjugated bridge and connected with pyridinium acceptor, respectively. Their structural characteristics, optical properties, and G4 DNA binding properties were discussed in detail. In general, the incorporation of furan and thiophene as π-conjugated bridges leads the better conjugation and molecular coplanarity with more efficient intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect compared with benzene bridge. The fluorescence intensities induced upon interaction were found that TP-6 with thiophene π-conjugated bridge had the strongest response toward G4 DNAs. In addition, the application of this dye as a fluorescent agent for living cell imaging was also demonstrated.

Efficient removal of direct dyes by SA-Er biopolymer gel spheres: Equilibrium isotherms, kinetics and regeneration performance study.

Biomass-based adsorbent materials are characterized by their low cost, environmental friendliness, and ease of design and operation. In this study, biomass-based hydrogel microspheres erbium alginate (SA/Er) with high stability and adsorption properties were prepared by a one-step synthesis method. The prepared materials were characterized and analyzed by SEM-EDS, XRD, TGA, FT-IR, UV-Vis, BET-BJH and XPS, and the adsorption performance of SA/Er was investigated for high concentrations of azo dyes in water. The results showed that the adsorption performance of SA/Er on the azo dyes of direct violet N (DV 1) and direct dark green NB (DG 6) with concentrations of 850 mg/L and 1100 mg/L under the optimal conditions was very high, and the adsorption amount could be up to 692 mg/g and 864 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process was in accordance with the quasi-secondary kinetic model, which was accomplished by physical and chemical adsorption; the Langmuir isothermal model was able to better respond to the adsorption equilibrium, and the adsorption was dominated by the adsorption of surface monolayers; after seven desorption cycles, the removal of both azo dyes by the adsorbent material could reach >79.7 %. Combined with the results of FT-IR, UV-vis and XPS analysis before and after the adsorption, it was revealed that the adsorption of SA/Er with the dye molecules mainly consisted of hydrogen bonding, electrostatic adsorption and surface complexation, which resulted in the significant adsorption effect on the two azo dyes, and the above results can provide a reference for the treatment of dye wastewater.

Development of a Combined Protein and Dye Extraction Approach for the Analysis of Keratin-Based Textiles.

Archaeological textiles represent precious remains from ancient culture; this is because of the historical and cultural importance of the information that can be obtained by such relics. However, the extremely complicated state of preservation of these textiles, which can be charred, partially or totally mineralized, with heavy soil or biological contamination, requires highly specialized and sensitive analytical tools to perform a comprehensive study. Starting from these considerations, the paper presents a combined workflow that provides the extraction of dyes and keratins and keratin-associated proteins in a single step, minimizing sampling while maximizing the amount of information gained. In the first phase, different approaches were tested and two different protocols were found suitable for the purpose of the unique workflow for dyes/keratin-proteins: a slightly modified urea protocol and a recently proposed new TCEP/CAA procedure. In the second step, after the extraction, different methods of cleanup and workflow for proteins and dyes were investigated to develop protocols that did not result in a loss of aliquots of the analytes of interest and to maximize the recovery of both components from the extracting solution. These protocols investigated the application of two types of paramagnetic beads, unmodified and carboxylate-coated hydrophilic magnetic beads, and dialysis and stage-tip protocols. The newly designed protocols have been applied to cochineal, weld, orchil, kermes, and indigo keratin-based dyed samples to evaluate the effectiveness of the protocols on several dye sources. These protocols, based on a single extraction step, show the possibility of investigating dyes and keratins from a unique sample of 1 mg or lesser, with respect to the thresholds of sensitivity and accuracy required in the study of textile artifacts of historical and artistic values.

Simple method for removal of pollutants from water by freezing a portion of aquatic solution using a PET bottle, shredder scrap, and household freezer.

A simple method for purifying water using household items has been developed. The solution containing an environmental pollutant was added to the PET bottle. The lid of the PET bottle was closed, and the bottle was then placed with the lid down in a freezer for 9 h. The pourer of the PET bottle was surrounded by shredded paper scraps as a lagging material. Before the solution was completely frozen, the sample was removed from the freezer. The unfrozen portion (liquid) was sampled. The pollutant was concentrated in the liquid. The remaining frozen portion was completely thawed. As results, the concentration of the pollutant (Congo Red, Cr (VI), Pb (II), pentachlorophenol, fluoride, nitrate, or phosphate) in the thawed liquid was decreased by more than 90% compared with the initial concentration (0.10 mM). PRACTITIONER POINTS: A pollutant in a water sample can be removed by freezing a portion of the solution using a PET bottle, shredder scrap, and household freezer. Fluorine and hexavalent chromium can be removed from water to levels that meet water quality standards. The present method can efficiently remove a wide range of contaminants from water, including azo dyes, heavy metals, and pentachlorophenol.

Combatting synthetic dye toxicity through exploring the potential of lignin peroxidase from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP RL5.

Untreated release of toxic synthetic and colorful dyes is a serious threat to the environment. Every year, several thousand gallons of dyes are being disposed into the water resources without any sustainable detoxification. The accumulation of hazardous dyes in the environment poses a severe threat to the human health, flora, fauna, and microflora. Therefore, in the present study, a lignin peroxidase enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5 has been employed for the maximal detoxification of selected commercially used dyes. The enzyme production from the microorganism was enhanced ~ 20 folds using statistical optimization tool, response surface methodology. Four different combinations (pH, production time, seed age, and inoculum size) were found to be crucial for the higher production of LiP. The crude enzyme showed decolorization action on commonly used commercial dyes such as Crystal violet, Congo red, Malachite green, and Coomassie brilliant blue. Successful toxicity mitigation of these dyes culminated in the improved seed germination in three plant species, Vigna radiate (20-60%), Cicer arietinum (20-40%), and Phaseolus vulgaris (10-25%). The LiP treated dyes also exhibit reduced bactericidal effects against four common resident microbial species, Escherichia coli (2-10 mm), Bacillus sp. (4-8 mm), Pseudomonas sp. (2-8 mm), and Lactobacillus sp. (2-10 mm). Therefore, apart from the tremendous industrial applications, the LiP from Pseudomonas fluorescence LiP-RL5 could be a potential biocatalyst for the detoxification of synthetic dyes.

Enhanced Dye Adsorption on Cold Plasma-Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Comparative Study.

The oxidation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using cold plasma was investigated for their subsequent use as adsorbents for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. The properties of MWCNTs after plasma modification and their adsorption capacities were compared with pristine and chemically oxidized nanotubes. The modification process employed a reactor where plasma was generated through dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) powered by high-voltage nanosecond pulses. Various modification conditions were examined, such as processing time and pulse voltage amplitude. The degree of oxidation and the impact on the chemistry and structure of the nanotubes was investigated through various physicochemical and morphological characterization techniques (XPS, BET, TEM, etc.). Maximum oxidation (O/C = 0.09 from O/C = 0.02 for pristine MWCNTs) was achieved after 60 min of nanopulsed-DBD plasma treatment. Subsequently, the modified nanotubes were used as adsorbents for the removal of the dye methylene blue (MB) from water. The adsorption experiments examined the effects of contact time between the adsorbent and MB, as well as the initial dye concentration in water. The plasma-modified nanotubes exhibited high MB removal efficiency, with adsorption capacity proportional to the degree of oxidation. Notably, their adsorption capacity significantly increased compared to both pristine and chemically oxidized MWCNTs (~54% and ~9%, respectively). Finally, the kinetics and mechanism of the adsorption process were studied, with experimental data fitting well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. This study underscores the potential of plasma technology as a low-cost and environmentally friendly approach for material modification and water purification.

Design of silver-zinc-nickel spinel-ferrite mesoporous silica as a powerful and simply separable adsorbent for some textile dye removal.

Silver-zinc-nickel spinel ferrite was prepared by the co-precipitation procedure with the precise composition Ag0.1Zn0.4Ni0.5Fe2O4 for bolstering pollutant removal effectiveness while upholding magnetic properties and then coated with a mesoporous silica layer. The surface characteristics and composition of Ag0.1Zn0.4Ni0.5Fe2O4@mSiO2 were confirmed using EDX, FT-IR, VSM, XRD, TEM, SEM, and BET methods. The surface modification of Ag-Zn-Ni ferrite with a silica layer improves the texture properties, where the specific surface area and average pore size of the spinel ferrite rose to 180 m2/g and 3.15 nm, respectively. The prepared spinel ferrite@mSiO2 has been utilized as an efficient adsorbent for eliminating methyl green (MG) and indigo carmine (IC) as models of cationic and anionic dyes from wastewater, respectively. Studying pH, Pzc, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and temperature showed that efficient removal of MG was carried out in alkaline media (pH = 12), while the acid medium (pH = 2) was effective for IC removal. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics were found to be good fits for the adsorption data. Both dyes were adsorbed in a spontaneous, endothermic process. A possible mechanism for dye removal has been proposed. The adsorbent was effectively recovered and reused.

Efficient electrochemical advanced degradation of Red CL and Red WB dyes from the tanning industry using a boron-doped diamond anode.

Electrochemical oxidation (EO), electro-Fenton (EF), and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) with a BDD anode have been comparatively assessed to remediate solutions of Red CL and/or Red WB azo dyes from real raw water. For the EO process in 50 mM Na2SO4 at pH 3.0, the main oxidant was the heterogeneous •OH generated at the anode, whereas in EF and PEF, the cathodic production of H2O2 and the addition of 0.50 mM Fe2+ catalyst additionally originated homogeneous •OH that enhanced the oxidation of organics. In PEF, the solution was illuminated with a 6 W UVA light. An almost total discoloration was always found operating with a 1:1 mixture of 200 mg L-1 of both dyes in 60 min, whose efficiency increased in the order of EO < EF < PEF. The HPLC analysis of the dye mixture treated by PEF disclosed that its degradation process agreed with its discoloration. A high 74% of COD was reduced due to the oxidative action of hydroxyl radicals and the photolysis of final Fe(III)-carboxylate species with UVA irradiation. The process was accompanied by an energy consumption of 0.76 kWh (g COD)-1, a value similar to the energy consumed by the applied UVA light.

Lignin: A valuable and promising bio-based absorbent for dye removal applications.

The importance of environmental issues and the existence of humans have led to the recognition of environmental concerns as the main risk to modern life. Notably, one major concern for protecting and managing the environment and human health is the presence of dyes in wastewater. Therefore, before discharging wastewater into mainstream water, it is crucial to remove dyes. Among all lignocellulosic materials, lignin is a highly fragrant biopolymer. Its abundant availability, complex structure, and numerous functional moieties, including hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phenolic, are used in different chemicals and applications. Based on this, lignin is a very useful green material for adsorption, specifically in removing both heavy metals and organic pollutants from wastewater. This article describes the use of lignin-based adsorbents as a recent breakthrough in the removal of dye from aqueous solutions. On the other hand, the review intends to encourage readers to study both established and novel avenues in lignin-based dye removal materials.

Harnessing synergy: Polydopamine-hBN integration in electrospun nanofibers for Co (II) ion, methylene blue and crystal violet dyes adsorption.

In today's world, major pollutants, such as cationic dyes and heavy metals, pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. In this study, a novel adsorbent was created through the electrospinning of polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid (PVA/PAA), incorporated with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) coated with polydopamine (PDA). The integration of hBN and PDA substantially enhanced the adsorption capacity of the PVA/PAA fibers, making them highly effective in adsorbing cationic dyes such as methylene blue and crystal violet, as well as cobalt (II) ions, from contaminated water. The adsorbents were assessed to understand how their adsorption behavior varies with pH, as well as to examine their adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The results indicate that the PVA/PAA-hBN@PDA adsorbent has maximum adsorption capacities of 1029.57 mg/g, 793.65 mg/g, and 62.46 mg/g for methylene blue, crystal violet, and cobalt (II) ions, respectively. This underscores the superior performance of the PVA/PAA-hBN@PDA adsorbent when compared to both the PVA/PAA and PVA/PAA-hBN adsorbents. The adsorption kinetics adhered to a pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption, whereas the Langmuir model implied a monolayer adsorption. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the efficacy of harnessing the synergistic capabilities of hBN and PDA within the PVA/PAA-hBN@PDA adsorbents, providing an efficient and eco-friendly approach to removing cationic dyes and heavy metals from contaminated water, and thereby contributing to a cleaner and safer environment for all.

A review of history, properties, classification, applications and challenges of natural and synthetic dyes.

Natural dyes have been used for centuries for coloring textiles, food, and other materials. Synthetic dyes are particularly popular due to their ease of use, wide range of available colors, and fastness. However, their usage comes with significant environmental and health challenges. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in natural dyes due to their eco-friendliness, ready availability, affordability, non-toxicity, and sustainability. Hence, natural dyes are fast gaining popularity as better alternatives to synthetic dyes. Nature is blessed with a rich diversity of plant species with varying colors and properties which can be harnessed in textile, printing, cosmetics, and food industries. This paper presents a comprehensive review on natural and synthetic dyes with particular focus on their history, properties, classification, extraction methods, applications, and health challenges. Although many plants have been suggested as potential sources of natural dyes, there is insufficient information on their exploration and application. Additionally, chemical analyses of these dyes have not been extensively done. Overall, the results of studies conducted so far identified a number of promising taxa for further investigation as plant-based dyes with many indigenous plants as potential sources of natural dyes.

Bright and Fast Emission from Robust Supramolecular J-Aggregate Nanostructures through Silica-Encapsulation.

We introduce a two-step silica-encapsulation procedure to optimize both the optical efficiency and structural robustness of 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1'-diethyl-3,3'-di(4-sulfobutyl)-benzimidazolocarbocyanine (TDBC), a two-dimensional sheet-like J-aggregate. We report a fluorescence quantum yield of ∼98%, the highest quantum yield recorded for any J-aggregate structure at room temperature, and a fast, emissive lifetime of 234 ps. Silica, as an encapsulating matrix, provides optical transparency, chemical inertness, and robustness to dilution, while rigidifying the J-aggregate structure. Our in situ encapsulation process preserves the excitonic structure in TDBC J-aggregates, maintaining their light absorption and emission properties. The homogeneous silica coating has an average thickness of 0.5-1 nm around J-aggregate sheets. Silica encapsulation permits extensive dilutions of J-aggregates without significant disintegration into monomers. The narrow absorbance and emission line widths exhibit further narrowing upon cooling to 79 K, which is consistent with J-type coupling in the encapsulated aggregates. This silica TDBC J-aggregate construct signifies (1) a bright, fast, and robust fluorophore system, (2) a platform for further manipulation of J-aggregates as building blocks for integration with other optical materials and structures, and (3) a system for fundamental studies of exciton delocalization, transport, and emission dynamics within a rigid matrix.

Environmentally Benign Freeze-dried Biopolymer-Based Cryogels for Textile Wastewater Treatments: A review.

Motivated by sustainability and environmental protection, great efforts have been paid towards water purification and attaining complete decolorization and detoxification of polluted water effluent. Textile effluent, the main participant in water pollution, is a complicated mixture of toxic pollutants which seriously impact human health and the entire ecosystem. Developing effective materials for potential removal of the water contaminants is urgent. Recently, cryogels have been applied in wastewater sectors due to their unique physiochemical attributes(e.g. high surface area, lightweight, porosity, swelling-deswelling, and high permeability). These features robustly affected the cryogel's performance, as adsorbent material, particularly in wastewater sectors. This review serves as a detailed reference to the cryogels derived from biopolymers and applied as adsorbents for the purification of textile drainage. We displayed an overview of: the existing contaminants in textile effluents (dyes and heavy metals), their sources, and toxicity; advantages and disadvantages of the most common treatment techniques (biodegradation, advanced chemical oxidation, membrane filtration, coagulation/flocculation, adsorption). A simple background about cryogels (definition, cryogelation technique, significant features as adsorbents, and the adsorption mechanisms) is also discussed. Finally, the bio-based cryogels dependent on biopolymers such as chitosan, xanthan, cellulose, PVA, and PVP, are fully discussed with evaluating their maximum adsorption capacity.

Bio-inspired magnetic chitosan/Iron oxide macromolecules for multiple anionic dyes adsorption from aqueous media.

Organic anionic dyes are major water pollutants due to their low degradability caused by complex aromatic structures. Not only do they exert toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, tumorigenic, and genotoxic effects, but they also decrease fertility and cause irritation to the skin and respiratory system in humans. This long-term toxicity has detrimental effects on aquatic organisms and their surroundings, resulting in an imbalanced ecosystem. In this study, a Cs@Fe3O4 magnetic biosorbent was synthesised to uptake three anionic dyes and characterised for FTIR, BET/BJH, XRD, TGA, VSM, and FESEM analyses. The biosorbent average surface area was confirmed to be 52.6524 m2/g, with average pore sizes of 7.3606 nm and 6.9823 nm for adsorption-desorption processes, respectively. Batch adsorption studies pH values, contact times, temperature, initial dye concentrations, and adsorbent dosages were examined. Several isotherm and kinetic models were studied to determine the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption data of these dyes at equilibrium was observed to match Langmuir's isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process for these dyes was an exothermic reaction. Maximum adsorption capacities for congo red, methyl orange, and metanil yellow were 117.77 mg/g, 137.77 mg/g, and 155.57 mg/g, respectively. The reusability of recovered Cs@Fe3O4 after dye adsorption was evaluated up to five continuous adsorption-desorption cycles for its possible industrial applications.

Response of soil fungi to textile dye contamination.

This study examines the impact of textile dye contamination on the structure of soil fungal communities near a Shaoxing textile dye factory. We quantified the concentrations of various textile dyes, including anthraquinone azodye and phthalocyanine, which ranged from 20.20 to 140.62 mg kg^-1, 102.01-698.12 mg kg^-1, and 7.78-42.65 mg kg^-1, respectively, within a 1000 m radius of the factory. Our findings indicate that as dye concentration increases, the biodiversity of soil fungi, as measured by the Chao1 index, decreases significantly, highlighting the profound influence of dye contamination on fungal community structure. Additionally, microbial correlation network analysis revealed a reduction in fungal interactions correlating with increased dye concentrations. We also observed that textile dyes suppressed carbon and nitrogen metabolism in fungi while elevating the transcription levels of antioxidant-related genes. Enzymes such as lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), laccase (Lac), dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs), and versatile peroxidase (VP) were upregulated in contaminated soils, underscoring the critical role of fungi in dye degradation. These insights contribute to the foundational knowledge required for developing in situ bioremediation technologies for contaminated farmlands.

Green reduction of ZnO nanoparticles using cationic dialdehyde cellulose (cDAC) for efficient Congo red dye removal.

More sustainable materials have been becoming an important concern of worldwide scientists, and cellulosic materials are one alternative in water decontamination. An efficient strategy to improve removal capacity is functionalizing or incorporating nanomaterials in cellulose-based materials. The new hybrid cDAC/ZnONPs was produced by green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), promoting the in situ reduction and immobilization on the cationic dialdehyde cellulose microfibers (cDAC) surface to remove Congo red dye from water. cDAC/ZnONPs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which showed efficient nanoparticles reduction. Adsorption efficiency on cationic cellulose surface was investigated by pH, contact time, initial concentration, and dye selectivity tests. The material followed the H isotherm model, which resulted in a maximum adsorption capacity of 1091.16 mg/g. Herein, was developed an efficient and ecologically correct new adsorbent, highly effective in Congo red dye adsorption even at high concentrations, suitable for the remediation of contaminated industrial effluents.

Multifunctional bacterial cellulose-bentonite@polyethylenimine composite membranes for enhanced water treatment: Sustainable dyes and metal ions adsorption and antibacterial properties.

Developing multifunctional materials for water treatment remains a significant challenge. Bacterial cellulose (BC) holds immense potential as an adsorbent with high pollutant-binding capacity, hydrophilicity, and biosafety. In this study, N-acetylglucosamine was used as a carbon source to ferment BC, incorporating amide bonds in situ. Bentonite, renowned for its adsorption properties, was added to the culture medium, resulting in BC-bentonite composite membranes via a one-step fermentation process. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was crosslinked with amide bonds on the membrane via glutaraldehyde through Schiff base reactions to enhance the performance of the composite membrane. The obtained membrane exhibited increased hydrophilicity, enhanced active adsorption sites, and enlarged specific surface area. It not only physically adsorbed contaminants through its unique structure but also effectively captured dye molecules (Congo red, Methylene blue, Malachite green) via electrostatic interactions. Additionally, it formed stable complexes with metal ions (Cd²âº, Pb²âº, Cu²âº) through coordination and effectively adsorbed their mixtures. Moreover, the composite membrane demonstrated the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, effectively inhibiting the growth of tested bacteria. This study introduces an innovative method for fabricating composite membranes as adsorbents for complex water pollutants, showing significant potential for long-term wastewater treatment of organic dyes, heavy metal ions, and pathogens.

An Intramolecular Rotor-Bridged Dimeric Cyanine Photothermal Transducer for Efficient Near-Infrared II Fluorescence Imaging-Guided Mitochondria-Targeted Phototherapy.

Near-infrared (NIR) heptamethine cyanine (HCy) dyes are promising photothermal transducers for image-guided cancer treatment owing to their prominent photophysical properties and high photothermal conversion ability. However, HCy photothermal transducers usually have poor photostability due to degradation induced by the self-generated reactive oxygen species. Herein, a novel mitochondria-targeting dimeric HCy dye, named dimeric oBHCy, is rationally designed, exhibiting strong near-infrared II (NIR-II) fluorescence emission, high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), and excellent photostability. The large π-conjugation and drastic intramolecular motion of the diphenol rotor in the dimeric oBHCy enhance the nonradiative energy dissipation and suppress the intersystem crossing process, thereby achieving a high PCE (49.2%) and improved photostability. Impressively, dimeric oBHCy can precisely target mitochondria and induce mitochondrial damage upon NIR light irradiation. Under the guidance of in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging, efficient NIR light-activated photothermal therapy of 4T1 breast tumors is accomplished with a tumor inhibitory rate of 96% following a single injection of the dimeric oBHCy. This work offers an innovative strategy for designing cyanine photothermal transducers with integrated NIR-II fluorescence and photothermal properties for efficient cancer theranostics.

Dihydropyridopyrazine Functionalized Xanthene: Generating Stable NIR Dyes with Small-Molecular Weight by Enhanced Charge Separation.

Near-infrared region (NIR; 650-1700 nm) dyes offer many advantages over traditional dyes with absorption and emission in the visible region. However, developing new NIR dyes, especially organic dyes with long wavelengths, small molecular weight, and excellent stability and biocompatibility, is still quite challenging. Herein, we present a general method to enhance the absorption and emission wavelengths of traditional fluorophores by simply appending a charge separation structure, dihydropyridopyrazine. These novel NIR dyes not only exhibited greatly redshifted wavelengths compared to their parent dyes, but also displayed a small molecular weight increase together with retained stability and biocompatibility. Specifically, dye NIR-OX, a dihydropyridopyra-zine derivative of oxazine with a molecular mass of 386.2 Da, exhibited an absorption at 822 nm and an emission extending to 1200 nm, making it one of the smallest molecular-weight NIR-II emitting dyes. Thanks to its rapid metabolism and long wave-length, NIR-OX enabled high-contrast bioimaging and assessment of cholestatic liver injury in vivo and also facilitated the evalua-tion of the efficacy of liver protection medicines against cholestatic liver injury.

Design and preparation of a novel Mg-Al LDH@EDTA-Melamine nanocomposite for effective adsorptive removal of methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes from water.

This paper deals with the preparation of a novel nanocomposite consisted of magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al LDH) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as well as melamine (MA) as an adsorbent. This nanocomposite was utilized to adsorb different dyes such as rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) from water. The prepared adsorbent was characterized using FT-IR, EDS, XRD, TGA, and FE-SEM analyses. The effects of various parameters such as concentration, time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and pH were tested to investigate their influence on adsorption conditions. Both methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes showed pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics, and their adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm. Moreover, the maximum adsorption capacities for methylene blue and rhodamine B were found to be 1111.103 mg/g at 45 °C and 232.558 mg/g at 60 °C, respectively. Additionally, the adsorption processes were found to be spontaneous (ΔG°< 0, for both dyes) and exothermic (ΔH° = -12.42 kJ/mol for methylene blue and ΔH° = -25.84 kJ/mol for rhodamine B) for both dyes. Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic forces are responsible for the interactions occur between the nanocomposite and the functional groups in the dyes. The experimental findings demonstrated a greater adsorption rate of MB than RhB, suggesting the adsorbent's stronger affinity for MB. This preference is likely due to MB's size, specific functional groups, and smaller molecule size, enabling stronger interactions and more efficient access to adsorption sites compared to RhB. Even after recycling 4 times, the dye adsorption percentages of the adsorbent for MB and RhB dyes were 90 % and 87 %, but the desorption percentages of the adsorbate dyes were 85 % and 80 %, respectively. The prepared adsorbent boasts several unique properties, such as the swift and effortless adsorption of MB and RhB dyes, straightforward synthesis, mild adsorption conditions, remarkable efficiency, and the ability to be recycled up to 4 times without a significant decrease in activity.