Factores dinámicos asociados a la reincidencia de menores infractores en España y Portugal: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Dynamic factors associated with recidivism among juvenile offendersin Spain and Portugal: systematic review and meta-analysis / Fatores dinâmicos associadosà reincidência entre delinquentes juvenis na Espanha e em Portugal: revisão sistemática e meta-nálise

El presente artículo analiza la evidencia empírica que aportan los estudios sobre la influencia de los factores dinámicos asociados a la reincidencia criminal de menores infractores dentro del contexto español y portugués. La búsqueda de los términos Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors * se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo y ProQuest. Aplicados los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, de un total de 105 653 artículos, se seleccionaron 20 para análisis cualitativo y 3 para incluir en el metaanálisis. El estudio permite concluir que los factores dinámicos con mayor capacidad de predicción son la educación, la relación con el grupo de pares, el tiempo de ocio, la familia y el consumo de SPA.

This article analyses the empirical evidence provided by studies on the influence of dynamic factors associated with the criminal recidivism of juvenile offenders in the Spanish and Portuguese context. The search for the terms Juvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR Risk factors* was carried out in the databases Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of science, Dialnet, Scielo and ProQuest. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of a total of 105 653 articles, 20 were selected for qualitative analysis and 3 for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The study allows us to conclude that the dynamic factors with the greatest predictive capacity are education, relationship with peer group, leisure time, family and PAS consumption.

Este artigo analisa as evidências empíricas fornecidas por estudos sobre a influência de fatores dinâmicos associados à reincidência de crimes de menores nos contextos espanhol e português. A busca pelos termosjuvenile delinquency* OR juvenile offenders* AND recidivism* OR risk factors* foi realizada nos bancos de dados Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Dialnet, SciELO e ProQuest. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, de 105.653 artigos, 20 foram selecionados para a análise qualitativa e 3 para a inclusão na meta-nálise. O estudo nos permite concluir que os fatores dinâmicos com maior capacidade preditiva são educação, relacionamento com o grupo de pares, tempo de lazer, família e consumo de PAS.

Fundamentals of Monitoring Condensation and Frost/Ice Formation in Cold Environments Using Thin-Film Surface-Acoustic-Wave Technology.

Moisture condensation, fogging, and frost or ice formation on structural surfaces cause severe hazards in many industrial components such as aircraft wings, electric power lines, and wind-turbine blades. Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) technology, which is based on generating and monitoring acoustic waves propagating along structural surfaces, is one of the most promising techniques for monitoring, predicting, and also eliminating these hazards occurring on these surfaces in a cold environment. Monitoring condensation and frost/ice formation using SAW devices is challenging in practical scenarios including sleet, snow, cold rain, strong wind, and low pressure, and such a detection in various ambient conditions can be complex and requires consideration of various key influencing factors. Herein, the influences of various individual factors such as temperature, humidity, and water vapor pressure, as well as combined or multienvironmental dynamic factors, are investigated, all of which lead to either adsorption of water molecules, condensation, and/or frost/ice in a cold environment on the SAW devices. The influences of these parameters on the frequency shifts of the resonant SAW devices are systematically analyzed. Complemented with experimental studies and data from the literature, relationships among the frequency shifts and changes of temperature and other key factors influencing the dynamic phase transitions of water vapor on SAW devices are investigated to provide important guidance for icing detection and monitoring.

Analysis of Dynamic Factors and Spinal Sagittal Alignment in Patients with Thoracic Spondylotic Myelopathy.

Introduction: Although thoracic spondylotic myelopathy (TSM) without ossification or disc disorder has been associated with some dynamic factors in the thoracolumbar area, a detailed investigation is yet to be published. Thus, in this study, we investigated the segmental motion and sagittal alignment of the thoracolumbar area in patients with and without TSM. Methods: Patients with TSM who were treated from 2013 to 2020 were enrolled in this study. The non-TSM group consisted of sex- and age-matched patients with spinal disorders other than TSM. Segmental mobility from T10-L2 during passive maximum flexion and extension following myelography and the sagittal cobb angles of T10-L1 and L1-L5 in the standing position were measured using multidetector computed tomography (CT). The mobility of each segment was set as the difference in the angles between the two positions. Results: In total, 10 patients (8 males and 2 females, mean age 65.8 years) with TSM and 20 without TSM were enrolled. The most stenotic level was observed at T10-T11 in four cases and T11-T12 in six. The average mobility at this segment in the TSM group (5.8°) was significantly greater than that in the non-TSM group (2.1°) (p<0.001). In the TSM group, the cobb angles of T10-L1 and L1-L5 were 2.3° and 17.4° of lordosis, respectively, which differed significantly from those in the non-TSM group, which were 8° of kyphosis and 32.2° of lordosis, respectively (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Compared with those without TSM, patients with TSM were found to have greater segmental mobility at the most stenotic level, thoracolumbar lordosis, and decreased lumbar lordosis.

The Influence of Static Factors on Seating Comfort of Motorcycles: An Initial Investigation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study is to examine the influence of static factors on overall seating comfort in motorcycles and validate the use of static lab-based setups for evaluating seating comfort in motorcycles. BACKGROUND: Seating comfort in automobiles has two factors, static and dynamic. Research on seating comfort of passenger cars has shown that when the magnitude of vibration reaching the seat is low, comfort is largely determined by static factors. Studies have also validated the use of static lab-based setups for research on seating comfort in passenger cars. Static lab-based setups are easy to develop, provide a controlled environment, and efficient for experimental research. The riding posture, mass distribution, and dynamics of a motorcycle differ from a passenger car and warrant further investigation to extend the results from the research on passenger cars. METHOD: The study compares subjective rating of seating comfort and objective measurement of seat interface pressure in two test conditions: a static lab-based setup and actual driving on a flat test track where the magnitude of vibration reaching the seat is low. The vibration at the seat is measured for the driving trial. A group of 18 male volunteers from TVS Motor Company participated in the study, and two motorcycles from the economy/executive segment of India are used in the study. The subjective ratings are analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's correlation. The vibration data are analyzed as per ISO 2631-1 to calculate the frequency-weighted acceleration, aw. RESULTS: The results show that there is no significant difference between the two test conditions either in the objective measurements or in the subjective rating of comfort. There is also a statistically significant correlation between the subjective ratings of seating comfort in static lab-based setup and actual riding (r = .77, p < .01, n = 36). The mean aw at the seat while driving in the test track used in this study is 0.2 m/s2. CONCLUSION: Static factors have a significant influence on seating comfort in motorcycles. When the vibration reaching the seat is low (aw ≤ 0.2 m/s2), seating comfort is largely determined by the static factors. The use of static lab-based setups for evaluating static factors of seating comfort in motorcycles is validated. APPLICATION: The results of this study enable further research to understand the human criterion for seating comfort in motorcycles using static lab-based setups which are easier to develop and provide controlled environment that is essential for any research.

Assessing Protective Factors for Adolescent Offending: A Conceptually Informed Examination of the SAVRY and YLS/CMI.

Although the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) and the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) are among the most widely used adolescent risk assessment tools, they conceptualize and measure strengths differently. As such, in this study, we compared the predictive validity of SAVRY Protective Total and YLS/CMI Strength Total, and tested conceptual models of how these measures operate (i.e., risk vs. protective effects, direct vs. buffering effects, causal models). Research assistants conducted 624 risk assessments with 156 youth on probation. They rated protective factors at baseline, and again at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up periods. The SAVRY Protective Total and YLS/CMI Strength Total inversely predicted any charges in the subsequent 2 years (area under the curve scores = 0.61 and 0.60, respectively, p < .05). Furthermore, when adolescents' protective total scores increased, their self-reported violence decreased, thus providing evidence that these factors might play a causally relevant role in reducing violence. However, protective factors did not provide incremental validity over risk factors. In addition, because these measures are brief and use a dichotomous rating system, they primarily captured deficits in protective factors (i.e., low scores). This suggests a need for more comprehensive measures.

Using the method of dynamic factors for assessing the transfer of chemical elements from soil to plants from various perspectives.

Environmental, biological, and ecosystem-specific properties may influence the transfer of chemical elements (CEs) from soils to plants, including the variation in the chemical elements' concentration, their types, and physiological parameters, such as biotransformation ability in the plants. The interface between the soil and a plant, or the concentration of a particular chemical element in a plant with respect to its concentration in the soil, is the basis for a widely used biological absorption coefficient, also known as the transfer factor, bioaccumulation factor, mobility ratio, or plant-soil coefficient, which is expressed in terms of the chemical element's concentration in the plant and soil. However, from the biogeochemical perspective, these coefficients/factors can provide a comparison of the chemical element (CE) concentration in different media (plants and soil), but only in a particular place (under typical environmental conditions) and at a particular time. However, factors that highlight the variation in the processes, rather than the variation in the chemical element quantity under the conditions of the environmental variation, are required. The second-level or dynamic factors can be used for this purpose. A quantitative method, using the dynamic factors of bioaccumulation, biophilicity, translocation, bioavailability, and phytoremediation, is offered to assess the variation in the process of the uptake of chemical elements by different plants, to evaluate the influence of soil modification on their participation in the plants' metabolism and to perform quantitative evaluation of phytoremediation efficiency over a particular period of time. The use of dynamic factors for describing the chemical elements' uptake by plants in various cases, representing aerogenic and edaphic chemical elements' transfer, is discussed.

Surgical outcomes after laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: A focus on the dynamic factors and signal intensity changes in the intramedullary spinal cord on MRI.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to analyze the relationship between the dynamic factors and signal intensity changes in the intramedullary spinal cord on MRI, and surgical outcomes, following double-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 100 consecutive patients who underwent double-door laminoplasty for CSM. The following factors were analyzed: JOA score recovery rate, age, duration from onset to surgery, intraoperative bleeding, signal intensity changes in the intramedullary spinal cord on MRI, pre and postoperative C2-7 lordotic angle (LA), changes in C2-7 LA, pre and postoperative C2-7 range of motion (ROM), and pre and postoperative segmental ROM. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was also used for the assessment of complications. RESULTS: Age, CCI, preoperative segmental ROM, and pre and postoperative MRI grade significantly correlated with JOA score recovery rate (P<0.01), whereas number of expanded laminae, duration from onset to surgery, surgery time, intraoperative bleeding, preoperative and postoperative C2-7 LA, change in C2-7 LA, and preoperative C2-7 ROM did not. Multivariate analysis showed that the preoperative segmental ROM (OR=-0.988, P=0.017) and preoperative MRI grade (OR=-7.170, P=0.042) were significantly associated with JOA score recovery rate. CONCLUSION: Considering the dynamic factors, there was no correlation with C2-7 ROM and surgical outcome, but preoperative segmental ROM and a change in signal intensity of the intramedullary spinal cord on MRI were negatively correlated with surgical outcome. From these results, we suggest that preoperative segmental ROM is possibly associated with spinal cord damage due to repeated minor trauma and affects surgical outcome of laminoplasty.

Changes in J-SOAP-II and SAVRY Scores Over the Course of Residential, Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Adolescent Sexual Offending.

Although the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II (J-SOAP-II) and the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) include an emphasis on dynamic, or modifiable factors, there has been little research on dynamic changes on these tools. To help address this gap, we compared admission and discharge scores of 163 adolescents who attended a residential, cognitive-behavioral treatment program for sexual offending. Based on reliable change indices, one half of youth showed a reliable decrease on the J-SOAP-II Dynamic Risk Total Score and one third of youth showed a reliable decrease on the SAVRY Dynamic Risk Total Score. Contrary to expectations, decreases in risk factors and increases in protective factors did not predict reduced sexual, violent nonsexual, or any reoffending. In addition, no associations were found between scores on the Psychopathy Checklist:Youth Version and levels of change. Overall, the J-SOAP-II and the SAVRY hold promise in measuring change, but further research is needed.

Cognitive predictors of violent incidents in forensic psychiatric inpatients.

This study tested the predictive value of attentional bias, emotion recognition, automatic associations, and response inhibition, in the assessment of in-clinic violent incidents. Sixty-nine male forensic patients participated and completed an Emotional Stroop to measure attentional bias for threat and aggression, a Single Target - Implicit Association Task to assess automatic associations, a Graded Emotional Recognition Task to measure emotion recognition, and an Affective Go/NoGo to measure response inhibition. Violent incidents were derived from patient files and scored on severity level. The predictive value of level of psychopathy was tested with the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R). Generalized linear mixed model analyses showed that increased attention towards threat and aggression, difficulty recognizing sad faces and factor 2 of the PCL-R predicted the sum of violent incidents. Specifically, verbal aggression was predicted by increased attention towards threat and aggression, difficulty to recognize sad and happy faces, and PCL-R factor 2; physical aggression by decreased response inhibition, higher PCL-R factor 2 and lower PCL-R factor 1 scores; and aggression against property by difficulty recognizing angry faces. Findings indicate that cognitive tasks could be valuable in predicting aggression, thereby extending current knowledge on dynamic factors predicting aggressive behavior in forensic patients.

Occupational-related back pain among Jordanian nurses: A descriptive study.

Back pain is the leading cause of disability, decreased physical performance at work and absenteeism. Activities leading to the occurrence of back pain include patient transfer and long standing hours. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and determine the activities responsible for the presence of back pain among Jordanian nurses. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of nurses from governmental hospitals in Jordan. A self-report questionnaire was developed by Stubbs et al. and Harber et al. A descriptive method using mean, standard deviations and percentages was used, in addition to chi-square tests. Baseline findings indicated that more than three-quarters of the nurses studied suffered back pain during their work. Among nurses with back pain, about a fifth of them reported it to administration. The highest percentage of back pain was among critical care nurses. Further, the static factors contributed less commonly to back pain compared with the dynamic factors. Nearly half the participants with back pain reported taking days off more frequently. Jordanian nurses demonstrated one of the highest frequencies of back pain compared with other studies. Focus should be placed on education programmes about the appropriate body mechanics.

Protective factors in male adolescents with a history of sexual and/or violent offending: a comparison between three subgroups.

This study aimed to examine the presence and impact of dynamic protective factors for delinquency in male adolescents with a history of sexual and/or violent offending. Bipolar factors (factors with risk and protective factors being the ends of the same continuum) were examined in male adolescents with a history of sexual offenses against younger children (CSOs; n = 341), a history of sexual offenses against peers and/or adult victims (PSOs; n = 207), and a history of nonsexual violent offenses (VOs; n = 1,356). We conducted secondary analyses on data collected with the Washington State Juvenile Court Assessment and on general recidivism data. ANOVA, correlations, Fisher's z tests, and logistic regression analyses were applied. Results showed that, in VOs, the number of risk factors was greater than the number of protective factors, whereas in PSOs, and especially CSOs, the number of protective factors was greater than the number of risk factors. Protective factors appeared to be especially important for juveniles with a history of sexual offenses for two reasons. First, the impact of most protective factors on recidivism was larger among juveniles with a history of sexual offenses than among those with a history of violent offenses. Second, protective factors added to the predictive accuracy over and above risk factors in juveniles with a history of sexual offenses, but not in those with a history of violent offenses.

The impact of dynamic factors on surgical outcomes after double-door laminoplasty for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine.

OBJECT: Laminoplasty is the preferred operation for most patients with cervical myelopathy due to multilevel ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Recent studies have demonstrated several significant risk factors for poor clinical outcomes after laminoplasty, including older age, lower preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, postoperative change in cervical alignment, cervical kyphosis, and high occupying ratio of the OPLL (that is, the ratio of the greatest anteroposterior thickness of the OPLL to the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal at the same level on a lateral image). However, the impact of dynamic factors on clinical outcomes is unclear. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of dynamic factors on the clinical outcome after laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy due to OPLL. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients who underwent laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy due to OPLL between 2003 and 2009 was retrospectively reviewed. The indication for laminoplasty at the authors' hospital included preoperative straight or lordotic alignment of the cervical spine and an occupying ratio of OPLL less than 60%. The JOA score and recovery rate were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. A poor clinical outcome was defined as a recovery rate of less than 50%. Patient factors examined along with outcome included age, preoperative JOA score, preoperative somatosensory evoked potentials, preoperative motor evoked potentials, body mass index, and presence of high intensity on MRI. Radiographic measures included the preoperative C2-7 lordotic angle, preoperative C2-7 range of motion (ROM), preoperative segmental ROM at the level of myelopathy, and the occupying ratio of OPLL. RESULTS: There were 45 patients (33 males and 12 females). The mean follow-up period was 4 years (range 2-6.8 years). The mean patient age was 66.9 years (range 50-85 years). The mean JOA score significantly increased from 9.1 before surgery to 13.1 at the final follow-up. The mean recovery rate was 51.2%. Nineteen patients (42%) had a recovery rate of less than 50%. Patient factors were not associated with surgical outcomes. Only the preoperative C2-7 ROM was significantly greater in the poor surgical outcome group (23.1° vs 14.1°). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the optimal preoperative C2-7 ROM cutoff was 20°. Logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with a preoperative C2-7 ROM of greater than 20° had a 4.6 times higher risk (p = 0.021) of a poor clinical outcome, indicating that dynamic factors may have an impact on the surgical outcome of laminoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: Fusion surgery may be a useful strategy in patients with preoperative hypermobility of the cervical spine.

The Static-99R: are there really differences between the normative groups?

A sample of 348 high-risk sexual offenders was divided into two groups based on the level of preselection (detained, n = 211, and nondetained, n = 137) and the groups were compared on a number of measures which were related to dynamic risk. The hypothesis was that the detained group would score as being higher need on these instruments than the nondetained group. This hypothesis was supported with the detained group reporting greater levels of hostility, cognitive distortions supportive of offending, sexual obsessions, and sexually deviant behaviours. They also scored as being less assertive and as having a more extensive psychiatric history. These findings were interpreted as being supportive of the assertion that the new Static-99R normative groups are related to preselection based on the differences on dynamic factors.

Effects of dynamic ventilatory factors on ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome dogs.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical ventilation is a double-edged sword to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including lung injury, and systemic inflammatory response high tidal volumes are thought to increase mortality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of dynamic ventilatory factors on ventilator induced lung injury in a dog model of ARDS induced by hydrochloric acid instillation under volume controlled ventilation and to investigate the relationship between the dynamic factors and ventilator-induced lung injuries (VILI) and to explore its potential mechanisms. METHODS: Thirty-six healthy dogs were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Subjects in the experimental group were then further divided into four groups by different inspiratory stages of flow. Two mL of alveolar fluid was aspirated for detection of IL-8 and TNF-α. Lung tissue specimens were also extracted for total RNA, IL-8 by western blot and observed under an electronic microscope. RESULTS: IL-8 protein expression was significantly higher in group B than in groups A and D. Although the IL-8 protein expression was decreased in group C compared with group B, the difference was not statistically significant. The TNF-α ray degree of group B was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.01), especially in group C (P>0.05). The alveolar volume of subjects in group B was significantly smaller, and cavity infiltration and cell autolysis were marked with a significant thicker alveolar septa, disorder of interval structures, and blurring of collagenous and elastic fiber structures. A large number of necrotic debris tissue was observed in group B. CONCLUSION: Mechanical ventilation with a large tidal volume, a high inspiratory flow and a high ventilation frequency can cause significant damage to lung tissue structure. It can significantly increase the expression of TNF-α and IL-8 as well as their mRNA expression. Furthermore, the results of our study showed that small tidal ventilation significantly reduces the release of pro-inflammatory media. This finding suggests that greater deterioration in lung injury during ARDS is associated with high inspiratory flow and high ventilation rate.

Effects of dynamic ventilatory factors on ventilator-induced lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome dogs / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND: Mechanical ventilation is a double-edged sword to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including lung injury, and systemic inflammatory response high tidal volumes are thought to increase mortality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of dynamic ventilatory factors on ventilator induced lung injury in a dog model of ARDS induced by hydrochloric acid instillation under volume controlled ventilation and to investigate the relationship between the dynamic factors and ventilator-induced lung injuries (VILI) and to explore its potential mechanisms. METHODS: Thirty-six healthy dogs were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Subjects in the experimental group were then further divided into four groups by different inspiratory stages of flow. Two mL of alveolar fluid was aspirated for detection of IL-8 and TNF-α. Lung tissue specimens were also extracted for total RNA, IL-8 by western blot and observed under an electronic microscope. RESULTS: IL-8 protein expression was significantly higher in group B than in groups A and D. Although the IL-8 protein expression was decreased in group C compared with group B, the difference was not statistically significant. The TNF-α ray degree of group B was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.01), especially in group C (P>0.05). The alveolar volume of subjects in group B was significantly smaller, and cavity infiltration and cell autolysis were marked with a significant thicker alveolar septa, disorder of interval structures, and blurring of collagenous and elastic fiber structures. A large number of necrotic debris tissue was observed in group B. CONCLUSION: Mechanical ventilation with a large tidal volume, a high inspiratory flow and a high ventilation frequency can cause significant damage to lung tissue structure. It can significantly increase the expression of TNF-α and IL-8 as well as their mRNA expression. Furthermore, the results of our study showed that small tidal ventilation significantly reduces the release of pro-inflammatory media. This finding suggests that greater deterioration in lung injury during ARDS is associated with high inspiratory flow and high ventilation rate.

Estudio de imágenes de articulación patelofemoral: ¿en qué estamos?: [revisión] / Imaging studies of the patellofemoral joint: current reality: [review]

La disfunción patelofemoral (DPF) es causa frecuente de consulta clínica y se refiere, a grandes rasgos, a una patología en la cual la patela falla en la correcta entrada en la tróclea. Es un tema en el que la terminología suele ser ambigua y confusa, debido entre otras cosas a la discrepancia entre la clínica y la imaginología. Además, la etiología de la DPF es multifactorial, incluyendo factores anatómicos locales, rotacionales y dinámicos, no existiendo tampoco claridad acerca de su real influencia. Desde el punto de vista imaginológico, existen innumerables publicaciones, con diferentes clasificaciones y mediciones descritas para las distintas técnicas, sin embargo, no hay un consenso amplio en relación a cuáles son las alteraciones anatómicas o los valores normales que el reporte imaginológico debiera incluir. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura existente y se propone para los pacientes con DPF, un estudio radiológico que considera los factores etiológicos anatómicos y un estudio tomográfico de segunda línea, que incluye estudio rotacional de extremidades inferiores, sistematizando las mediciones y puntos relevantes en una plantilla de informe.

Patellofemoral dysfunction (PFD) is a common cause for medical consultation and in a broad sense it refers to a condition in which the patella fails to engage securely in the trochlear groove. This is a topic in which terminology is often ambiguous and confusing due, inter alia, to the discrepancy between symptomatology, imaging findings and physical examination. In addition, PFD has a multifactorial etiology that includes local anatomical, rotational and dynamic factors, with no certainty about its real influence. From the imaging point of view, there are countless publications proposing different classifications and measurements obtained trough different imaging techniques; however, there is no consensus regarding what are the anatomical alterations or the normal values that imaging reports should include. A review of the existing literature is performed and we propose that patients with PFD should undergo both a radiological study comprising etiologic and anatomic factors and a second-line tomographic exploration including lower extremity rotational profiles. From the radiological and clinical viewpoints, relevant issues to be considered as well as assessments performed should be systematized and recorded in a report sheet.

Effects of inflammatory mediators and mechanism of dynamic factors on lung injury in a dog model of a-cute respiratory distress syndrome / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect on inflammatory mediators and mechanism of dynamic factors on lung injury in a dog model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Method The ARDS dog model was duplicated by instillation hydrochloric acid. The dogs were randomly (random number) divided into six groups: (1) normal control group (N group); (2) ARDS group (M group); (3) low VT (6 mL/kg) at respiratory rate 30, low inspiratory flow 6 mL/(kg·s). (4) large VT (20 mL/kg) at respiratory rate 30, high inspiratory flow 20 mL/kg·s.(5) large VT (20 mL/kg) at respiratory rate 15, high inspiratory flow 17 mL/(kg·s). (6) large VT (20 mL/kg) at respiratory rate 15, low inspiratory flow 10 mL/(kg·s). All the dogs were killed after 4 h ventilation. TNF-α、IL-8, p38 MAPK and NF-κB activity in the lung were measured. Results The expression of IL-8 protein in B and C groups was much higher than that of other groups ( P < 0.01) . There was no significant difference among M, A and D groups (P > 0.05). The gray scale ratio of B group was obviously higher than that of other groups (P < 0.01), except C group (P > 0.05). There was no significant changes among M, A and D groups in TNF-α protein contents. p38 MAPK value of positive staining of B group was the strongest, significantlyhigher than that of D group ( P < 0.01) .The expression of p38 MAPK in B and C groups was much higher than other groups (P <0.01). NF-κB activity in B group (33.56±2.85%) was significantly higher than that in A (10.35±0.6%)、D(7. 11 ± 0.47%)group, but there was no difference between B and C group (30.87 ± 1.16%). Conclusions Ventilation at high tidal volume, high inspiratory flow rate, high respiratory rate could activate p38 MAPK and increase the activity of NF-κB with the result of aggravating the release of inflammatory mediators. p38 MAPK and NF-κB activation are the major mechanisms in the development of VILI.