Improving perioperative care in low-resource settings with goal-directed therapy: a narrative review.

Perioperative Goal-Directed Therapy (PGDT) has significantly showed to decrease complications and risk of death in high-risk patients according to numerous meta-analyses. The main goal of PGDT is to individualize the therapy with fluids, inotropes, and vasopressors, during and after surgery, according to patients' needs in order to prevent organic dysfunction development. In this opinion paper we aimed to focus a discussion on possible alternatives to invasive hemodynamic monitoring in low resource settings.

Improving perioperative care in low-resource settings with goal-directed therapy: a narrative review

Abstract Perioperative Goal-Directed Therapy (PGDT) has significantly showed to decrease complications and risk of death in high-risk patients according to numerous meta-analyses. The main goal of PGDT is to individualize the therapy with fluids, inotropes, and vasopressors, during and after surgery, according to patients' needs in order to prevent organic dysfunction development. In this opinion paper we aimed to focus a discussion on possible alternatives to invasive hemodynamic monitoring in low resource settings.

Efetividade de um plano de metas fisioterapêuticas em pacientes internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva: uma análise retrospectiva vs. prospectiva / Effectiveness of a plan of physiotherapy goals in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit: a retrospective analysis vs. prospective

Introdução: A fisioterapia na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) apresenta como objetivo utilizar estratégias de mobilização precoce a fim de reduzir o impacto da fraqueza muscular adquirida na UTI. Logo, este estudo apresenta como objetivo avaliar a efetividade de um plano de metas fisioterapêuticas para pacientes internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo e prospectivo comparativo realizado em uma UTI de um hospital público de Porto Alegre. Foram incluídos pacientes internados entre os meses de janeiro e junho de 2019, maiores de 18 anos e que tiveram alta da UTI. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de informações e relatório que constam no prontuário eletrônico utilizado na Instituição. Foi analisado o desfecho das metas estabelecidas na admissão para sentar fora do leito e deambular.Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo masculino (57,5%). A média de idade foi de 60,52 ± 17,64 anos. A maioria das metas estabelecidas, tanto para sentar fora do leito como para deambular, foram atingidas (89% e 86,9%, respectivamente). Houve correlação significativa entre o alcance de meta para deambulação e ganho de força muscular pelo escore MRC (p = 0,041) e ganho de força muscular quando comparada admissão e alta da UTI (p = 0,004).Conclusão: Este estudo observou que estabelecer metas para sentar fora do leito e deambular para pacientes internados em UTI é efetivo.

Introduction: Physiotherapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) aims to use early mobilization strategies in order to reduce the impact of muscle acquired weakness in the ICU. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a physiotherapeutic goal plan for patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit. Methods: Retrospective and comparative prospective cohort study carried out in an ICU of a public hospital in Porto Alegre. Patients hospitalized between January and June 2019, over 18 years old and discharged from the ICU were included. Data collection was carried out through information and report contained in the electronic medical record used in the Institution. The outcome of goals established at admission for sitting out of bed and walking was analyzed. Results: Most patients were male (57.5%). The mean age was 63.2 ± 16.2 years. Most established goals, both for sitting out of bed and walking, were achieved (89% and 86.9%, respectively). There was a significant correlation between reaching the ambulation goal and muscle strength gain by the MRC score (p= 0.041) and muscle strength gain when comparing admission and discharge from the ICU (p = 0.004). Conclusion: This study observed that establishing goals for sitting out of bed and walking for ICU patients is effective.

Resuscitation Strategies in Early Septic Shock: A Survey of Puerto Rico Intensive Care Physicians.

OBJECTIVE: Severe sepsis and Septic Shock may progress in the first hours after presentation and has been associated with an increased mortality. Prompt recognition and treatment of early septic shock (ESS) may improve survival. The purpose of our study was to describe the monitoring and management strategies of ESS, within Intensive Care Units (ICU) in Puerto Rico (PR). METHODS: In order to achieve our objective, a self-administered survey, previously validated by the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, was administered to 25 physicians during a Critical Care Medicine (CCM) Meeting. Questions about usual monitoring and resuscitation end-points were administered. RESULTS: Most of the participants were affiliated to community hospitals (84%) and 92% were pulmonary or CCM specialists, with more than 15 years of working experience (80%). Monitoring devices and parameters mostly used by at least 85% of the respondents were: Oxygen Saturation, Foley catheters, Telemetry, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Urinary Output. Intra-arterial lines and Central Venous Pressure were less used. Most use normal saline (96%), as the initial fluid of resuscitation. Only 24% would use inotropes to improve perfusion. CONCLUSION: Significant variability exists in the management of ESS among physicians in the ICU in PR. Compared to other studies, fewer physicians in PR use invasive monitoring techniques. These results highlight the need for quality education and training in CCM as well as continuing education in the field.

Could a protocol based on early goal-directed therapy improve outcomes in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit setting?

CONTEXT: Sepsis is a disease with high incidence and mortality. Among the interventions of the resuscitation bundle, the early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) is recommended. AIMS: The aim was to evaluate outcomes in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock using EGDT in real life compared with patients who did not undergo it in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) setting. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: retrospective and observational cohort study at tertiary hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All the patients admitted to ICU were screened for severe sepsis or septic shock and included in a registry and followed. The patients were allocated in two groups according to submission or not to EGDT. RESULTS: A total of 268 adult patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were included. EGDT was employed in 97/268 patients. The general mortality was higher in no early goal-directed therapy (no-EGDT) then in EGDT groups (49.7% vs. 37.1% [P = 0.04] in hospital and 40.4% vs. 29.9% [P = 0.08] in the ICU, respectively. The general length of stay [LOS] in the no-EGDT and EGDT groups was 45.0 ± 59.8 vs. 29.1 ± 30.1 days [P = 0.002] in hospital and 17.4 ± 19.4 vs. 9.1 ± 9.8 days [P < 0.001] in the ICU, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows reduced mortality and LOS in patients submitted to EGDT in the ICU setting. A simplified EGDT without central venous oxygen saturation is an important tool for sepsis management.

El tiempo de llene capilar prolongado es predictor de una saturación venosa central de oxígeno disminuida / A prolonged capillary refill is predictor of low central venous oxygen saturation

Introduction: Educational programs in pediatric life support endorse a capillary refill time > 2 s as an indicator of shock. In the emergency room, a barrier to the implementation of an early goal directed therapy, aiming at central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) ≥ 70% is the insertion of central venous catheter (CVC). Objective: To establish the predictive value of capillary refill time > 2 s to detect ScvO2 < 70% in children admitted to Intensive Care Units. Patients and Method: Prospective study. We included 48 children admitted in the first 24 hours in ICU with superior vena cava CVC. Simultaneously, we measured ScvO2 and capillary refill time in the heel of upper extremity or toe. Results: There were 75 paired measurements ScvO2 (75,9 ± 8,4%) and capillary refill capillary (1,9 ± 1,0 s). We found an inverse correlation between capillary refill time and ScvO2 (r - 0,58 ). The ROC curve analysis revealed an excellent ability for the capillary fill time > 2 s to predict ScvO2 < 70% (AUC 0,94) (95% CI 0,87-0,98). Conclusions: A prolonged capillary refill time > 2 s, is a predictor of ScvO2 < 70% in children admitted to ICU, which supports the current recommendations. This finding may be relevant in emergency units where the use of CVC is limited and ScvO2 is not available.

Introducción: Programas educativos de reanimación pediátrica establecen que un tiempo de llene capilar > 2 s es un indicador de shock. En unidades de emergencia, una barrera para la implementación de una reanimación precoz guiada por metas, teniendo como objetivo una saturación venosa central de oxígeno (ScvO2) ≥ 70%, es la inserción de un catéter venoso central (CVC). Objetivo: Determinar el valor predictivo de un tiempo de llene capilar > 2 s en la detección de ScvO2 < 70% en niños ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Pacientes y Método: Estudio prospectivo. Se incluyeron 48 niños ingresados en las primeras 24 h en UCI con CVC en la vena cava superior. De manera simultánea se determinaron ScvO2 y tiempo de llene capilar en talón o dedo de extremidad superior. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 75 mediciones pareadas de ScvO2 (75,9 ± 8,4%) y llene capilar (1,9 ± 1,0 s), observándose una correlación inversa entre llene capilar y ScvO2 (r = -0,58). El análisis de la curva ROC reveló una excelente capacidad del tiempo de llene capilar > 2 s para predecir una ScvO2 < 70% (AUC = 0,94, IC 95% = 0,87-0,98). Conclusiones: La prolongación del tiempo de llene capilar > 2 s es predictor de ScvO2 < 70% en niños críticamente enfermos. Este hallazgo apoya las recomendaciones actuales y podría ser relevante en unidades de emergencia donde el uso de CVC es limitado y la ScvO2 no está disponible.