ABSTRACT
Transesophageal echocardiography continues to have a central role in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis and its sequelae. Recent technological advances offer the option of 3-dimensional imaging in the evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis. We present an illustrative case and review the literature regarding the potential advantages and limitations of 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of complicated infective endocarditis. A 51-year-old man, an intravenous drug user who had undergone bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement 5 months earlier, presented with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Preoperative transesophageal echocardiography with 3D rendition revealed a large abscess involving the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa, together with a mycotic aneurysm that had ruptured into the left atrium, resulting in a left ventricle-to-left atrium fistula. Three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography enabled superior preoperative anatomic delineation and surgical planning. We conclude that 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography can be a useful adjunct to traditional 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography as a tool in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
Subject(s)
Aortic Valve/abnormalities , Aortic Valve/diagnostic imaging , Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnostic imaging , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Heart Valve Prosthesis/adverse effects , Mitral Valve/diagnostic imaging , Substance Abuse, Intravenous/complications , Aneurysm, False/diagnostic imaging , Aneurysm, False/microbiology , Aneurysm, False/surgery , Aneurysm, Infected/diagnostic imaging , Aneurysm, Infected/microbiology , Aneurysm, Infected/surgery , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Aortic Valve/microbiology , Aortic Valve/surgery , Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/surgery , Heart Valve Diseases/complications , Heart Valve Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/instrumentation , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mitral Valve/microbiology , Mitral Valve/surgery , Predictive Value of Tests , Preoperative Care , Reoperation , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective: The prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction depends on multiple features that can demonstrate myocardial injury degree (such as serum markers of cardiac necrosis), and also on adaptive mechanisms relative to the acute event. The aim of the study was to assess the relation between biochemical and echocardiographic findings from three-dimensional echocardiographic (3D Echo) analysis and echocardiographic two-dimensional (2D Echo) left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction , submitted to primary percutaneous treatment. Methods: A prospective study with 2D Echo and 3D Echo of 23 patients (17 males, mean age of 57 ± 13 years) with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, primarily percutaneously treated (stent). Serum cardiac markers (creatine kinase MB, Troponin I and Myoglobin) and serum brain natriuretic peptide were compared to echocardiographic parameters (volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular dyssynchrony index). The statistical analysis was performed using Pearson?s correlation coefficient, 95% CI, p < 0.05, linear regression equation and Bland & Altman test. Results: Pearsons correlation coefficient (r)relative to 3D left ventricular ejection fraction: 1- brain natriuretic peptide: r: - 0.7427, p < 0.0001; 2- creatine kinase MB: r: - 0.660, p = 0.001. Left ventricular ejection fraction 2D (r) : 1- brain natriuretic peptide: r: - 0.5478, p = 0.001; 2- creatine kinase MB: r: - 0.4800, p < 0.0277. Other associations were not significant. Conclusions: In this series, it was observed better correlation in regard to serum creatine kinase MB , brain natriuretic peptide and 3D Echo left ventricular ejection fraction, when compared to 2D Echo left ventricular ejection fraction.
Objetivo: O prognóstico dos pacientes portadores de infarto agudo do miocárdico depende de múltiplos aspectos que espelhem o grau de agressão ao miocárdio (como marcadores enzimáticos de necrose miocárdica), assim como dos mecanismos de adaptação ao evento agudo. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre os achados bioquímicos e ecocardiográficos derivados da análise ecocardiográfica transtorácica tridimensional (ECO 3D) com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (ECO 2D) em pacientes acometidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, que tenham sido submetidos a tratamento primário percutâneo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com Eco 3D e 2D de 23 indivíduos (17 homens, 57 ± 13 anos), acometidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST, primariamente tratados com implante de stent coronariano. Foi feita a dosagem sérica de creatina cinase fração MB, Troponina I, Mioglobina e peptídeo atrial natriurético e comparada com os parâmetros ecocardiográficos (volumes, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e índice de dissincronia ventricular). A análise estatística foi feita com a determinação do coeficiente de correlação (Pearson), IC = 95%, p < 0,05, com teste de regressão linear e teste de Bland & Altman. Resultados: Coeficiente de correlação (r) entre fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo 3D: 1- peptídeo atrial natriurético: r: - 0,7427, p < 0,0001; 2- creatina cinase fração MB: r: -0,660, p = 0,001. fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo 2D (r) : 1- peptídeo atrial natriurético: r: - 0,5478, p = 0,001; 2- creatina cinase fração MB: r: -0,4800, p < 0,0277. As demais associações entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos e as dosagens séricas não foram significativas. Conclusões: Nesta série, foi observada correlação melhor entre a dosagem sérica de peptídeo atrial natriurético, de creatina cinase fração MB e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aferida por Eco 3D do que a correlação com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aferida por Eco 2D.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the methodology of sca nning, cutting and measuring normal cardiovascular structures by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) and it's clinical applications. Methods Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE), RT-3DE and full volume three-dimensional echocardiography (FV-3DE)were performed in 20 normal volunteers to visualize normal cardiovascular structures in multiple orientations and cross sections both in static and dynamic fashions, and all echo images derived by three techniques were compared and analyzed.Results Technically satisfactory 2-DE, RT-3DE and FV-3DE images were obtained in all subjects. Compared with conventional 2-DE technique, RT-3DE has the advantages of instantly displaying three orthogonal planes and spatial relationships of any cardiac structure within a "piece of cake" images of a regional heart, while FV-3DE has the superiority in rapidly depicting three orthogonal planes and spatial relationships of any cardiac structure within a pyramid images of a whole heart. Conclusions Both RT-3DE and FV-3DE techniques can display cardiac structures unobtainable by 2-DE and are useful in reducing the subjectivity and blindness of 2-DE studies, which may enhance the diagnostic accuracy and work efficiency of echo laboratories and produce important clinical values.
