ABSTRACT
There are many toxics, such as aromatic amines (AAs), in cigarette butts (CBs). As CBs are the most abundant litter worldwide, these chemicals may leach into water bodies. In the present work, for the first time, the levels of AAs leachates from CBs in distilled water (DW) and river water (RW) samples were evaluated at different exposure times ranging from 15 min to 30 days. The mean leachate levels of AAs in DW and RW samples were in the range of 0.2-566 and 0.2-596 ng L-1, respectively, with overall mean values of 569 and 556 ng L-1. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the total AAs levels as well as the level of each examined AA in DW and RW samples. Aniline (ANL) had the highest leaching rate from CBs into water. The mean leachates of AAs from CBs into water were ranked as: ANL> 1-naphthylamine (1-NA)> 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) > 2,6-dimethylaniline (2, 6-DMA)> ∑toluidine (∑TOL)> o-anisidine (o-ASD)> ∑aminobiphenyl (∑ABP). Ecological risk assessment showed that ∑7AAs, ANL, p-TOL, o-TOL, 2-NA, and ∑ABP had medium risks to sensitive crustaceans and fish. As AAs are not the only hazardous chemicals which may leach from CBs into aquatic environments, restrictions on littering CBs into the environment are required due to the release of different toxics ultimately causing adverse effects on aquatic organisms.
Subject(s)
Tobacco Products , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Animals , Aquatic Organisms , Fresh Water , Amines , Water , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify risk clusters for the occurrence of tuberculosis and its treatment outcomes. Methods: ecological study, in a city in Maranhão, using data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Point density analysis and isotonic scanning techniques were used to identify areas with the highest occurrence of treatment outcomes and identify risk areas for possible tuberculosis cases. Results: most tuberculosis cases occurred in the male, adult, brown-skinned population. Also, most of the reported cases were classified as pulmonary and as new cases that progressed to a cure. The areas with the highest density of cure, death and abandonment are located in the central region of the city. Conclusions: the central region of the urban area of the city, with high demographic density and poor sanitary and socioeconomic conditions, presented a greater cluster of tuberculosis cases.
RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar aglomerados de riesgo para ocurrencia de tuberculosis y desfechos en el tratamiento. Métodos: estudio ecológico, realizado en Maranhão, usando datos del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación. Utilizó técnica de análisis de densidad de puntos y de barredura isotónica, para identificación de áreas de mayor ocurrencia de los desfechos en el tratamiento e identificación de áreas de riesgo para los casos de tuberculosis. Resultados: mayoría de los casos de tuberculosis ocurrió en personas del sexo masculino, adultos, de la raza parda. También, la mayor parte de los casos notificados se clasificó como pulmonar y se refirió a casos nuevos, progresando hacia la cura. Áreas con mayor densidad de cura, óbito y abandono están ubicadas en la región central del municipio. Conclusiones: la región central del área urbana de la ciudad, con alta densidad demográfica y precarias condiciones sanitarias y socioeconómicas, presentó mayor aglomerado de casos de tuberculosis.
RESUMO Objetivos: identificar aglomerados de risco para ocorrência da tuberculose e desfechos no tratamento. Métodos: estudo ecológico, realizado em município maranhense, usando dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Utilizou-se técnica de análise de densidade de pontos e de varredura isotônica, para identificação das áreas de maior ocorrência dos desfechos no tratamento e identificação das áreas de risco para os casos de tuberculose. Resultados: a maioria dos casos de tuberculose ocorreu em pessoas do sexo masculino, adultos, da raça parda. Também, a maior parte dos casos notificados classificou-se como pulmonar e se referiu a casos novos, progredindo para a cura. As áreas com maior densidade de cura, óbito e abandono estão localizadas na região central do município. Conclusões: a região central da área urbana da cidade, com alta densidade demográfica e precárias condições sanitárias e socioeconômicas, apresentou maior aglomerado de casos de tuberculose.
