Acute bronchiolitis: The economic impact of non-compliance with national guidelines.

INTRODUCTION: Acute bronchiolitis is a common reason for admission to the pediatric emergency department. Evidence has shown that most interventions do not change the natural course of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of the non-compliance with the acute bronchiolitis Portuguese national guideline. A retrospective study of pediatric emergency episodes of a Portuguese hospital that had a diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis during 2019, was conducted. RESULTS: The sample included 344 emergency episodes. Non-compliance with the guideline occurred in 71.8% of the episodes, mostly due to unjustified treatment. Following guideline in the studied hospital for one year would have resulted in an estimated overall 76.6% cost reduction, with a reduction in mean direct costs per patient of 14.93 €, corresponding to a medium saving of 3.89 € for each patient and a reduction of 11.03 € for the Portuguese National Health Service. Analyzing the unjustified mean direct costs, of these 2.97 € were related to inpatient diagnostic tests and therapeutic and the remaining 11.96 € were related to outpatient therapy. Mean direct costs imputed to the patient for outpatient treatment represented only 3.31 €, therefore most of mean direct costs is paid by the National Health Service. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with guideline would allow the reduction of total estimated costs by about 76.6%, representing a waste of resources, without compromising the quality of care provided. Most of the cost associated with non-compliance with the guideline is justified by outpatient therapy, 67% of which was paid by the National Health Service.

Economic impact of outpatient follow-up using telemedicine vs in-person visits for patients in general surgery: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Innovation in internet connectivity and the Covid 19 pandemic have caused a dramatic change in the management of patients in the medical field, boosting the use of telemedicine. A comparison of clinical outcomes and satisfaction between conventional face-to-face and telemedicine follow-up in general surgery, an economic evaluation is mandatory. The aim of the present study was to compare the differences in economic costs between these two outpatient approaches in a designed randomized controlled trial (RCT). METHODS: A RCT was conducted enrolling 200 patients to compare conventional in-person vs. digital health follow-up using telemedicine in the outpatient clinics in patients of General Surgery Department after their planned discharge. After a demonstration that no differences were found in clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction, we analyzed the medical costs, including staff wages, initial investment, patent's transportation and impact on social costs. RESULTS: After an initial investment of 7527.53€, the costs for the Medical institution of in-person conventional follow-up were higher (8180.4€) than those using telemedicine (4630.06€). In relation to social costs, loss of productivity was also increased in the conventional follow-up. CONCLUSION: The use of digital Health telemedicine is a cost-effective approach compared to conventional face-to-face follow-up in patients of General Surgery after hospital discharge.

Flexibility trade-offs in conservation offsets.

Conservation offsets promise cost-effective conservation of biodiversity, especially under economic and environmental change, because they represent a more flexible approach to biodiversity conservation, allowing for the economic development of ecologically valuable land provided that this development is offset by restoration of previously developed areas. The level of flexibility is determined by the trading rules. Lax rules allow for more flexibility, which promises cost savings, but will likely lead to unintended loss of biodiversity. I analyzed the trade-off between economic costs and ecological benefits (biodiversity conservation) in biodiversity offsetting with an ecological-economic model that considered the three main types of offset flexibility: spatial, temporal, and ecosystem type. I sought to examine the influence of ecological and economic conditions on offset flexibility trade-offs. Large variation in the conservation costs and small costs of habitat restoration strongly increased trading activity and reduced the ecological benefit. The ecological benefit was most sensitive to spatial flexibility when a short range of ecological interaction was considered. At a large interaction range, spatial flexibility delivered large cost savings without overly reducing the ecological benefit. Risks and time lags associated with habitat restoration favored an offsetting scheme in which credits are awarded with the initiation of restoration projects rather than their successful completion-given appropriate offsetting multipliers were chosen. Altogether, under scarce resources, the level of flexibility in an offsetting scheme should be chosen by carefully balancing ecological benefits and economic costs.

Compromisos de flexibilidad en las compensaciones por conservación Resumen Las compensaciones por conservación prometen conservar la biodiversidad de forma rentable, especialmente de frente al cambio ambiental y económico. Ya que representan una estrategia más flexible para la conservación de la biodiversidad, esto permite el desarrollo económico de suelo con valor ecológico siempre y cuando este desarrollo esté compensado por la restauración de áreas con desarrollo previo. El nivel de flexibilidad está determinado por las reglas de intercambio. Las reglas laxas permiten una mayor flexibilidad, que promete ahorros, pero probablemente derive en la pérdida no intencionada de la biodiversidad. Analicé los compromisos entre los costos económicos y los beneficios ecológicos (conservación de la biodiversidad) en las compensaciones por biodiversidad con un modelo ecológico-económico que consideraba los tres tipos principales de flexibilidad: espacial, temporal y por tipo de ecosistema. Traté de examinar la influencia de las condiciones ecológicas y económicas sobre los compromisos de flexibilidad en las compensaciones. Una gran variación en los costos de conservación y los pequeños costos de la restauración del hábitat incrementaron fuertemente la actividad de intercambio y redujeron el beneficio ecológico. El beneficio ecológico fue más sensible a la flexibilidad espacial cuando consideré un corto alcance de la interacción ecológica. Con un alcance extenso, la flexibilidad espacial ofreció grandes ahorros son reducir por mucho el beneficio ecológico. Los riesgos y retrasos temporales asociados con la restauración del hábitat favorecieron un esquema de compensaciones en el que los créditos se otorgan al inicio del proyecto de restauración en lugar de con la conclusión exitosa del mismo-siempre y cuando se hayan elegido multiplicadores de compensación adecuados. En conjunto, si se tienen pocos recursos, el nivel de flexibilidad en un esquema de compensaciones debería elegirse con un balance cuidadoso entre los beneficios ecológicos y los costos económicos.

La trilogía del enfermerode práctica avanzada paramejorar la efectividaden las heridas crónicas en elDistrito Sanitario Almería / The trilogy of the advanced practice nurse to improve the effectiveness in chronic wounds in Almeria Health District

Objetivos: Analizar el concepto coste-efectividad sobre el registro de heridas, así como acerca del consumo de apósitos prescritos desde la aplicación informática Diraya tras la formación realizada en heridas durante el año 2022 por el enfermero de práctica avanzada en heridas crónicas complejas (EPA-HCC) en el Distrito Sanitario Almería (DSA). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre del año 2022, analizando en 2 semestres los costes económicos en consumo de apósitos. Resultados: En el año 2022 se formaron un total de 604 enfermeras en heridas, de las cuales 579 fueron formadas por el EPA-HCC del DSA en el segundo semestre. Tras esta formación se realizó un total de 15.648 registros, por lo que en el registro se produjo un incremento del porcentaje del 18,08% durante el segundo semestre y se obtuvo un ahorro económico de 63.049 € (–24,73%) entre los años 2021 y 2022, mientras que la estimación durante el segundo semestre fue de –73.982 €. Conclusiones: La formación realizada por el EPA-HCC mejora los conocimientos de los profesionales, incrementa los registros y consigue una optimización de los recursos.(AU)

Objectives: To analyze the cost-effectiveness concept of wound registry, as well as the consumption of dressings prescribed from the Diraya computer application after the training carried out in wounds during the year 2022 by the advanced practice nurse in complex chronic wounds (EPA-HCC) in Distrito Sanitario Almería (DSA). Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study from January 1 to December 31, 2022, analyzing in two semesters the economic costs in dressing consumption. Results: A total of 604 wound nurses were trained in 2022, of which 579 were trained by the EPA-HCC of DSA in the second semester. After this training, a total of 15,648 registrations were made, resulting in a percentage increase in registration in the second semester of 18.08%, obtaining an economic saving of 63,049 € (–24.73%) obtained between the years 2021 and 2022, while the estimate saving in the second semester was –73,982 €. Conclusions: The training carried out by the EPA-HCC improves the knowledge of professionals, increases registrations and achieves an optimization of resources.(AU)

O fim da extensão das patentes e as Parcerias para Desenvolvimento Produtivo: reflexos no acesso a medicamentos no Brasil / The end of patent extensions and the Productive Development Partnerships: effects on access to medicines in Brazil

Resumo A covid-19 jogou luz sobre o impacto negativo da propriedade intelectual na saúde e deu nova relevância à Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade 5529/DF, que, acatada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em 2021, culminou na extinção da extensão automática de patentes no Brasil. Este estudo busca analisar o efeito do julgamento histórico da ADI 5529/DF sobre pedidos de patente e as patentes de interesse das Parcerias para Desenvolvimento Produtivo (PDP). Trata-se de um estudo com base em uma pesquisa documental de análise do andamento, até 31 de dezembro de 2020, de 90 pedidos de patente relacionados a 15 medicamentos objetos de PDP. Nos sites do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, do Ministério da Saúde, da Anvisa e da Câmara de Regulação do Mercado de Medicamentos, foram pesquisadas variáveis para comparar o cenário patentário dos medicamentos com o das PDP. De 88 pedidos válidos, 28 patentes foram concedidas, das quais dezessete foram estendidas para mais de vinte anos (média de 24 anos e nove meses). A decisão do STF resultou em mais de 68 anos de monopólio perdidos, potencialmente desanuviando alternativas para a produção de genéricos no país. Neste momento de retomada das PDP, estratégias para a superação de barreiras patentárias deveriam ser incorporadas à política.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has shed light on the negative impact of intellectual property on health and has given new relevance to the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality 5529/DF, which was ruled by the Supreme Court in 2021, resulting in the extinction of automatic patent extensions in Brazil. This documentary case study analyzes the effects of the judicial decision on patent applications and patents of interest for Productive Development Partnerships (PDP), investigating the progress of 90 patent applications related to 15 PDPs drugs of interest until Decembre 31, 2020. Variables for comparing the drug patent scenario with that of the PDPs were researched on the websites of the National Institute of Industrial Property, the Ministry of Health, ANVISA, and the Brazilian Medicines Market Regulation Chamber. Of 88 valid applications, 28 patents were granted, 17 of which had been extended to more than 20 years (24 years and 09 months average). The court decision resulted in a loss of over 68 years of monopoly, potentially opening alternatives for generic production. This resumption of the PDP policy should incorporate strategies to overcome patent barriers.

Influence of income on in-hospital mortality in older adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the EDEN-33 study. / Influencia de la renta económica en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de las personas mayores durante la primera ola de la pandemia por COVID-19: resultados del estudio EDEN-33.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether income was associated with unexpected in-hospital mortality in older patients treated in Spanish public health system hospital emergency departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-one public health system hospital emergency departments in Spain voluntarily participated in the study. Together the hospitals covered 25% of the population aged 65 years or older included in all patient registers during a week in the pre-pandemic period (April 1-7, 2019) and a week during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 30 to April 5, 2020). We estimated a patient's gross income as the amount published for the postal code of the patient's address. We then calculated the standardized gross income (SGI) by dividing the patient's estimated income by the mean for the corresponding territory (Spanish autonomous community). The existence and strength of an association between the SGI and in-hospital mortality was evaluated by means of restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves adjusted for 10 patient characteristics at baseline. Odds ratios (ORs) for each income level were expressed in relation to a reference SGI of 1 (the mean income for the corresponding autonomous community). We compared the COVID-19 and pre-pandemic periods by means of first-order interactions. RESULTS: Of the 35 280 patients attended in the 2 periods, gross income could be ascertained for 21 180 (60%), 15437 in the pre-pandemic period and 5746 during the COVID-19 period. SGIs were slightly higher for patients included before the pandemic (1.006 vs 0.994; P = .012). In-hospital mortality was 5.6% overall and higher during the pandemic (2.8% pre-pandemic vs 13.1% during COVID-19; P .001). The adjusted RCS curves showed that associations between income and mortality differed between the 2 periods (interaction P = .004). Whereas there were no significant income-influenced differences in mortality before the pandemic, mortality increased during the pandemic in the lowest-income population (SGI 0.5 OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.32-3.37) and in higher-income populations (SGI 1.5 OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.04-1.68, and SGI 2 OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.14-3.23). We found no significant differences between patients with COVID-19 and those with other diagnoses (interaction P = .667). CONCLUSION: The gross income of patients attended in Spanish public health system hospital emergency departments, estimated according to a patient's address and postal code, was associated with in-hospital mortality, which was higher for patients with the lowest and 2 higher income levels. The reasons for these associations might be different for each income level and should be investigated in the future.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si el nivel económico durante la primera ola pandémica tuvo una influencia diferente a la esperable en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de los pacientes mayores atendidos en los servicios de urgencias (SU) de los hospitales públicos españoles. METODO: Cincuenta y un SU públicos españoles que participaron voluntariamente y que dan cobertura al 25% de la población incluyeron todos los registros de pacientes de edad 65 años atendidos durante una semana del periodo preCOVID (1-4-2019 a 7-4-2019) y una semana del periodo COVID (30-3-2020 a 5-4-2020). Se identificó la renta bruta (RB) asignada al código postal de residencia de cada paciente y se calculó la RB normalizada (RBN) dividiendo aquella por la RB media de su comunidad autónoma. La existencia y fuerza de la relación entre RBN y mortalidad intrahospitalaria se determinó mediante curvas spline cúbicas restringidas (SCR) ajustadas por 10 características basales del paciente. Las OR para cada situación económica se expresó en relación con una RBN de 1 (referencia, renta correspondiente a la media de la comunidad autónoma). La comparación entre periodo COVID y no COVID se realizó mediante el estudio de interacción de primer grado. RESULTADOS: De los 35.280 registros de pacientes atendidos en ambos periodos, se disponía de la RB en 21.180 (60%): 15.437 del periodo preCOVID y 5.746 del periodo COVID. La RBN de los pacientes incluidos fue discretamente superior en el periodo preCOVID (1,006 versus 0,994; p = 0,012). La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 5,6%, y fue superior durante el periodo COVID (2,8% versus 13,1%; p 0,001). Las curvas SCR ajustadas mostraron una asociación entre nivel económico y mortalidad diferente entre ambos periodos (p interacción = 0,004): en el periodo preCOVID no hubo diferencias significativas de mortalidad en función de la RBN, mientras que en el periodo COVID la mortalidad se incrementó en rentas bajas (OR = 1,82, IC 95% = 1,32-3,37 para RBN de 0,5) y en rentas altas (OR = 1,32, IC 95% = 1,04-1,68 y OR = 1,92, IC 95% = 1,14-3,23 para RBN de 1,5 y 2, respectivamente), sin diferencias significativas entre pacientes con COVID y con otros diagnósticos (p interacción = 0,667). CONCLUSIONES: Durante la primera ola de la pandemia COVID, la RB asignada al código postal de residencia de los pacientes atendidos en los SU públicos españoles se asoció con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria, que aumentó en pacientes de rentas bajas y altas. Las razones de estas asociaciones pueden ser distintas para cada segmento económico y deben ser investigadas en el fututo.

Influencia de la renta económica en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de las personas mayores durante la primera ola de la pandemia por COVID-19: resultados del estudio EDEN-33 / Influence of income on in-hospital mortality in older adults during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the EDEN-33 study

Objetivo: Determinar si el nivel económico durante la primera ola pandémica tuvo una influencia diferente a la esperable en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de los pacientes mayores atendidos en los servicios de urgencias (SU) de los hospitales públicos españoles. Método: Cincuenta y un SU públicos españoles que participaron voluntariamente y que dan cobertura al 25% de la población incluyeron todos los registros de pacientes de edad $ 65 años atendidos durante una semana del periodo preCOVID (1-4-2019 a 7-4-2019) y una semana del periodo COVID (30-3-2020 a 5-4-2020). Se identificó la renta bruta (RB) asignada al código postal de residencia de cada paciente y se calculó la RB normalizada (RBN) dividiendo aquella por la RB media de su comunidad autónoma. La existencia y fuerza de la relación entre RBN y mortalidad intrahospitalaria se determinó mediante curvas spline cúbicas restringidas (SCR) ajustadas por 10 características basales del paciente. Las OR para cada situación económica se expresó en relación con una RBN de 1 (referencia, renta correspondiente a la media de la comunidad autónoma). La comparación entre periodo COVID y no COVID se realizó mediante el estudio de interacción de primer grado. (AU)

Objective: To determine whether income was associated with unexpected in-hospital mortality in older patients treated in Spanish public health system hospital emergency departments. Methods: Fifty-one public health system hospital emergency departments in Spain voluntarily participated in the study. Together the hospitals covered 25% of the population aged 65 years or older included in all patient registers during a week in the pre-pandemic period (April 1-7, 2019) and a week during the COVID-19 pandemic (March 30 to April 5, 2020). We estimated a patient’s gross income as the amount published for the postal code of the patient’s address. We then calculated the standardized gross income (SGI) by dividing the patient’s estimated income by the mean for the corresponding territory (Spanish autonomous community). The existence and strength of an association between the SGI and in-hospital mortality was evaluated by means of restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves adjusted for 10 patient characteristics at baseline. Odds ratios (ORs) for each income level were expressed in relation to a reference SGI of 1 (the mean income for the corresponding autonomous community). We compared the COVID-19 and pre-pandemic periods by means of first-order interactions. (AU)

Evolución temporal de la terapia antirretroviral (2017-2021): análisis de la modificación del tratamiento y su impacto económico / Temporal evolution of antiretroviral therapy (2017-2021): analysis of treatment change and its economic impact

Objetivos. Analizar las modificaciones de la terapia antirre troviral (TAR) y su impacto económico en la práctica clínica diaria. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo de los pacientes que iniciaron TAR entre 01/2017-12/2021 (se guimiento hasta 12/2022). Variables recogidas: TAR, duración, motivo del cambio y costes del tratamiento. Resultados. 280 pacientes iniciaron TAR. La mediana de durabilidad de la 1ª línea fue: 19,9 meses en 2017 (IC95% 13,9-25,9), 12,2 meses en 2018 (IC95% 4,7-19,7), 27,4 meses en 2019 (IC95% 6,8-48,1) y no se alcanzó la mediana para los años 2020 y 2021 (p p<0,001). De un total de 541 líneas prescri tas, la triple terapia con inhibidores de la proteasa se modificó en el 63,8% (81/127), seguido de los inhibidores de la integrasa 52,1% (159/305), mientras que, la terapia dual (DTG/3TC) solo en el 8,3% (7/84). De un total de 261 modificaciones, la simpli ficación/optimización 47,5% (124/261) fue el principal motivo, seguido de efectos adversos 21,8% (57/261), siendo el 2017 el único año donde ambos motivos se encontraban al mismo nivel. El impacto económico de los cambios supusieron una re ducción del coste medio de 34,0€ [-391,4 a +431,4] al mes/ paciente. El año 2019 es el único año donde estos cambios se asociaron con un incremento del coste adicional medio (23,4€ [-358,3 a +431,4]). Conclusiones. Dejando atrás el fracaso virológico, la sim plificación a regímenes de un solo comprimido y de mayor tolerancia han marcado la nueva la era TAR. Con un impacto económico que, a pesar del punto de inflexión del 2019, refleja una reducción progresiva de costes mantenida en el tiempo (AU)

Objectives. To analyze the modifications of antiretrovi ral therapy (ART) and their economic impact on daily clinical practice. Material and methods. Observational, retrospective study of patients who started ART between 01/2017-12/2021 (follow-up until 12/2022). Variables collected: prescribed ART, duration, the reason for the change, and treatment costs. Results. A total of 280 patients initiated ART therapy. The median durability of 1st line was: 19.9 months in 2017 (95%CI 13.9-25.9), 12.2 months in 2018 (95%CI 4.7-19.7), 27.4 months in 2019 (95%CI 6.8-48.1) and the median was not reached for the years 2020 and 2021 (p<0.001). Triple therapy with protease inhibitors was changed in 63.8% (81/127) of cases, followed by integrase inhibitors 52.1% (159/305), while dual therapy (DTG/3TC) only in 8.3% (7/84). The main cause of dis continuation was simplification/optimization 47.5% (124/261), followed by adverse effects 21.8% (57/261), with 2017 being the only year where simplification/optimization was at the same level as adverse effects. The economic impact of ART changes resulted in an average cost reduction of 34.0€ [-391.4 to +431.4] per month per patient. The year 2019 stands out as the only year where these changes were associated with an increase in mean additional cost (23.4€ [-358.3 to +431.4]). Conclusions. Optimization/simplification accounts for almost half of the reasons for TAR change, with an econom ic impact that, despite the inflection point of 2019, each year manages to exceed the previous one, achieving a progressive cost reduction maintained over time (AU)

Health, economic growth, and Gini index in North America using a panel model / Salud, crecimiento económico, e índice Gini en Norteamérica usando un modelo panel

Abstract Objective: The objective of this paper is assessed the nexus among health status, economic growth, and the Gini index in North America and its countries using a panel model. Materials and Method: The materials consist of annual data regarding life expectancy, government health expenditure as percentage of the gross domestic product, Gini index, and gross domestic product at constant 2015 US$ for the period 2000-2019. The method applies a panel model for North America and its three countries: Canada, Mexico and The United States. North America diversity treatment among countries is dealt with fixed and random effects. Results: North America inhabitants health status are negatively influenced by an increasing income inequality, and a reduction on economic growth. The country that expends more in health care is The United States, follow by Canada and Mexico. The biggest reduction on life expectancy from an increase in income inequality is in The United States, followed by Canada and Mexico. Life expectancy increases when Canada and The United States experience economic growth. The countries with inarticulate health policy responses to an increase in income inequality are first Mexico followed by The United States. Conclusions: In North America and its countries an increasing income inequality reduces life expectancy, and government health expenditure. Economic growth benefits life expectancy and government health expenditure. Health status seems to improve with a reduction in income inequality and a greater public health expenditure. Therefore, policies that increases income inequality and reduces public health expenditure seems to be advocates of a reduction: in health status, population welfare and economic growth.

Resumen: Objetivo: Un análisis cuantitativo de las relaciones entre salud, crecimiento económico e índice de Gini en América del Norte y sus países se realiza mediante un modelo de panel. El estado de salud está representado por la esperanza de vida y los sistemas de salud pública por el gasto público en salud. El crecimiento económico es el cambio porcentual del producto interno bruto. La desigualdad de ingresos se representa con el índice de Gini. Materiales y método: Los materiales consisten en datos anuales de esperanza de vida, gasto público en salud como porcentaje del producto interno bruto, índice de Gini y producto interno bruto en dólares estadounidenses constantes de 2015 para el período 2000-2019. El método consiste en aplicar un modelo de panel para América del Norte y sus tres países: Canadá, México y Estados Unidos. El tratamiento de la diversidad entre los países de América del Norte es abordada con efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: El estado de salud de los habitantes de América del Norte se ve influenciado negativamente por la creciente desigualdad de ingresos y la reducción del crecimiento económico. El país que más gasta en salud es los Estados Unidos, seguido de Canadá y México. La mayor reducción en la esperanza de vida debido a un aumento en la desigualdad de ingresos se encuentra en los Estados Unidos, seguido de Canadá y México. La esperanza de vida aumenta cuando Canadá y Estados Unidos experimentan crecimiento económico. Los países con respuestas de política de salud desarticuladas ante un aumento en la desigualdad de ingresos son primero México seguido de Estados Unidos. Conclusiones: Las políticas que aumentan la desigualdad de ingresos y reducen el gasto público en salud parecen ser promotoras de una reducción: en el estado de salud, el bienestar de la población, y el crecimiento económico.

Rentabilidad contable y EVA de la empresa colombiana constructora de otras obras de ingeniería civil

El objetivo de la investigación es evaluar la rentabilidad contable y el valor económico agregado de la constructora colombiana de otras obras de ingeniería civil en el período 2016-2021, mediante un método de análisis estático y de tendencias de indicadores contables y de gestión de valor Se encuentra que las ventas, activos y utilidad neta de la constructora fluctúan; logra rentabilidades sobre el patrimonio en cuatro años y en promedio, donde sobresale la eficacia en el control de costos y gastos como factor determinante en su comportamiento. No obstante, esta rentabilidad es menor que la constructora de mayores ventas en Colombia y aún más baja que la de su homóloga en países emergentes. Pese a las rentabilidades contables positivas de la constructora colombiana de otras obras de ingeniería civil, esta destruye valor económico agregado en cinco años y el valor de mercado agregado en el sexenio es negativo. Este resultado difiere al de la constructora afín en economías emergentes que crea valor económico agregado en cuatro años y el valor de mercado agregado es positivo en el sexenio. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL G30, L74, M4I

The objective of the research is to evaluate the accounting profitability and added economic value of the Colombian construction company of other civil engineering works in the period 2016-2021, through a method of static analysis and trends of accounting indicators and value management. The construction company's sales, assets, and net income are found to fluctuate; It achieves returns on equity in four years and on average, where efficiency in cost and expense control stands out as a determining factor in its behavior However this profitability is lower than that of the construction company with the highest sales in Colombia and even lower than that of its counterpart in emerging countries. Despite the positive accounting returns of the Colombian construction company of other civil engineering works, it destroys added economic value in five years and the added market value in the six years is negative. This result differs from that of the similar construction company in emerging economies, which creates added economic value in four years and the added market value is positive in six years. JEL CLASSIFICATION G30, L74, M4I

O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a rentabilidade contabilística e o valor econômico agregado da construtora colombiana de outras obras de engenharia civil no período 2016-2021, através de um método de análise estática e tendências de indicadores contábeis e gestão de valor. As vendas, os ativos e o lucro líquido da construtora flutuam; Obtém rentabilidade sobre o patrimônio em quatro anos e em média, onde a eficiencia no controle de custos e despesas se destaca como fator determinante em seu comportamento. No entanto, essa rentabilidade é inferior à da construtora com maior faturamento na Colômbia e ainda inferior à de sua congênere nos países emergentes. Apesar dos retornos contábeis positivos da construtora colombiana de outras obras de engenharia civil, ela destrói valor econômico agregado em cinco anos e o valor agregado de mercado em seis anos é negativo. Esse resultado difere do da construtora similar nas economias emergentes, que cria valor econômico agregado em quatro anos e o valor agregado de mercado é positivo em seis anos. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL G30, L74, M41

Percepción del impacto económico en pacientes con cáncer en un hospital de tercer nivel, La Paz - Bolivia: un estudio exploratorio cualitativo / Perception of the economic impact in patients diagnosed with cancer in a third level hospital, La Paz - Bolivia: a qualitative exploratory study

Los pacientes con cáncer experimentan además del impacto de la enfermedad, el impacto económico, y este es más evidente en los pacientes con escasos recursos económicos, los motivos son multifactoriales. OBJETIVO: describir la percepción sobre el impacto económico en los pacientes bolivianos con cáncer en el Hospital de Clínicas Universitario- La Paz. MÉTODOS: el diseño es cualitativo exploratorio, muestreo por bola de nieve, se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad dirigidas a pacientes con cáncer del hospital de Clínicas Universitario de La Paz- Bolivia entre diciembre de 2018 a febrero de 2019. RESULTADOS: se entrevistaron a 11 pacientes y 9 familiares. Se han identificado el impacto de los gastos en los pacientes con cáncer en las siguientes categorías: Ahorros y deudas, vivienda, trabajo, familia, tratamiento, esfera psicológica, gastos a futuro, y en el cuidado de otros enfermos en la casa. Las percepciones son variables, algunos pacientes muestran mayor preocupación por su economía que por su enfermedad, relatan además el cambio que significó en su económica recibir el diagnóstico de cáncer en distintas áreas. CONCLUSIÓN: se ha encontrado, en el presente trabajo, que la percepción del impacto económico para los pacientes con cáncer es multidimensional. Se ha evidenciado además, que el impacto depende del estadio de la enfermedad y del contexto social que vive el paciente, siendo este variable y dando como resultado necesidades de acompañamiento variable por parte de los equipos oncológicos

Cancer patients experience, is about disease´s and economic impact, and this impact is more evident in patients with limited economic resources in low-income countries, the reasons are multifactorial. OBJECTIVE: describe the perception of the economic impact on Bolivian patients with cancer at the Hospital de Clínicas Universitario-La Paz. METHODS: the design is qualitative and exploratory, sampling was by snowball, in-depth interviews were conducted at cancer patients at the Clínicas Universitario de La Paz hospital - Bolivia between December 2018 and February 2019. RESULTS: 11 patients and 9 family members were interviewed. The impact of expenses on cancer patients has been identified in the following categories: Savings and debts, housing, work, family, treatment, psychological sphere, future expenses, and caring for other patients at home. Perceptions are variable, some patients show more significant concern about their finances than about their illness, and they also report the change that receiving the diagnosis of cancer meant in their finances in different areas. CONCLUSION: in this investigation, the perception of economic impact on cancer patients is multidimensional. It has also been shown that the impact depends on the stage of the disease, and the social context in which the patient lives, this being variable and resulting in variable support needs from the oncology teams

Estimating the economic impact of gender-based violence on women survivors: A comparative study of support program interventions in Makueni and Naivasha, Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the economic cost of GBV from the perspective of a women survivor who sought help from two identified programs (Makueni GBVRC and Life Bloom Services International [LBSI]). DESIGN: A mixed method research design combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. SITE: Makueni GBVRC in Makueni County, overseen by the Makueni County government, and LBSI in Naivasha, Nakuru County, a non-profit organization devoted to serving local communities. PARTICIPANTS: Study participants include women survivors of GBV, aged 18 and above, actively seeking services at Makueni GBVRC and LBSI. INTERVENTIONS: The study adopts a qualitative approach to delve into the intricate economic costs of GBV on survivors. Additionally, quantitative data analysis employs an accounting model to ascertain the financial implications. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The costs analyses were done from the perspective of the women survivors. An accounting model was utilized to evaluate the cost of GBV on selected survivors. Furthermore, the research explores the enduring consequences for survivors, including psychological trauma and susceptibility to stress-related diseases. RESULTS: The findings reveal substantial economic costs linked to GBV, adversely affecting survivors, their children, and society at large. These costs encompass direct expenditures on medical care, legal representation, and counseling, as well as indirect costs, such as lost productivity. CONCLUSIONS: Beyond immediate and indirect costs, the study underscores the existence of opportunity costs-what survivors and affected children could attain in the absence of GBV.

Impacto económico del uso de patiromer en enfermedad renal crónica o insuficiencia cardíaca para el tratamiento de la hiperpotasemia crónica en España / Economic impact of the use of patiromer in chronic kidney disease or heart failure for the treatment of chronic hyperkalemia in Spain

Introducción La hiperpotasemia crónica tiene consecuencias negativas a medio y largo plazo, condicionando generalmente la suspensión de fármacos nefro y cardioprotectores, en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) e insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), como son los inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. Existe una alternativa a la suspensión o reducción de dosis de estos tratamientos y es la administración de quelantes del potasio. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el impacto económico que supondría el uso de patiromer en pacientes con ERC o IC e hiperpotasemia en España. Material y métodos Se ha estimado el impacto económico anual del uso de patiromer desde la perspectiva de la sociedad española, comparando 2 escenarios: pacientes con ERC o IC e hiperpotasemia tratada con patiromer y sin patiromer. Los costes se han actualizado a euros de 2020, utilizando el índice de precios de consumo de Sanidad. Se han considerado los costes directos sanitarios relacionados con el uso de recursos (el tratamiento con inhibidores del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, la progresión de la ERC, los eventos cardiovasculares y la hospitalización por hiperpotasemia), los costes directos no sanitarios (cuidados informales: costes derivados del tiempo de dedicación por parte de los familiares del paciente), los costes indirectos (pérdidas de productividad laboral), así como un coste intangible (por mortalidad prematura). Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad determinístico para validar la consistencia de los resultados del estudio. Resultados El coste medio anual por paciente en el escenario sin patiromer es de 9.834,09 € y 10.739,37 € en ERC e IC, respectivamente. El uso de patiromer supondría un ahorro de costes superior al 30% en ambas enfermedades. En el caso de la ERC, el mayor ahorro procede del retraso de la progresión de la ERC (AU)

Introduction Chronic hyperkalemia has negative consequences in the medium and long term, and determines the suspension of nephro and cardioprotective drugs, such as renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi). There is an alternative to the suspension or dose reduction of these treatments: the administration of potassium chelators. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic impact of the use of patiromer in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or heart failure (HF) and hyperkalemia in Spain. Materials and method The annual economic impact of the use of patiromer has been estimated from the perspective of the Spanish society. Two scenarios were compared: patients with CKD or HF and hyperkalemia treated with and without patiromer. The costs have been updated to 2020 euros, using the Health Consumer Price Index. Direct healthcare costs related to the use of resources (treatment with RAASi, CKD progression, cardiovascular events and hospitalization due to hyperkalemia), direct non-healthcare costs (informal care: costs derived from time dedicated by patient's relatives), the indirect costs (productivity loss), as well as an intangible cost (due to premature mortality) were considered. A deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the robustness of the study results. Results The mean annual cost per patient in the scenario without patiromer is €9834.09 and €10,739.37 in CKD and HF, respectively. The use of patiromer would lead to cost savings of over 30% in both diseases. The greatest savings in CKD come from the delay in the progression of CKD. While in the case of HF, 80.1% of these savings come from premature mortality reduction. The sensitivity analyses carried out show the robustness of the results, obtaining savings in all cases (AU)

Análisis coste-utilidad del modelo de unidad de terapia intravítrea (UTI) frente a la administración tradicional de terapia intravítrea / Cost-utility model of new intravítreous units vs. current patient journey model in Spain

Objetivo Comparar la efectividad y los costes de la implantación del Modelo de Unidad de Terapia Intravítrea (UTI), avalado por la Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Sociedad Española de Calidad Asistencial (SECA), Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO) y Sociedad Española de Directivos Sanitarios (SEDISA) vs. el procedimiento habitual. Método Modelo de decisión analítico que compara una organización asistencial tipo UTI con cuatro escenarios de práctica habitual en España, en cuanto al resultado en la calidad de vida por pérdida de agudeza visual y la utilización de recursos. Se estimó la probabilidad, el coste y los años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC) para cada escenario planteado. Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad univariante para cada uno de los parámetros empleados. Resultado Se observó que la implantación del modelo UTI mejora la calidad de vida de los pacientes y presenta un menor coste frente a la práctica habitual. Se produjo ahorro de costes y ganancia de AVAC. El análisis de sensibilidad mostró que el resultado no cambiaría de signo con la modificación de ninguna variable de partida. Conclusiones En las patologías oculares con indicación de tratamiento intravítreo, cualquier reducción en el tiempo que transcurre desde la sospecha diagnóstica hasta la primera inyección intravítrea disminuye la pérdida de agudeza visual. Así, actuar para acortar los tiempos sospecha-aguja es clave para mantener la visión funcional de los pacientes. La mejora de la eficiencia de los servicios de oftalmología que se organizan siguiendo el modelo UTI puede generar ahorros que varían entre los 175 € y 85 € por paciente atendido y año (AU)

Aim To compare the effectiveness and costs of the implementation of the intravitreal therapy unit model, endorsed by the SERV, SECA, SEO and SEDISA, compared to the usual procedure. Method Analytical decision model that compares an UTI-type healthcare organization with four usual practice scenarios in Spain, in terms of quality-of-life results due to loss of visual acuity and the use of resources. The probability, cost, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated for each scenario proposed. A univariate sensitivity analysis was performed for each of the parameters used in the model. Result The model showed that from any of the initial scenarios of the usual practice, transitioning to the UTI-type implementation improves the quality of life of patients and requires lower cost. UTI-type is dominant respect usual practice. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results would not change sign with the variation of any starting variable. Conclusions Shorten suspicion-needle times is key to maintaining functional vision in patients requiring intravitreal treatment. The UTI-type model seeks the efficiency of ophthalmology services and can produce savings that vary between €175 and €85 per patient attended per year (AU)

O Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde (CEIS) como espaço estratégico para a modernização do SUS e para a geração dos empregos do futuro / The Health Economic-Industrial Complex (HEIC): a strategic area for both the modernization of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the creation of future jobs

Resumo Esse artigo apresenta os primeiros resultados da pesquisa sobre o novo mundo do trabalho da saúde no contexto da revolução 4.0 que buscou, além de identificar o perfil e o volume de emprego gerado pelas atividades de saúde no Brasil, analisar as principais transformações no mundo do trabalho e do emprego provocadas pelas novas tecnologias e seus potenciais efeitos no âmbito do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde (CEIS). A metodologia busca contribuir para uma nova visão dos profissionais de saúde, pois além de caracterizar o perfil ocupacional, incluindo seu conteúdo tecnológico, incorpora profissionais alocados, direta e indiretamente, no CEIS. Os resultados apresentados, fruto da aplicação da metodologia nas bases de dados da RAIS e da PNAD Contínua, para os anos entre 2012 e 2019, revelam a elevada capacidade de geração de bons empregos no CEIS, mesmo em contexto de crise econômica. O mercado de trabalho em saúde, tanto por sua escala, complexidade e diversidade, quanto por seu dinamismo e potencial em termos de incidência das tecnologias 4.0, indica que o desenvolvimento do CEIS pode se constituir em motor do desenvolvimento do país, associando inovação e produção à modernização do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e à geração de bons empregos.

Abstract This article presents the initial results of the ongoing research on the new world of healthcare work in the context of the 4th Technological Revolution. In addition to identifying the profile and volume of employment generated by health activities in Brazil, this investigation also analyzes the main transformations in the world of work and employment caused by new technologies and their potential impacts upon the field of the Health Economic-Industrial Complex (HEIC). The methodology seeks to contribute to a new vision of health professionals, which includes not only the employment profile with its technological content, but also the professionals directly and indirectly assigned to HEIC. Applying this methodology to the databases of RAIS and Continuous PNAD from 2012 to 2019, reveals HEIC's high capacity to generate good jobs, even in a context of economic crisis. The health labor market, both for its scale, complexity, and diversity, and for its dynamism and potential in terms of the incidence of 4.0 technologies, indicates that the development of HEIC can become the engine of the country's development, associating innovation and production with the modernization of the Unified Health System (SUS) and the generation of good jobs.

Cost-utility model of new intravitreous units vs. current patient journey model in Spain.

AIM: To compare the effectiveness and costs of the implementation of the Intravitreal Therapy Unit Model, endorsed by the SERV, SECA, SEO and SEDISA, compared to the usual procedure. METHOD: Analytical decision model that compares an UTI-type healthcare organization with 4 usual practice scenarios in Spain, in terms of quality-of-life results due to loss of visual acuity and the use of resources. The probability, cost, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were estimated for each scenario proposed. A univariate sensitivity analysis was performed for each of the parameters used in the model. RESULT: The model showed that from any of the initial scenarios of the usual practice, transitioning to the UTI-type implementation improves the quality of life of patients and requires lower cost. UTI-type is dominant respect usual practice. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results would not change sign with the variation of any starting variable. CONCLUSIONS: Shorten suspicion-needle times is key to maintaining functional vision in patients requiring intravitreal treatment. The UTI-type model seeks the efficiency of ophthalmology services and can produce savings that vary between Є175 and Є85 per patient attended per year.

Estudo comparativo entre empresa farmacêutica global e instituição pública de produção e inovação em saúde / Comparative study between global pharmaceutical company and public institution of production and innovation in health

RESUMO O cenário tecnológico no campo da saúde é um fato alarmante, mormente no contexto provocado pela Covid-19. Nessa conjuntura, a Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, por meio da Unidade de Bio-Manguinhos, e o Butantan foram protagonistas para o acesso universal, dialogando com estratégicas internacionais. No adensamento da discussão estratégica para Instituições Públicas de Produção e Inovação em Saúde (Ippis), o uso de diretrizes da Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde destaca-se como via de mudança paradigmática para a introdução de tecnologias no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) alinhada à visão de inovação de futuro em saúde consonante às demandas nacionais. Este artigo, desenvolvido metodologicamente mediante pesquisas descritiva qualitativa, bibliográfica, documental e trabalho de campo, buscou traçar simetrias e assimetrias baseado nas experiências coletadas em empresa farmacêutica global e instituição de referência nacional pública do campo de incorporação tecnológica em saúde. Como resultados, são explicitados pontos-chave para o fortalecimento técnico e político do Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde, por meio da revisão organizacional das Ippis quanto a aspectos de inovação e de gestão, culminado na promoção de melhorias na Política de ciência, tecnologia e inovação em resposta ao desafio da sustentabilidade, efetividade e acesso no SUS.

ABSTRACT The technological scenario in the field of health is an alarming fact, especially in the context caused by COVID-19. In this context, the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, through the Bio-Manguinhos Unit, and the Butantan Institute were protagonists for universal access, dialoguing with international strategies. In the strategic discussion for Public Institutions of Production and Innovation in Health (IPPIS), the use of guidelines of the Technological Assessment in Health stands out as a way of paradigmatic change for the introduction of technologies in the Unified Health System (SUS) in line with the vision of future innovation in health in accordance with national demands. This article, methodologically developed through qualitative descriptive research, bibliographical, documentary and field work, sought to trace symmetries and asymmetries based on the experiences collected in a global pharmaceutical company and a public national reference institution in the field of technological incorporation in health. As a result, key points are explained for the technical and political strengthening of the Health Economic-Industrial Complex, through the organizational review of the IPPIS regarding innovation and management aspects, culminating in the promotion of improvements in the science, technology and innovation policy in response to the challenge of sustainability, effectiveness and access in the SUS.

Mejor nutrición no significa necesariamente más comida": educación alimentaria y fomento agrícola en Argentina (1960-1970) / Better nutrition does not necessarily mean more food": food education and agricultural promotion in Argentina (1960­1970) / Melhor nutrição não significa necessariamente mais comida": educação alimentar e promoção agrícola na Argentina (1960-1970)

Introducción: el artículo analiza los lineamientos en educación alimentaria y de fomento agrícola que circularon en la Revista Educador Sanitario, publicación oficial de la repartición nacional de educación sanitaria de Argentina durante la década de 1960. Desarrollo: el trabajo explora las adaptaciones discursivas de los sanitaristas argentinos a las directrices internacionales de desarrollo para promover la campaña mundial contra el "hambre oculta", definida como aquellos patrones culturales alimentarios de baja calidad nutricional. Luego, examina las prescripciones dietéticas para las familias populares que pretendían estimular como hábitos, calidad, variedad y austeridad. Por último, revisa las tensiones y las contradicciones inmanentes a las referencias eruditas en torno al fomento agrícola y a las reglas del libre comercio, al evidenciar las inequidades alimentarias y la falta de infraestructura federal para lograr la ansiada modernización agroalimentaria. Conclusiones: el discurso de los desarrollistas sobre alimentación nutritiva apropiadas por la revista fueron funcionales al clima de proscripción peronista. Los consejos dietéticos y en economía doméstica apuntaron a sustituir el consumo cárnico por otras fuentes proteicas, como legumbres y lácteos, y los hidratos de carbono simples, por complejos, como las hortalizas. No obstante, sus vinculaciones con el fomento a las agroeconomías de subsistencia refutaron la pre- valencia del "hambre oculta" como problema alimentario en Argentina, pues, en sintonía con los parámetros internacionales, de esta manera se propiciaría una dinámica de redistribución alimenticia, capaz de reponer las vacancias del mercado interno y de estimular las exportaciones netas al prevenir la erosión de los saldos exportables

Introduction: This article analyzes the guidelines on food education and agricultural promotion that circulated in the Revista Educador Sanitario, the official publication of the national health education department of Argentina during the 1960s. Development: The study explores the discursive adaptations by Argentinean sanitarians to the international development guidelines toward promoting the global campaign against "hidden hunger," which referred to the cultural eating patterns of low nutritional quality food. Then, the study examines the dietary prescriptions for popular families that were intended to stimulate quality, variety, and austerity as healthy habits. Finally, it reviews the tensions and contradictions immanent in the scholarly references to agricultural promotion and free trade rules, highlighting food inequities and the lack of infrastructure at the federal level to successfully achieve the desired agri-food modern- ization. Conclusions: The developmentalist disourse on nutritious food appropriated by the Revista were found to be functional to the climate of peronist prescription. Dietary and home economics suggestions attempted to substitute meat consumption for other protein sources such as legumes and dairy products and that of simple carbohydrates for complex ones such as vegetables. However, their links with the promotion of subsistence agro-economies refuted the prevalence of "hidden hunger" as a food problem in Argentina. In line with the international parameters, this approach would promote a dynamic of food redistribution to replenish the gaps in the domestic market and stimulate net exports by preventing the erosion of exportable balances.

Introdução: o artigo analisa as orientações sobre educação alimentar e promoção agrícola que circularam na Revista Educador Sanitário, publicação oficial do departamento nacional de educação sanitária da Argentina durante a década de 1960. Desenvolvimento: o trabalho explora as adaptações discursivas que foram feitas por sanitaristas argentinos às diretrizes de desenvolvimento internacional para promover a campanha global contra a "fome oculta", definida como aqueles padrões alimentares culturais de baixa qualidade nutricional. Em seguida, examina as prescrições alimentares para famílias populares que visavam estimular a qualidade, a variedade e a austeridade como hábitos. Por fim, revisa as tensões e contradições inerentes aos referenciais acadêmicos sobre desenvolvimento agrícola e regras de livre comércio, evidenciando as iniquidades alimentares e a falta de infraestrutura no nível federal para alcançar a tão esperada modernização agroalimentar. Conclusões: os discursos desenvolvimentistas sobre alimentação nutritiva apropriados pela Revista foram funcionais ao clima de proscrição pero- nista. Aconselhamento dietético e de economia doméstica visando a substituição do consumo de carne por outras fontes de proteína, como leguminosas e laticínios; e carboidratos simples para os complexos, como vegetais. No entanto, seus vínculos com a promoção de agroeconomias de subsistência refutaram a prevalência da "fome oculta" como problema alimentar na Argentina. Pois bem, em sintonia com os parâmetros internacionais, isso promoveria uma dinâmica de redistribuição de alimentos, capaz de repor as vagas no mercado interno e estimular as exportações líquidas ao evitar a erosão dos saldos exportáveis

Economic Stress, Employee Commitment, and Subjective Well-Being / [El estrés económico, el compromiso del empleado y el bienestar subjetivo]

COVID-19 pandemic has created unprecedented health and economic crises across the world. Millions of businesses have been obliged to shut down, and millions of jobs have been lost. These effects have created a very severe economic-related stress level, which can have consequences on psychological well-being (PWB) and economic commitment (EC). This study examined the relationships between objective and subjective indicators of income-related stress and employment-related stress and PWB and EC. The 697 participants were contacted during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample includes private-sector employees, civil service employees, self-employed, furloughed employees, and unemployed. Results show that the economic stress produced by COVID-19, as estimated by a compound of objective and subjective income-and employment-related stress, produced a negative effect on PWB (r = .21, p < .001) and EC (r = .29, p < .001). Multiple regression showed that subjective income-related stress was the main predictor of PWB, positive affect, and negative affect and that economic deprivation and objective employment-related stress were the predictors of EC and its three components, affective, normative, and continuity. Finally, the contribution and some practical implications of the findings are discussed.(AU)

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha creado crisis económicas y de salud sin precedentes en todo el mundo. Millones de empresas se han visto obligadas a cerrar y se han perdido millones de puestos de trabajo. Estos efectos han dado lugar a un nivel de estrés económico muy elevado, que puede tener consecuencias sobre el bienestar psicológico (BP) y el compromiso económico (CE). El estudio examina las relaciones entre los indicadores objetivos y subjetivos del estrés y los ingresos y el estrés asociado al empleo, el BP y el CE. Se tomó contacto con los 697 participantes durante el pico de la pandemia de COVID-19. La muestra cubre empleados del sector privado y de la administración pública, trabajadores por cuenta propia, empleados con permiso temporal y desempleados. Los resultados muestran que el estrés económico producido por COVID-19, calculado como un compuesto de estrés objetivo y subjetivo asociado a los ingresos y al empleo, ejerce un efecto negativo en el BP (r = .21, p < .001) y el CE (r = .29, p < .001). La regresión múltiple muestra que el estrés subjetivo relacionado con los ingresos fue el principal predictor del BP y del afecto positivo y negativo y que la privación económica y el estrés objetivo vinculado al empleo predicen el CE y sus tres componentes, afectivo, normativo y de continuidad. Finalmente, se discute la contribución y algunas implicaciones prácticas de los resultados.(AU)

Flebite associada ao cateter venoso periférico em cardiologia: incidência, fatores de risco e custos associados / Phlebitis associated with peripheral venous catheter in cardiology: incidence, risk factors and associated costs

Objetivo: Determinar a incidência de flebite, fatores de risco associados e custos diretos de tratamento. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, correlacional, com análise de custo direto. Utilizaram-se dados da documentação dos enfermeiros entre janeiro 2019 e agosto 2021. Resultados: Incluíram-se 2.374 pessoas com cateter venoso periférico, com internamento na cardiologia. A incidência de flebite foi de 12,38%, das quais 78,23% eram de grau 1 de severidade. Verificou-se associação estatística entre o desenvolvimento de flebite e a administração de amiodarona endovenosa, dias de hospitalização e serviço de internamento. Estimaram-se 1662€ de custos adicionais ao tratamento da flebite, em material clínico e horas de cuidados de enfermagem. Conclusão: Os cuidados de enfermagem são eficazes na identificação precoce e tratamento da flebite, promovendo redução de custos adicionais e garantindo melhores cuidados e ganhos em saúde.

Objective: This study aimed to identify the incidence rate of phlebitis, associated risk factors and treatment direct costs. Methods: Descriptive, correlational study with direct cost analisys. Data from the nurses' clinical records between January 2019 and August 2021 were used. Results: Included 2,374 files of people with peripheral venous catheter who were admitted to Cardiology. The phlebitis incidence rate was 12.38% and regarding severity 78.23% were grade 1. The phlebitits was significantly related with intravenous amiodarone administration, length of stay and physical department. This represents €1662 of additional treatment costs, in clinical supplies and nursing time. Conclusion: Nursing care is effective in the early identification and treatment of phlebitis, reducing costs and improve clinical and economic outcomes.