Trends in violent offending among people with schizophrenia: A 10-year ecological study.

Violent offending committed by people with schizophrenia has been a public concern. The present study aims to examine the incidence of violent offending among people with schizophrenia and its correlations with mental health resources and economic factors. In this study, an examination of violent offending by people with schizophrenia and those identified as not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) between 2010 and 2019 in China's Hunan province was undertaken. Principal component analysis (PCA) and regression analyses were used to explore the association of violent offending in people with schizophrenia and those identified as NCRMD with violent offending in the general population, mental health medical resources, and provincial GDP. Between 2010 and 2019, a total of 2,093 people with schizophrenia committed violent offending in Hunan province, including 1,374 (65.6%) cases identified as NCRMD. Over the period, the incidence of violent offending in people with schizophrenia and those identified as NCRMD has been decreasing. The incidences were positively correlated with the incidence of violent offending in the general population and negatively associated with mental health resources and provincial GDP. These findings may be valuable in helping to develop strategies for violence prevention and risk management for people with schizophrenia.

Measurement of China's public health level: compilation and research of an index.

BACKGROUND: With the development of the economy, public health has become increasingly important. Therefore, it is important to establish a comprehensive and scientific the public health level index (PHL) system to measure public health level as a research priority. The current research has limitations in exploring the PHL system; therefore, the field still lacks a comprehensive indicator system to measure the level of public health. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a multi-level public health index system and utilizes China as a case study to evaluate its public health status. The objective is to offer insights and recommendations for the improvement of public health initiatives in China and other regions. METHODS: Utilizing data from 2011 to 2020, a comprehensive PHL was developed to encompass three vital indices: the Public Health Service Index (PHS), the Public Health Resource Index (PHR), and the Population Health Level Index (PHL). Subsequently, the PHL, PHS, PHR, and PH were meticulously calculated using a comprehensive evaluation method. Amid the current disparity between public health and economic progress, both the spatial Durbin model and the spatial lag model were finally employed to examine the influence of economic level (EL) on PHL, thus affirming the consistent reliability and accuracy of PHS. RESULTS: Our findings revealed the following: (i) the PHL, PHS, and PHR indices show increasing trends in China; (ii) both EL and PHL exhibit high-high clustering and low-low clustering states; (iii) the PHL in the area has a positive spatial spillover effect on the surrounding area; (iv) EL will result in the siphoning effect of PHL; and (v) EL can enhance PHL through urbanization, PH, and PHS. CONCLUSIONS: The PHL system constructed in this paper demonstrates multiple levels, pluralism, spatio-temporal comparability, and robustness. It can reflect not only the input and output of public health initiatives but also the interconnectedness and autonomy within the public health system. Therefore, it can be widely utilized in other areas of public health research.

Economic level, environmental regulation, and new energy industry development.

Using panel data of 30 provinces and new energy (NE)-listed enterprises in China from 2011 to 2020, this paper uses basic model to research the impact of various environmental policies in China on NE industry development firstly. Then, using economic level as a threshold variable, a threshold model was constructed to research the impact of economic level on the relationship between environmental regulation and NE industry development. The research results show that firstly, various environmental policies in China have significantly promoted the development of the NE industry. This is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is environmental regulations significantly increased the NE industry output value and profit, the other is environmental regulations enhanced the NE industry growth potential. Secondly, the regional economic level has a significant impact on the relationship between environmental regulations and NE industry development. The promotion effect of environmental regulations on NE industry development depends on the regional economic level. When the regional economic level exceeds the threshold, the promoting effect of environmental regulations on NE industry development significantly increases. The reason is that a weak economic foundation will affect investment in the NE industry. Insufficient capital investment will inevitably seriously hinder the development of the NE industry. Thirdly, residents' education status, financial support, and NE industry agglomeration degree have a positive impact on the development of the NE industry, while population size has no significant impact on NE industry development.

Changes in Students' Perceptions Regarding Adolescent Vaccinations through a Before-After Study Conducted during the COVID-19 Pandemic: GIRASOLE Project Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a reduction in vaccination coverage for all age groups, especially in non-infant age. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an online intervention conducted among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in increasing knowledge and positive attitudes toward vaccinations. The study, which took place online from March to May 2021, involved 267 students from six lower secondary schools in Palermo city (Italy); they filled out the questionnaire before and after the intervention. The questionnaire was based on the protection motivation theory (PMT), which estimates the improvement in vaccination-related knowledge and attitudes. The pre- and post-intervention comparison showed a significant increase in the perception of the disease severity: strongly agree pre-intervention n = 150 (58.6%) and post-intervention n = 173 (67.6%, p < 0.001), rated on a five-point Likert scale. In a multivariate analysis, the factor associated with the improvement in the score after the intervention was the school dropout index (low vs. very high dropout index OR 4.5; p < 0.03). The educational intervention was more effective in schools with lower early school leaving rates, an indirect index of socio-economic status. The topic of vaccination has caught the adolescents' attention, it is, therefore, important that interventions tackling teenagers are tailored to reduce their emotional tension about the perception of adverse effects and improve vaccination coverage.

Parental participation and parents' support: effects on mathematics achievement, 2018 national assessment of learning, Mexico.

The relationship between family involvement in students' academic activities, their learning, and academic achievement has been widely studied. Two different types of family involvement are recognized: parental participation, which is linked to activities implemented by the school, and parental support, which occurs at home and has to do with the family's educational practice. This study analyzed the influence of parental participation in school activities, parental support at home, and family socioeconomic status on student learning in mathematics. The database of 104,973 third-year secondary education students (50.1% female and 49.9% male) from the 2018 assessment of academic achievement in mathematical thinking was considered. Path analysis was employed in structural equation modeling, where a general model of parental support was proposed to compare the learning of students from the lowest quartile and those from the highest socioeconomic level; the model presented a good fit for each group. The models used showed acceptable adjustments in some criteria; in these models, there were positive and significant associations between parental schooling and socioeconomic level and achievement in mathematics. The results obtained are consistent with the findings of other studies in which parental support, mediated by socioeconomic status, significantly influences student learning.

Microplastics pollution in freshwater sediments: The pollution status assessment and sustainable management measures.

Microplastics (MPs) pollution in freshwater sediments has brought hidden dangers to food and drinking water supply. Implementing sustainable management measures for MPs pollution in freshwater sediments has become an inevitable trend for sustainable development of society. Existing studies still lacked sufficient discussion in sustainable management of MPs pollution in freshwater sediments. This makes it difficult to formulate sustainable management measures for MPs pollution in freshwater sediments. This study analyzed the pollution status of MPs in freshwater sediments from 84 study areas. The results showed that current studies on MPs pollution in freshwater sediments were mainly concentrated in densely populated and economically developed areas. The average abundance of MPs in freshwater sediments from collected study areas was 1290.88 items/kg, this brought a potential threat to sustainable development in surrounding areas. The pollution load level and potential ecological risk level of MPs in freshwater sediments from these study areas were low. Reducing MPs discharge and restricting the use of high-risk polymers are effective ways to prevent the deterioration of MPs pollution status in freshwater sediments. The abundance and types of MPs in freshwater sediments from these study areas were affected by human activities. Sustainable management of MPs pollution in freshwater sediments from collected study areas requires establishing a lifecycle management system for plastic products, and the industrial structures should be optimized. In addition, legislation and market regulation are effective ways to restrict the discharge of plastic wastes. Sustainable management of MPs in freshwater sediments requires the synergy of legislation and market regulation.

The psychological mechanism underlying neuroticism on divorce proneness: The chain mediating roles of negative partner support and couple burnout and the moderating role of economic level.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that neuroticism is a significant predictor of divorce proneness. However, how neuroticism affects divorce proneness remains unclear. Based on the vulnerability-stress-adaptation (VSA) model of marriage, this study aimed to explore the psychological mechanism by which neuroticism affects divorce proneness. METHODS: A total of 752 Chinese heterosexual married individuals were surveyed by the Neurotic Subscale of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Negative Subscale of the Dyadic Coping Inventory, the Couple Burnout Measure, the Divorce Proneness Scale, and the Personal Monthly Income Survey. RESULTS: (1) Negative partner support and couple burnout played chain mediating roles in the relationship between neuroticism and divorce proneness, which constructed a chain mediating model. (2) Economic level played a moderating role in the relationship between couple burnout and divorce proneness, which was the latter part of the chain mediating model. CONCLUSIONS: Divorce proneness can be decreased by perfecting personality traits, reducing negative partner support and couple burnout, and improving the economic level.

[Analysis of influencing factors of high frequency hearing loss in workers exposed to noise based on multilevel model].

Objective: To understand the current situation of high-frequency hearing loss of workers exposed to occupational noise in Hubei Province and its multi-level influencing factors. Methods: In June 2021, the basic information, occupational history, physical examination results and other relevant information in the "Occupational Health Examinations Case Cards" for noise workers in Hubei Province in 2020 were extracted from the subsystem of the "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System". Multilevel level of logistic model was used to analyze the related factors of high-frequency hearing loss of noise-exposed workers. Results: In 2020, the incidence rate of occupational high-frequency hearing loss in Hubei Province was 8.25% (6450/78152), and the incidence rate in various regions of the province ranged from 1.13% to 19.87%. At the individual level, male, ≥ 30 years of age, 6-10 years of service, small and micro enterprises, as well as construction, mining, manufacturing, transportation and rental services were the risk factors for high-frequency hearing loss (P<0.05). The risk of high-frequency hearing loss among workers in foreign-funded enterprises was significantly lower than that of workers in state-owned/collective enterprises (P<0.05). At the regional level, the younger the age of the employees, the lower the risk of high-frequency hearing loss (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the regional economic level and the risk of high-frequency hearing loss (P>0.05) . Conclusion: The incidence rate of occupational high-frequency hearing loss in Hubei Province is low in 2020, but the incidence rate varies greatly in different regions of the province, mainly due to differences in employment age, while the development of regional economic level has not reduced the risk of occupational high-frequency hearing loss.

Machiavellianism and learning-related subjective well-being among Chinese senior high school students: A moderated mediation model.

Based on the life history theory and broadening construction theory, the study aimed to investigate the influence of Machiavellianism on the learning-related subjective well-being and the underlying mechanism, 582 Chinese senior high school students (16.8 ± 0.9 years old) including 289 girls (48.3%) and 310 boys were recruited to participate in this study, and they anonymously filled out questionnaires regarding Machiavellianism, learning-related subjective well-being, gratitude, and subjective family economic level. The results showed that: (1) a higher level of Machiavellianism was associated with a lower level of learning-related subjective well-being; (2) gratitude partially mediated the relationship between Machiavellianism and learning-related subjective well-being; (3) subjective family economic level moderated the links between Machiavellianism and learning-related subjective well-being, and between gratitude and learning-related subjective well-being. This study explained how and when Machiavellianism affected Chinese senior high school students' learning-related subjective well-being and provided a deeper understanding of the relationship between Machiavellianism and learning-related subjective well-being.

Related Risk Factors of Early Childhood Caries in Zhejiang Province, China During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: This work aims to examining the latest early childhood caries situation in children aged 3 and 5 and its related risk factors in Zhejiang Province during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: There are 3,537 children and their main caregivers participate in this study. We used chi square test or U-test to analyze whether there were differences in the prevalence of dental caries under different variables. The risk factors on ECC were determined by multivariate logistic analysis. Results: The ECC rate of children in this study was 57.51%. The mean decayed missing filled teeth (dmft) scores were 3.01. The result of multivariate logistic analysis showed higher ECC prevalence was found in children as age increasing, with lower district economic level, with high frequency of confectionary consumption, having oral medical treatment behavior and bad evaluation of children's oral health by parents. Conclusion: In general, the prevalence rate of ECC in this study was lower than five years ago, but still higher than those developed countries. And it was associated with age, district economic level, frequency of confectionary consumption, oral medical treatment behavior and evaluation of children's oral health by parents.

Association between fear of COVID-19 and hoarding behavior during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of mental health status.

Hoarding behavior can effectively improve people's ability to resist risks, so as to reduce the negative effects of risks. However, excessive hoarding behavior will seriously reduce people's quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic can cause excessive hoarding in a large number of people in a short period of time, and also cause a series of economic problems such as social material shortage. It is unclear how hoarding levels are linked to fear and negative emotions caused by COVID-19 among people of different educational backgrounds and social status. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and hoarding behavior in different populations in school and social contexts, as well as the mediating role of negative emotions and the moderating role of subjective/objective social status and education level in this process. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in various provinces in China in January 2022. Demographic information, the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, the Fear of COVID-19 scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress-21, and the Saving Inventory-Revised were used to evaluate the severity of individual hoarding symptoms, the frequency of hoarding, the degree of fear, and the negative emotions (depression, anxiety, stress) caused by COVID-19. Research data showed that fear of COVID-19 was significantly correlated with hoarding behavior (p < 0.05). Fear of COVID-19 was significantly lower in the student sample than in the nonstudent sample (p < 0.05). Negative emotions played a mediating role in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and hoarding behavior (p < 0.05). Educational and economic levels moderated this process, but social status did not. Compared with the student sample, educational background and income had less of a moderating effect on the depression, anxiety, and stress caused by fear of COVID-19 in the nonstudent sample. However, these factors had a more regulative effect on the clutter and excessive acquisition behavior caused by depression, anxiety, and stress, although not on difficulty discarding. These findings suggest that reduce negative emotions in the population, improve cognitive levels, and provide financial support from governments may be effective ways to reduce hoarding symptoms.

COVID-19, economic problems, and family relationships in eight Middle East and North African countries.

Objective: The aim was to assess the reported family relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic and the association between these relationships and individual, interpersonal, and country-level income in eight Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Background: COVID-19 causes fear of infection, loss of loved ones, and economic problems that may affect family relationships. Methods: Data were collected from eight MENA countries using an online survey (July-August 2020). The dependent variable was change in family relationship during COVID-19, and the independent variables were individual, interpersonal, and country-level factors represented by sociodemographic factors, COVID-19 status, financial impact (whether participants lost or had reduced wages) and country income. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: There were 1854 responses, mean (SD) age of 30.6 (9.9) years, 65.8% were female, 3.4% tested COVID-19 positive, and 20.8% reported lost/reduced wages. Family relationships were more likely to improve or remain unchanged (84.3%) for participants who had a history of COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.25, 10.01]). However, family relationships were more likely to not improve for those who knew someone who died of COVID-19 (AOR = 0.76, 95% CI [0.58, 0.99]) and those with lost/reduced wages (AOR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.52, 0.94]). Conclusion: Family relationship improved or remained unchanged for those who tested positive for COVID-19 and did not improve for those who lost wages or lost someone due to COVID-19. Implications: Policy makers should develop strategies to provide social and financial support to employees to reduce the losses and adverse social impact caused by the pandemic.

Association of screen exposure with psychosocial problems in primary school students.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the current status of screen exposure and the factors related to screen exposure in primary school students and explore the relationship between screen exposure and psychosocial problems, which may provide evidence for the scientific use of electronic products and psychological interventions used in these children. Methods: The parents of 811 primary school students aged 6-12 years received a questionnaire survey in Beijing between January 13 and January 16, 2022. The demographic data and daily screen exposure time were collected, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) about their children was administered online. Results: In 793 students, the average daily screen exposure of <2 h and ≥2 h was noted in 75.0% and 25% of patients, respectively. The mobile phone was the main medium for screen exposure (40.9%). The family's economic level, parental relationship, and main supervisor were related to screen exposure time (χ 2 = 44.8,14.5 and 12.4, P < 0.05). A low family economic level with a monthly income not meeting the basic living needs, poor parental relationship, and an elderly person responsible for supervision were related to increased screen exposure time. The abnormal emotional and behavioral symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity inattention, peer communication, prosocial behaviors, and a total difficulties score were found in 11.6%, 9.8%, 15.3%, 22.1%, 6.8%, and 13.4% of children, respectively. Excessive screen exposure was related to peer interaction and prosocial behaviors (χ 2 = 12.18 and 7.76, P < 0.05). The children with excessive screen exposure were more likely to have abnormal peer interaction (χ 2 = 12.09, P = 0.001) and prosocial behaviors (χ 2 = 7.76, P = 0.005). Excessive screen exposure was a risk factor for peer interaction problems (P < 0.05). Discussion: In conclusion, the detection rate of excessive screen exposure is higher in primary school students, which is related to the family's economic level, parental relationship, and main supervisor. Excessive screen exposure is harmful to the psychosocial health of these children, which is characterized by abnormal peer intercommunion and prosocial behaviors. More attention should be paid to screen exposure time in primary school students.

Human density, economic level and frequency of canine helminths in Buenos Aires.

The aim of this study was to explore through cross-sectional study the variation in the prevalence of parasitic helminths in canine faeces collected from green spaces of Buenos Aires according to the human density (HD) and economic level (EL) in the surroundings. HD and EL were considered as independent variables with three categories each. Twenty public squares (one hectare of surface) were randomly selected for each existing combination of the two independent variables. Ten random samples of fresh canine faeces were obtained in each square and analysed for helminths by the sedimentation and flotation techniques. The prevalence for each of the species was analysed using generalized linear models (GLM). The prevalence was modelled with a binomial error distribution and a logit link function. Helminth eggs were detected in 45 out of the 200 (22.5%) faecal samples collected and in 18 of the 20 green spaces sampled. The species observed were Ancylostoma caninum (13% of samples), Trichuris vulpis (8%) and Toxocara canis (4.5%). The GLM indicated that the prevalence of A. caninum in the slum areas (very high HD and very low EL) was higher than that in the other areas studied. However, the HD seemed to contribute more than the EL to the variations in the prevalence of A. caninum in faecal samples. The GLM showed no differences in the prevalence of the other parasite species for the different levels of the independent variables.

Unmedicated patients with schizophrenia in economically underdeveloped areas of China.

OBJECTIVES: Untreated schizophrenia commonly leads to poor prognosis. The medication treatment rate of schizophrenia patients in economically underdeveloped areas of China has not been well-studied. This study aimed to examine the pattern of unmedicated schizophrenia patients in economically underdeveloped rural and urban areas of China. METHOD: A total of 4240 schizophrenia patients in Lanzhou (1720 rural and 2520 urban patients) registered in the community mental-health service system in Lanzhou, Gansu province were included. Their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics including medication treatment status were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The proportion of unmedicated schizophrenia patients was 22.5% (n = 953) in the whole sample, with 32.3% (556/1720) in rural and 15.8% (397/2520) in urban patients (X2=161.1, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that unmedicated schizophrenia patients in rural area were more likely to be older (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.03), male (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.07-1.71), unmarried (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.55-0.91), and have lower educational level (OR=0.39, 95%CI: 0.24-0.65), longer illness duration (OR=1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02) and less frequent admissions (OR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.38-0.54). In contrast, unmedicated patients in urban area were more likely to be older (OR=1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02), unmarried (OR=0.77, 95%CI: 0.61-0.98), employed (OR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.87-3.04), and have lower educational level (OR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.37-0.65), better financial status (OR=0.60, 95%CI: 0.48-0.76) and less frequent admissions (OR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.75-0.87). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of unmedicated schizophrenia patients is high in economically underdeveloped areas of China, particularly in rural areas. Effective policies and measures should be implemented urgently to improve the treatment rate in this population.

[Epidemiology and sociodemographic characterization of the fibromyalgia in Comunidad Valenciana]. / Epidemiología y caracterización sociodemográfica de la fibromialgia en la Comunidad Valenciana.

OBJECTIVE: The elevated prevalence of the fibromyalgia and its polypathologic clinic suppose an important Public Health problem in Spain. The purpose of this study was to carry out an approach of the syndrome's epidemiology, with the finality of collaborate in the scientific knowledge progress of the people who suffer fibromyalgia, in this case, through the sociodemographic analysis of Comunidad Valenciana patients, in Spain. METHODS: It was done an epidemiologic descriptive transversal study, by extractions and analysis of epidemiological variables in official resources of health information of Comunidad Valenciana (Abucasis II, SIA, GAIA, SIP, SIE). The study presented two different analysis processes: the first one was the exam of the fibromyalgia prevalence evolution of the whole Comunidad Valenciana, considering the totality of diagnosed people between 2012 and 2016. The second one, supposed the sociodemographic characterization of people who are affected with fibromyalgia, using a sample of 9,267 people with active diagnostic of the disease in one of the 25 health department of the valencian public system, observing variables such as age, sex, origin, asistenciality, labour activity and economic level. The datum statistic treatment was descriptive univariable and it was made with percentage values of means, median and mode. The confidence interval for the average when required was set at 95 percent. RESULTS: Fibromyalgia was an elevated prevalence disease in Comunidad Valenciana (3.7%) in the study's period, establishing itself above the world media prevalence studied, Europe or Spain. What is more, it presented a special gravity in the male prevalence. Its evolution reflected a growth year-to-year of the order of 28 percent, with an average incidence rate of 5.39 new cases per thousand inhabitants / year. It specially affected women (it had it the 63% of the sample) and the average age of 54 years. Besides, people with fibromyalgia presented low economic levels and laboural difficulties defined by low employment rate, the elevated unemployment rate and the frequency and length of their work leaves. CONCLUSIONS: Fibromyalgia has a special epidemiological importance in Comunidad Valenciana, with a high prevalence and incidence. In its basic sociodemography we found an elevated percent of women with ages between 51 and 70 years, but also, we find a male prevalence of special consideration comparatively with other studies. We observe an important reduce of the socioeconomic and sociodemographic conditions between fibromyalgia diagnosed people.

OBJETIVO: La elevada prevalencia de la fibromialgia y su clínica polipatológica supone un importante problema de salud pública en España. El presente estudio tuvo por objeto realizar una aproximación a la epidemiología del síndrome, con la finalidad de colaborar en el avance del conocimiento científico de las personas que sufren fibromialgia, en este caso mediante el análisis sociodemográfico de los pacientes en la Comunidad Valenciana (España). METODOS: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo transversal, mediante extracción y análisis de variables epidemiológicas en fuentes oficiales de información sanitaria de la Comunidad Valenciana (Abucasis II, SIA, GAIA, SIP, SIE). El estudio presentó dos procesos de análisis diferenciados: el primero fue el examen de la evolución de la prevalencia de la fibromialgia en toda la Comunidad Valenciana, considerando a la totalidad de las personas diagnosticadas entre 2012 y 2016. El segundo supuso la caracterización sociodemográfica de las personas afectadas de fibromialgia, utilizando una muestra de 9.267 personas con diagnóstico activo de la enfermedad en uno de los 25 departamentos de salud del sistema público valenciano, observando variables tales como edad, sexo, procedencia, asistencialidad, actividad laboral y nivel económico. El tratamiento estadístico de los datos fue descriptivo univariable, y realizado con valores porcentuales, de media, mediana y moda. El intervalo de confianza para la media, cuando fue requerido, se estableció en el 95 por ciento. RESULTADOS: La fibromialgia fue una enfermedad de elevada prevalencia en la Comunidad Valenciana (3,7%) en el periodo de estudio, situándose por encima de las prevalencias medias estudiadas en el mundo, Europa o España. Presentó además una especial gravedad en la prevalencia masculina. Su evolución reflejó un crecimiento interanual del orden del 28 por ciento, con una tasa de incidencia media de 5,39 nuevos casos por cada mil habitantes/año. Afectó especialmente a las mujeres (63 por ciento de la muestra) y la edad media fue de 54 años. Además, las personas con fibromialgia presentaron bajos niveles económicos y dificultades laborales definidas por la baja tasa de empleo, la elevada tasa de paro y la frecuencia y duración de sus bajas laborales. CONCLUSIONES: La fibromialgia tiene una especial importancia epidemiológica en la Comunidad Valenciana, con alta prevalencia e incidencia. En su sociodemografía básica encontramos un porcentaje elevado de mujeres en edades comprendidas entre los 51 y los 70 años, pero también una prevalencia masculina de especial consideración comparativamente con otros estudios. Observamos un importante menoscabo de las condiciones socioeconómicas y sociolaborales entre las personas con diagnóstico de fibromialgia.

Socioeconomic inequalities in health and the use of healthcare services in Catalonia: analysis of the individual data of 7.5 million residents.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to analyse the health status, the use of public healthcare services and the consumption of prescription drugs in the population of Catalonia, taking into consideration the socioeconomic level of individuals and paying special attention to vulnerable groups. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of the entire population resident in Catalonia in 2015 (7.5 million people) using administrative records. Twenty indicators are analysed related to health, the use of healthcare services and consumption of prescription drugs. Rates, frequencies and averages are obtained for the different variables stratified by age groups (under 15 years, 15-64 years and 65 years or older), gender and socioeconomic status (calculated on the basis of pharmacy copayment levels and Social Security benefits received). RESULTS: A socioeconomic gradient was observed in all the indicators analysed, in both sexes and in all age groups. Morbidity, use of mental healthcare centres, hospitalisation rates and probability of drug consumption among children is 3-7 times higher for those with low socioeconomic level respect to those with a higher one. In children and adults, the steepest gradient was found in the use of mental health services. Moreover, there are gender inequalities. CONCLUSION: There are significant socioeconomic inequalities in health status and in the use of healthcare services in the population of Catalonia. To respond to this situation, new policies on health and other areas, such as education and employment, are required, especially those that have an impact on early years.

Changes in socio-economic level and their impact on nutritional status: a follow-up study among young Chilean adults.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between changes in socio-economic level (SEL) and nutritional status of Chilean adults over a 10-year period. DESIGN: Concurrent cohort study.Setting/SubjectsIndividuals born from 1974 to 1978 in the Valparaíso Region of Chile were evaluated between 2000 and 2002 (n 1232) and again between 2010 and 2012 (n 796). SEL was characterized according to the occupation and educational level of the head of household. Nutritional status was based on measurement of BMI and waist circumference (WC). RESULTS: Between the first and second evaluation there was a 13 % reduction in the number of individuals classified as poor and a 12 % increase in those classified in the medium high SEL. Increases in BMI were found among women who remained in the low SEL (ß=2·2, 95 % CI 0·16, 2·87) compared with women who maintained the same SEL (and whose SEL was above low over the 10-year period). Women who remained in the low SEL increased their WC (ß=4·10, 95 % CI 0·27, 7·93). There were no associations between nutritional status and SEL among males. CONCLUSIONS: In the period studied, the SEL of the study population improved between the third and fourth decade of life, but BMI and WC also increased among women, with the lowest socio-economic group experiencing the greatest changes. Meanwhile, among males we found no association between anthropometric measurements and changes in SEL.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence of psychotic disorders: the distribution of rates and the influence of gender, urbanicity, immigration and socio-economic level.

BACKGROUND: Considering existing knowledge on the relationship between certain environmental factors and incidence rates of psychosis, we carried out a systematic review to provide a broad and updated picture of the incidences of different psychotic disorder subgroups worldwide and how some environmental factors influence these rates. METHODS: Studies with original data related to the incidence of psychosis (published between 2000 and 2015) were identified via searching electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, PUBMED, and SCOPUS). Data on the following risk factors were extracted: gender, urbanicity, immigration and socio-economic level. Descriptive appraisals of variation in incidence rates (IR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR), with a 95% confidence interval were calculated. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed to calculate IR pooled by diagnosis group and IRR pooled by diagnosis and gender, urbanity, immigration and socio-economic level, using a random effects model. RESULTS: We identified 33 reports to analyse. Overall IR per 100 000 persons for non-affective psychoses (IR pooled = 22.53 (16.51-28.54)) were higher than affective psychoses (IR pooled = 7.12 (5.03-9.22)). There was an increase in rates of psychosis in men v. women (IRR pooled = 1.54 (1.37-1.72)), in urban v. rural areas (IRR pooled = 1.64 (1.38-1.95)), in immigrants v. natives (IRR pooled = 3.09 (2.74-3.49)), and in lower socio-economic level areas (IRR pooled = 1.78 (1.43-2.22)). CONCLUSIONS: IR among different psychotic disorders was found to vary depending on gender, urbanicity, and immigration (as most of the previous literature focuses on non-affective psychosis or schizophrenia).

Feeding practices of young children aged 12-23 months in different socio-economic settings: a study from an urban area of Indonesia.

Poor feeding practices among young children lead to malnutrition, and the poor are at a greater risk than the better off groups. Child-feeding practices in various socio-economic strata, especially in urban settings, have not yet been well studied in Indonesia. This study aims to explore the feeding practices of 12-23 months old children from different socio-economic status (SES) groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, which included low (n 207), medium-high (n 205), medium-low (n 208) and high SES households (n 194) in forty-three villages within thirty-three sub-districts of Bandung city. Two non-consecutive 24 h recall and eight core indicators of child-feeding practices were assessed through interviews. The results showed that children from the high SES group were more likely to be exclusively breast-fed and to continue breast-feeding up to 1 year of age, met minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, and also consumed Fe-rich or Fe-fortified foods. In contrast, children from low SES consumed more energy-rich food (grain) but fewer foods from the other food groups. Consumption of major nutrients differed across the SES groups. Inadequate nutrition was higher among children from the lower SES groups. Fortified foods were consumed by a larger proportion of children from the high SES group and contributed considerably to their overall nutrient intake. This study shows that young children's feeding practices were not adequate, most notably among the low SES households. However, after adjusting with potential confounders, there was not enough evidence to conclude SES as a risk factor for feeding practice.