O Conceito de Empreendimento Econômico Solidário: Por uma Abordagem Gradualista / The Concept of Solidarity Economy Venture: Towards a Gradualist Approach / Le Concept de l'Entreprenariat Économique Solidaire: Pour une Approche Gradualiste / El Concepto de Iniciativas de Economía Solidaria: Hacia una Perspectiva Gradualista

RESUMO O artigo apresenta inicialmente como uma confluência havida nos anos 1990 entre diversos atores sociais no Brasil conduziu a uma unidade política em torno do conceito de empreendimento econômico solidário. Discute a seguir as conveniências e inadequações desse enfoque, essencialmente normativo, para fins acadêmicos, atividade que implica identificar os traços estruturantes de tais organizações e formular critérios de qualificação e diferenciação desse campo de práticas. Propõe, desta maneira, uma modelagem weberiana ideal-típica do conceito, apropriada a análises empíricas desde um prisma teórico predeterminado. Lastreado em estudos precedentes dos autores, o exame do grau de correspondência entre as organizações econômicas concretas e os critérios prescritos pelo modelo permite qualificá-las, relacioná-las a organizações congêneres e comparar a economia solidária com campos de práticas afins, dentre eles o terceiro setor, examinado em suas peculiaridades na última seção do artigo.

ABSTRACT The following article begins by demonstrating how a convergence between various social actors in 1990s Brazil led to a political consensus on the concept of an empreendimento econômico solidário [solidarity economy venture]. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of what is essentially a normative focus, for academic purposes, leading us to identify the structural elements of such organizations and to formulate qualification and differentiation criteria in this field of practice. It thus proposes a Weberian ideal-type model for the concept, appropriated for empirical analyses from a pre-determined theoretical prism. Backed by several of the authors' previous studies, an examination of the degree of correspondence between the specific economic organizations and the criteria prescribed by the model allows us to qualify and relate them to peer organizations and to compare the solidarity economy with similar fields of practice, such as the third sector, examining particular features in the final section of the article.

RÉSUMÉ Cet article présente initialement de quelle manière une confluence survenue dans les années 1990 entre divers acteurs sociaux du Brésil a pu conduire à une unité politique autour du concept d'entreprenariat économique solidaire. On discutera ensuite des avantages et des inconvénients de cette approche, essentiellement normative, à des fins académiques, ce qui impliquera l'identification des traits structurants de telles organisations et la formulation des critères de qualification et de différenciation de ce champ de pratiques. On proposera ainsi une modélisation wébérienne idéale-typique du concept, qui s'avère appropriée pour les analyses empiriques sous un prisme théorique prédéterminé. Sur la base de des précédentes études des auteurs, l'examen du degré de correspondance entre les organisations économiques concrètes et les critères prescrits par le modèle permettra de les qualifier, de les mettre en relation avec des organisations similaires et de comparer l'économie solidaire avec des champs de pratique du même ordre, à l'instar du tiers-secteur, dont on examinera les particularités dans la dernière partie de cet article.

RESUMEN El artículo presenta inicialmente la manera en que la confluencia que se produjo en la década de 1990 entre diversos actores sociales en Brasil condujo a una unidad política en torno al concepto de iniciativas económicas solidarias (conocidas en Brasil como empreendimentos econômicos solidários ). A continuación, se debaten las ventajas e inconvenientes de este enfoque, esencialmente normativo, para fines académicos, una actividad que implica identificar los rasgos estructurales de tales organizaciones y formular criterios de calificación y diferenciación de este campo de prácticas. Se propone, de esta manera, una configuración weberiana ideal típica del concepto, apropiada para análisis empíricos realizados desde un prisma teórico predeterminado. Fundamentado en estudios precedentes de los autores, el examen del grado de correspondencia entre las organizaciones económicas concretas y los criterios prescritos por el modelo permite calificarlas, relacionarlas con organizaciones congéneres y comparar la economía solidaria con campos de prácticas afines, entre ellos, el tercer sector, cuyas peculiaridades se examinan en la última sección del artículo.

[Social cooperatives in Italy]. / Les entreprises à économie sociale en Italie.

This paper describes the role of social cooperatives in Italy as a type of economic, non-profit organization and their role in contributing to the economic and social growth of the country. The purpose of this paper is to learn more about the experience of the Italian social cooperatives in promoting the work integration process of disadvantaged workers, especially those suffering from mental disorders, from a theoretical and an empirical point of view. Social enterprise is the most popular and consolidated legal and organizational model for social enterprises in Italy, introduced by Law 381/91. Developed during the early 1980s, and formally recognized by law in the early 1990s, social cooperatives aim at pursuing the general interest of the community to promote the human needs and social inclusion of citizens. They are orientated towards aims that go beyond the interest of the business owners, the primary beneficiary of their activities is the community, or groups of disadvantaged people. In Italy, Law 381/91 distinguishes between two categories of social cooperatives, those producing goods of social utility, such as culture, welfare and educational services (A-type), and those providing economic activities for the integration of disadvantaged people into employment (B-type). The main purpose of B-type social cooperatives is to integrate disadvantaged people into the open labour market. This goal is reached after a period of training and working experience inside the firm, during which the staff works to improve both the social and professional abilities of disadvantaged people. During the years, B-type social co-ops acquired a particular relevance in the care of people with mental disorders by offering them with job opportunities. Having a job is central in the recovery process of people suffering from mental diseases, meaning that B-type social co-ops in Italy play an important rehabilitative and integrative role for this vulnerable population of workers. The recent literature has highlighted that difficulties with employment are a feature of mental disorders, with high unemployment rates and short job tenure. Yet, success in employment for this population can be expected when they are provided with adequate support and opportunities. B-type social cooperatives in Italy are found to be very useful in order to help this disadvantaged category of workers find and keep a job. The work environment is more flexible and allows a better integration with less stigma and better work accommodations compared to the open labour market and/or other public/private organizations. Results from B-type Italian social cooperatives studies show that mentally ill workers value the importance of working, are highly satisfied with their job, are motivated to continue working, are engaged in their job and willing to work in the competitive labour market. Also, studies show that environmental characteristics of the social cooperative, such as the implementation of work accommodations and the possibility to work in an environment that is highly supportive, have an impact on increasing the likelihood of being highly satisfied with the job, which in turn is positively related to job tenure. In sum, this article shed light on the historical background that led to the development of social cooperatives in Italy. Furthermore, the features of B-type co-ops that play a central role in facilitating the work integration of people with mental disorders are described in this paper. In general, Italian B-type social cooperatives are found to provide a meaningful work experience to people with mental disorders, that help them increase not only vocational outcomes, but also psycho-social outcomes, and generally to help them better integrate into society.

[Practices and interventions related to the work integration of people with a severe mental illness: work outcomes and avenues of research]. / Pratiques et interventions de soutien à l'insertion professionnelle des personnes présentant des troubles mentaux graves : résultats et pistes de recherche.

Sustained work integration for people with a severe mental illness or handicap psychique in French (e.g., schizophrenia) is an important issue in our society today. Indeed, work is not only an essential factor in people's social integration but is also a stepping-stone toward recovery for this clientele. Well-defined programs and services related to work integration were developed and studied over the last three decades. Although the work integration of people with severe mental illness has been studied extensively in the Anglo-Saxon literature, the impact of these studies on the traditional beliefs and services in France remains uncertain. In terms of the scope of the studies so far, there has been an initial interest lasting over many years to uncover individual characteristics of people with severe mental illness which would best predict job tenure. Since, studies have been increasingly investigating various supports in order to facilitate the work integration process. These supports can be illustrated as direct supports or accommodations offered in the workplace, as needed, particularly when people with severe mental illness choose to disclose their mental disorder in the workplace. This awareness of the impact of the workplace environment on the work integration of people with a severe mental illness increases the need to find solutions and develop environmentally sensitive clinical strategies to overcome difficulties during the work integration. To illustrate this thematic, in this special issue, we have gathered together studies conducted in different countries but who share the focus on work integration of people with a severe mental illness. To reflect the advancement in this domain, this special issue is divided in three parts. The first part consists of the presentation of different types of vocational programs: supported employment programs, social firms, and hybrid models. Supported employment programs are very well documented in the specialised literature and are recognized as an evidence-based practice across the world to help people get competitive employment. Social firms is an another alternative model for facilitating the work integration of people with severe mental illness but has to date scarcely been studied empirically. Other hybrid vocational programs implemented in Québec (Canada) and France and inspired by supported employment programs and social firms' principles, are also described. The second part of this special issue is related to the presentation of two adjunct clinical interventions for helping people with a severe mental illness in their work integration, and more particularly for increasing job tenure: cognitive remediation and group cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive remediation was developed to reduce the impact of cognitive deficits, such as memory or attention, in people with a severe mental illness whereas group cognitive behavioral therapy was developed to change the dysfunctional beliefs and behaviours that might hinder job tenure in people receiving supported employment services. Finally, the third part of this special issue presents two papers on the influence of the workplace, of stakeholders from the organization (e.g., employers, supervisors) and of the work environment on the work integration of people with severe mental illness. The first paper discusses disclosure of the mental illness in the workplace and its positive and negative consequences such as receiving work accommodations and experiencing stigma, respectively. In the last paper, psychological processes during the hiring process are presented to better understand the elements related to discrimination and stigma during the work integration of people with severe mental illness.