The effectiveness of transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders: the role of and impact of comorbid depression.

Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (tCBT), an intervention designed to be applicable across multiple diagnoses, was introduced to improve limitations in traditional therapy such as cost and access to trained therapists. It has been established as an effective and efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders, though there has been little research focussed on the role of depression. The current study investigated the role of comorbid depression during tCBT for anxiety disorders in primary care settings as an outcome and a moderator of anxiety outcomes. Results of multi-level ANOVAs indicated no significant difference in anxiety outcomes regardless of whether there was a comorbid depression diagnosis in the tCBT condition, and that individuals with a comorbid depression diagnosis experienced significantly greater reduction in anxiety severity than those without. Depression symptom severity decreased to a significantly greater extent in the tCBT condition than in TAU when the outcome measure of Patient Health Questionnaire was utilised as the outcome measure, but this was not mirrored when the Clinician Severity Rating was utilised as the outcome measure. This study provides preliminary support for the effectiveness of Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behaviour therapy for those with both a principal anxiety disorder and comorbid depression in symptom reduction.

An economic analysis of selective laser trabeculoplasty versus topical prostaglandin analogues as initial therapy for primary open-angle glaucoma in a tertiary government hospital in the Philippines

Objective@# This study compared the economic viability of initial medical therapy with topical prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) versus selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).@*Method@#This was an economic analysis using actual, current treatment costs of PGA therapy versus SLT applied to theoretical, literature-derived clinical efficacy data projected for a period of 19 years. A socioeconomic and demographic survey conducted among POAG patients at the Department of Health Eye Center of the East Avenue Medical Center from March-April 2022 provided the economic context and setting for the analysis. The treatment regimens were compared in terms of total cost, clinical efficacy, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility in the setting of a tertiary government hospital.@*Results@#Thirty-one (31) patients were included in the study. The total annual cost of topical PGAs was Philippine Pesos (Php) 13,532 versus Php 6,195 for SLT. Cost-effectiveness was Php 1,933 for PGAs/mmHg reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) versus Php 983 for SLT. Cost-utility was Php 59,793/Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) gained for PGAs versus Php 27,373/QALY gained for SLT projected for 19 years. With government insurance coverage, cost-utility ratio was Php 47,831/QALY gained for topical PGAs versus 16,327/QALY gained for SLT.@*Conclusion@#In POAG patients, SLT was more cost-effective versus PGAs with a lower cost per mmHg IOP reduction, and lower cost-utility ratio for every QALY gained. SLT can be recommended as initial therapy for POAG especially for patients being treated at tertiary government hospitals.

Real-world effectiveness and persistence of reference etanercept versus biosimilar etanercept GP2015 among rheumatoid arthritis patients: A cohort study.

Although several randomized clinical trials have confirmed that there is no difference in efficacy between etanercept and its biosimilar versions in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), limited real-world evidence is available. We conducted a cohort study to compare the effectiveness and treatment persistence between the reference etanercept (ETN) and the biosimilar GP2015 in RA patients in a real-life setting. Adults with a diagnosis of RA who initiated treatment with ETN or GP2015, between January 2007 and December 2019, were included. The follow-up period was 52 weeks. The primary outcome was the mean of change in the DAS28-CRP values and the adjusted mean difference from baseline to 52 weeks between ETN and GP2015. Other effectiveness endpoints assessed were the rate of patients who achieved remission or low disease activity (LDA) at week 52, who showed a reduction of DAS28-CRP value greater than or equal to 1.2 from baseline to week 52 and rate of good responder patients (those meeting both effectiveness measures) at week 52. Treatment effectiveness over time (baseline, 26 and 52 weeks) was compared between the ETN and GP2015 groups using mixed effects models. Treatment persistence (probability of maintaining the same treatment over time) was also evaluated and shown using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. A total of 115 RA patients were included (ETN, n = 90; GP2015, n = 25). No differences were observed in the primary outcome: DAS28-CRP score decreased from baseline to week 52 [5.1 to 2.7 (mean of change -2.37) in ETN group and 5.0 to 2.2 (mean of change -2.84) in GP2015 group, p-value = 0.372] and the adjusted mean difference was -0.37 (-1.03 to 0.29). No differences were also observed in the other effectiveness endpoints assessed among patients treated with ETN or GP2015: rate of patients who achieved remission (54.1% vs. 66.7%, p-value = 0.303) and LDA (71.6% vs. 80.9%, p-value = 0.391) at week 52, reduction of DAS28-CRP value greater than or equal to 1.2 from baseline to week 52 (75.6% vs. 80.9%, p-value = 0.613) and rate of good responder patients (58.1% vs. 76.1%, p-value = 0.202). Drug survival was 82% and 80% for ETN and GP2015, respectively (log-rank p-value = 0.804). Etanercept and its biosimilar GP2015 show similar effectiveness and treatment persistence in RA patients in a real-life setting.

Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine behaviour intentions among the youth in Kenya: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 has become a public health concern globally with increased numbers of cases of the disease and deaths reported daily. The key strategy for the prevention of COVID-19 disease is to enhance mass COVID-19 vaccination. However, mass vaccination faces challenges of hesitation to acceptance of the vaccine in the community. The youth may not be among the vulnerable population to severe COVID-19 disease but are highly susceptible to contracting the virus and spreading it. The aim of the study was to assess COVID-19 vaccine youth behavior intentions and their determinants in Kenya. METHODS: The study used a mixed method design, employing a cross-sectional survey and focused group discussions across 47 counties in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural settings of Kenya. The interviewees were youths aged 18-35, registered in online platforms/peer groups that included Shujaaz, Brck Moja, Aiffluence, Y Act and Heroes for Change. Quantitative data was collected using Google forms. A total of 665 interviews were conducted. Quantitative data was analysed using STATA version 16. In this paper we report quantitative study findings. RESULTS: The findings of the study indicated that only 42% of the youth were ready to be vaccinated, with 52% adopting a wait and see approach to what happens to those who had received the vaccine and 6% totally unwilling to be vaccinated. The determinants of these behavior intentions included: the perceived adverse effects of the vaccine on health, inadequate information about the COVID-19 vaccine, conflicting information about COVID-19 vaccine from the social media, religious implications of the vaccine, impact of education level on understanding of the vaccine, perceived risk of contracting the COVID-19 disease, efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine, COVID-19 affecting women than men and trust in the ministry of health to lead COVID-19 interventions. Significantly it was found that hesitancy is higher among females, protestants and those with post-secondary education. Lack of information and concerns around vaccine safety and effectiveness were main cause of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Social media was the major source of information contributing to hesitancy. Other contributors to hesitancy included low trust in the MoH and belief that mass vaccination is not helpful. CONCLUSION: Vaccine hesitancy remains high among the youth but the causes of it are modifiable and health systems need to have evidence based engagements with the youth to reduce vaccine hesitancy.

[Screening for cancer of the colon and rectum A review on incidence, mortality, cost and benefit].

In this article the incidence and mortality for cancer of the colon and rectum in Iceland is discussed. The two most common screening methods, faecal immunochemical test (FIT) and colonoscopy are compared and an estimate of cost and benefits for the Icelandic society will be made. The incidence of cancer of the colon and rectum has been increasing in Iceland in last decades but mortality has decreased and survival improved. However, more individuals die from cancer of the colon and rectum than from both breast- and cervical cancer added together. It is likely that screening for cancer of the colon and rectum, could prevent at least 6 of the 28 deaths related to those cancers, occurring yearly in Iceland in screening age, given a screening ages of 50-74 years. The extra cost for the Icelandic community due to the implementation of screening for cancer of the colon and rectum will be acceptable due to the lower cost of simpler treatments, lower cancer incidence and reduced mortality.

Clinical effectiveness and safety evaluation of a respiratory training device / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of a respiratory training device (patent No.201320672057.6), which was developed and produced in China.Methods:Sixty patients with chronic respiratory diseases admitted in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from May 2019 to July 2019 were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly divided into trial group ( n=30) and control group ( n=30), in the trial group, respiratory training device was used on the basis of conventional treatment, while in the control group, patients received conventional treatment only. Baseline data were collected at the time of enrollment, patients were followed up every 4 weeks, and the final data were collected at the 16th week. The primary outcomes were mMRC score, LCQ score and expectoration. The secondary outcomes were pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, SpO 2, FeNO, SGRQ score, times of acute exacerbation and adverse events. Results:There was no significant difference in proportion of decreased mMRC score between trial group and control group [36.0% (9/25) vs. 23.1% (6/26), Z=-1.044, P=0.301). On expectoration, the decrease rate of no-sputum patients in the trial group was significantly higher than that in the control group [28.0%(7/25) vs. 7.7%(2/26), Z=2.050, P=0.041]. In addition, 56%(14/25) patients in the trial group had a decrease in sputum volume compared to 19.2%(5/26)in the control group ( Z=-2.574, P=0.010). There was no statistical difference between the two groups before and after the follow-up in LCQ score( F=0.668, P=0.418). The PEF of pulmonary function in the trial group was significantly improved compared to the baseline( F=4.532, P=0.039); and R 35 was also significantly improved in the trial group( F=4.125, P=0.048). In terms of quality of life, the study found no statistical differences in SGRQ scores between baseline and follow-up. However, the SGRQ symptom score decreased significantly in trial group( F=7.481, P=0.009). There was no statistical difference in acute exacerbation between the two groups ( Z=0.297, P=0.766). No adverse events occurred during the follow-up period. Conclusions:This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness and safety of a respiratory training device developed in China. In terms of the clinical effectiveness, the device can reduce sputum, increase PEF, reduce R 35, indicating that there is a certain therapeutic effect. It is not clear that the device can reduce the severity of dyspnea and pulmonary function, improve quality of life, reduce the times of acute exacerbation. In terms of safety, the device did not show adverse effects during follow-up in this study.

Cost-effectiveness of a high-intensity versus a low-intensity smoking cessation intervention in a dental setting: long-term follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of a high-intensity and a low-intensity smoking cessation treatment programme (HIT and LIT) using long-term follow-up effectiveness data and to validate the cost-effectiveness results based on short-term follow-up. DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Intervention effectiveness was estimated in a randomised controlled trial as numbers of abstinent participants after 1 and 5-8 years of follow-up. The economic evaluation was performed from a societal perspective using a Markov model by estimating future disease-related costs (in Euro (€) 2018) and health effects (in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)). Programmes were explicitly compared in an incremental analysis, and the results were presented as an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. SETTING: The study was conducted in dental clinics in Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: 294 smokers aged 19-71 years were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Behaviour therapy, coaching and pharmacological advice (HIT) was compared with one counselling session introducing a conventional self-help programme (LIT). RESULTS: The more costly HIT led to higher number of 6-month continuous abstinent participants after 1 year and higher number of sustained abstinent participants after 5-8 years, which translates into larger societal costs avoided and health gains than LIT. The incremental cost/QALY of HIT compared with LIT amounted to €918 and €3786 using short-term and long-term effectiveness, respectively, which is considered very cost-effective in Sweden. CONCLUSION: CEA favours the more costly HIT if decision makers are willing to spend at least €4000/QALY for tobacco cessation treatment.

A Review of Clinical Trials With an Adaptive Design and Health Economic Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: An adaptive design uses data collected as a clinical trial progresses to inform modifications to the trial. Hence, adaptive designs and health economics aim to facilitate efficient and accurate decision making. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether the methods are considered together in the design, analysis, and reporting of trials. This review aims to establish how health economic outcomes are used in the design, analysis, and reporting of adaptive designs. METHODS: Registered and published trials up to August 2016 with an adaptive design and health economic analysis were identified. The use of health economics in the design, analysis, and reporting was assessed. Summary statistics are presented and recommendations formed based on the research team's experiences and a practical interpretation of the results. RESULTS: Thirty-seven trials with an adaptive design and health economic analysis were identified. It was not clear whether the health economic analysis accounted for the adaptive design in 17/37 trials where this was thought necessary, nor whether health economic outcomes were used at the interim analysis for 18/19 of trials with results. The reporting of health economic results was suboptimal for the (17/19) trials with published results. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate consideration is rarely given to the health economic analysis of adaptive designs. Opportunities to use health economic outcomes in the design and analysis of adaptive trials are being missed. Further work is needed to establish whether adaptive designs and health economic analyses can be used together to increase the efficiency of health technology assessments without compromising accuracy.

Efetividade de um treinamento na aprendizagem de familiares de pacientes cardiopatas sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar / The effectiveness of training in the teaching of relatives of patients with heart disease on cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Introdução: Considerando que as doenças cardiovasculares são responsáveis por elevadas taxas de mortalidade no mundo e que esse cenário não é diferente no Brasil, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia alerta que os cardiopatas podem ser acometidos a qualquer momento por uma parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR), muitas vezes presenciada por familiares leigos. A correta realização da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP) tem favorecido positivamente a sobrevida das vítimas dessa emergência, reforçando a importância da capacitação de familiares de pacientes cardiopatas no atendimento à pessoa em PCR. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de um treinamento na aprendizagem de familiares de pacientes cardiopatas sobre RCP. Métodos: Estudo quase experimental, realizado em São Paulo, cuja amostra foi composta por familiares que atenderam aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: ter idade 18 anos; possuir algum membro da família cardiopata, internado na unidade de clínica médica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo e com programação de alta; residir com o paciente; apresentar condições físicas que permitissem realizar o treinamento prático; e ser morador(a) da Grande São Paulo. A coleta de dados, realizada entre 5 de março e 30 de agosto de 2018, foi desenvolvida em duas fases. Na primeira, foram avaliados o conhecimento teórico e as habilidades dos participantes sobre a RCP antes e imediatamente após o treinamento, oferecido por enfermeiro, que incluiu explicação teórica e capacitação prática sobre atendimento a uma pessoa em PCR por meio de simulações em manequim e uso do desfibrilador externo automático (DEA), tendo como base o suporte básico de vida (SBV) em cardiologia. A segunda fase aconteceu um mês após o treinamento com a aplicação das mesmas avaliações realizadas na primeira. Os testes McNemar e Stuart-Maxwell e um modelo de efeitos mistos foram utilizados para as análises dos dados, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Dos 60 familiares de pacientes cardiopatas que compuseram a casuística (71,67% do sexo feminino; média de idade de 36,22 anos; 73,34% com ensino médio completo), observou-se que houve aumento significativo (p<0,050) do conhecimento teórico dos participantes antes e após o treinamento e elevada retenção desse conhecimento após 30 dias da capacitação. A frequência das compressões torácicas foi a única questão teórica que apresentou perda significativa de acertos (p=0,003) dos participantes entre os períodos pós-treinamento e 30 dias depois. Em relação ao desempenho prático, os familiares apresentaram, após a capacitação, melhora significativa (p<0,001) das habilidades nas 15 ações analisadas durante a atividade de simulação. Após um mês do treinamento, os participantes mantiveram as habilidades práticas assimiladas sobre RCP na grande maioria dos passos do atendimento, com exceção da frequência das compressões torácicas (p=0,002) e do tempo entre ligar o DEA e aplicar o choque (p=0,039), ações que apresentaram queda significativa de acertos em comparação aos resultados mensurados imediatamente após a capacitação. Conclusão: O treinamento de SBV, realizado por enfermeiro, foi efetivo na retenção do conhecimento teórico e nas habilidades assimiladas pelos familiares de pacientes cardiopatas sobre RCP.

Introduction: Considering that cardiovascular diseases are responsible for high mortality rates in the world and that this scenario is not different in Brazil, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology warns that cardiac patients can be affected by Cardiac Arrest (CA), often witnessed by untrained relatives. The correct performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has positively favored the survival of victims of this emergency, reinforcing the importance of qualification of family members of patients with heart disease during CA. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of training relatives of patients with cardiac disease on CPR. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out in São Paulo, whose sample consisted of relatives who met the following inclusion criteria: age 18 years; who possessed a family member who was cardiopathic, admitted to the Medical Clinic Unit of the University Hospital of São Paulo University and with discharge plans; reside with the patient; contain physical conditions that allow practical training; and be a resident of The great São Paulo. Data collection, conducted between March 5 and August 30, 2018, was developed in two phases. In the first phase, we evaluated the theoretical knowledge and the ability of the participants to perform CPR before and immediately after the training, offered by nurse, which included a theoretical explanation and practical training on the care of a person in CA through dummy simulations and use of the automatic external defibrillator (AED), based on the Basic Life Support (BLS) in cardiology. The second phase took place one month after the training with the application of the same assessments performed during the first phase. McNemar and Stuart-Maxwell's tests and a mixed effects model were used for data analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: Of the 60 relatives of patients with heart disease who composed the casuistic (71.67% female; mean age of 36.22 years; 73.34% with complete high school), it was observed that there was a significant increase (p<0.05) of the theoretical knowledge of articipants before and after training and high retention of this knowledge after 30 days of training. The frequency of toracic compressions was the only theoretical question that presented significant loss of correct answers (p=0.003) of the participants between the post-training period and 30 days later. Regarding the practical performance, the relatives presented, after the training, significant improvement (p<0.001) in the 15 actions analyzed during the simulated activity. After one month of training, the participants maintained the practical ability assimilated on CPR in the vast majority of the steps of care, with the exception of the frequency of thoracic compressions (p=0.002) and the time between connecting the AED and applying the shock (p=0.039), actions that showed a significant decrease in correct answers compared to the results measured immediately after training. Conclusion: BLS training, performed by nurse, was effective in the retention of theoretical knowledge on CPR and the abilities assimilated by relatives of patients with heart disease.

The cost-effectiveness, health benefits, and financial costs of new antiviral treatments for hepatitis C virus.

BACKGROUND: New hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments deliver higher cure rates with fewer contraindications, increasing demand for treatment and healthcare costs. The cost-effectiveness of new treatments is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a microsimulation of guideline testing followed by alternative treatment regimens for HCV among the US population aged 20 and older to estimate cases identified, treated, sustained viral response, deaths, medical costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of different treatment options expressed as discounted lifetime costs and benefits from the healthcare perspective. RESULTS: Compared to treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR), and a protease inhibitor for HCV genotype (G) 1 and PR alone for G2/3, treatment with PR and Sofosbuvir (PRS) for G1/4 and treatment with Sofosbuvir and ribavirin (SR) for G2/3 increased QALYs by 555 226, reduced deaths by 80 682, and increased costs by $26.2 billion at an ICER of $47 304 per QALY gained. As compared to PRS/SR, treating with an all oral regimen of Sofosbuvir and Simeprevir (SS) for G1/4 and SR for G2/3, increased QALYs by 1 110 451 and reduced deaths by an additional 164 540 at an incremental cost of $80.1 billion and an ICER of $72 169. In sensitivity analysis, where treatment with SS effectiveness was set to the list price of Viekira Pak and then Harvoni, treatment cost $24 921 and $25 405 per QALY gained as compared to PRS/SR. CONCLUSIONS: New treatments are cost-effectiveness per person treated, but pent-up demand for treatment may create challenges for financing.

Liderazgo transformacional y la facilitación de la aceptación al cambio organizacional / Transformational leadership and the facilitation of acceptance to organizational change

Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la relación entre el estilo de liderazgo transformacional y la aceptación al cambio organizacional en trabajadores de dos empresas de Bogotá, pertenecientes al sector económico terciario. Método. Es una investigación no experimental con un diseño correlacional. Se aplicó el instrumento de medición al cambio organizacional (IMC) a 9 jefes o líderes de cargos medios y el cuestionario liderazgo multifactor (MLQ) a 62 operarios. Resultados. En los resultados se evidencian asociaciones significativas y positivas entre efectividad y comunicación en un 0,685. Conclusión. Se concluye que la comunicación y la actitud al cambio son elementos importantes en un proceso de cambio organizacional. Para efectos de futuras investigaciones se podría ampliar la muestra y adaptar el cuestionario de liderazgo transformacional a la población colombiana.

Objective. The objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship between transformational leadership styles and the acceptance of organizational change in workers of two companies in Bogotá, belonging to the terciary economic sector. Method: This was non-experimental research with a correlational design. The instrument for measuring organizational change (IMC) was applied to 9 middle management (IMC) bosses or leaders, and the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) to 62 other workers. Results. The results showed significant and positive relationships between effectiveness and communication at 0.685. Conclusion. It was concluded that communication and attitude to change are important elements in a process or organizational change. In future research the sample could be increased, and the questionnaire could be adapted to transformational leadership with the Colombian population.

O escopo de esta pesquisa foi avaliar a relação entre a forma de liderança transformacional e a aceitação à mudança organizacional em trabalhadores de duas empresas de Bogotá pertencentes ao setor econômico terciário. Metodologia. É uma pesquisa não experimental com um desenho cor relacional. Foi aplicado o instrumento de medição à mudança organizacional (IMC) em 9 chefes ou líderes de cargos médios e o questionário liderança multi-fator. (MLQ) em 62 operários. Resultados. Nos resultados foram evidenciadas associações significativas e positivas entre a efetividade e comunicação em um 0,685. Conclusão. Concluiu-se que a comunicação e a atitude são elementos importantes em um processo de mudança organizacional. Para efeito de futuras pesquisas pode-se ampliar a amostra e adaptar o questionário de liderança transformacional à população colombiana.

The relationship between bisphosphonate use and demographic characteristics of male osteoporosis patients

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate a number of demographic characteristics in males with osteoporosis (OP) treated with bisphosphonate and determine whether any of these measures could act as an effective indicator of medication persistence and compliance. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Among the patients with OP who applied to our clinic and were prescribed weekly oral bisphosphonate treatment, 89 patients over 50 years of age were included in this study. The demographic characteristics of these patients were evaluated. The number of medications used by the patients over the past 1 and 3 years were counted, and the persistence and compliance with bisphosphonate treatment was estimated. The patients were divided into two groups: fully compliant and noncompliant subjects. The two groups of patients were compared separately for 1 and 3 years while considering their demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The mean age of the 89 patients included in the study was 62.43 + 9.41 years. Comparisons among the studied demographic characteristics during the 1-year period of medication use indicated that the educational status of the fully compliant patients was higher. During the 3-year period of medication use, educational status was the only demographic characteristic that was determined to be significantly lower in the noncompliant patients than in the fully compliant group. CONCLUSION: Although deficiencies in medication persistence and compliance during osteoporosis treatment can lead to serious health and social problems in both genders, the causes of these deficiencies have not been thoroughly clarified. We suggest that the educational status of the patient may contribute to these deficiencies.

The Effectiveness of Na Education Program in Elementary School: Six Month Follow-up Study / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Nutrition education in elementary school is confronted with the present problem, as a legal basis about obligation of nutrition education in school was clarified. Moreover, it's also important for providing evidence based scientific resources to make a study of evaluating the education effectiveness. Most studies of the nutrition education effectiveness have evaluated the changing dietary attitude and nutritional knowledge score before and after the nutrition education, and suggested the effectiveness of intervention as changing between pre- and post-treatment. Nutrition education, however, purposing long-term changes, follow-up evaluation process about the learned attitude and knowledge of nutrition education were requested. For these reasons, this study attempted to fulfilled standardized nutrition education program which use "Na Story and Food World" and "Na Story for Me", a textbook for the 1st-3rd grade and 4th-6th grade designed by KFDA, and analyzed the changes about the effectiveness of nutrition education happened over a period of time. In this study, each student was assessed their dietary attitude and nutritional knowledge by four periods, before the education, right after the education, after 3 months, and after 6 months. As a result, an average score of nutritional knowledge before the education, 70.08 +/- 17.91, were changed significantly higher right after the education to 85.69 +/- 15.05 (p < 0.001), but it lowered to 84 +/- 15.56 after 3 month. After the nutrition education, students in all grades had positive dietary attitude to Na reduction (p < 0.001). However, the healthy eating attitude about Na reduction had been unable to maintain after 3 and 6 months. Therefore, the systematic reeducated program in elementary school was positively necessary to reinforce children's learning and cognitive skills to maintain healthy eating knowledge and attitude toward Na reduction.