Differential Evaluation of Straight and Gay Men for Nonverbal Effeminate Behavior.

The purpose of this study was to determine how violation of gender-based expectancies might influence straight men's attitudes toward men who differ by sexual orientation (i.e., straight or gay). This study was specifically designed to avoid methodological issues that may have been present in similar research. Hypotheses were informed by Expectancy-Violation Theory (EVT) and the Black Sheep Effect (BSE), which together suggest that an effeminate straight man should be evaluated by other straight men more negatively than an effeminate gay man because the former target negatively violated expectations. Additionally, EVT suggests that a masculine gay man should be evaluated more positively than a masculine straight man because the former positively violates expectations, while the BSE instead suggests the latter should be evaluated more positively than the former due to ingroup bias. Self-identified straight men evaluated a male target whose sexual orientation and gender conformity were manipulated through a photo and vignette. A moderated mediation analysis was performed to determine if perceived expectancy violation mediated the relationship between sexual orientation and evaluations for both effeminate and masculine men. Straight effeminate targets were evaluated more negatively than gay effeminate targets; however, straight masculine targets were evaluated more favorably than gay masculine targets, a finding more consistent with the BSE. In addition, perceived expectancy violation did not mediate the relationship between sexual orientation and evaluations regardless of gender expression. More research should be conducted to identify the mechanisms through which evaluations of straight and gay targets differ based on gender expression.

Twinks, Fairies, and Queens: A Historical Inquiry into Effeminate Gay Bottom Identity.

Effeminate gay bottoms, or gender nonconforming men who are anally receptive and/or give oral sex to other men who are also "gender nonconforming," are persistently marginalized in gay and LGBTQ+ communities in Britain and the US. For some LGBTQ+ commentators, "twink" has become relexified to mean a young-looking, slim, hairless effeminate bottom, whereas originally the term primarily denoted a body type and age bracket among gay men. This article explores how the twink has come to bear connotations of effeminacy and bottom subjectivity, highlighting the steady erosion of other available cultural terms to denote a bottom whose gender expression does not conform to dominant cultural masculine stereotypes. It offers an analysis of two key historical effeminate bottom identities in Britain and the US, the "fairy" and "queen," and argues that the twink not only now carries connotations originally attached to these historical identities, but that it merges their gendered and sexual connotations with new characteristics concerning age and body type that may cause considerable anxiety among contemporary gay men due to their unsustainable "shelf life."

Escala de Atitudes Negativas sobre Afeminação para Heterossexuais (ANAH): construção e evidências de validade / Negative Attitudes Toward Effeminacy for Heterosexuals Scale (NATEH): construction and evidence of validity / Escala de Actitudes Negativas sobre Afeminación para Heterosexuales (ANAH): construcción y evidencias de validez

O presente estudo objetivou desenvolver, a partir da Escala de Atitudes Negativas sobre Afeminação (ANA), uma escala para mensurar atitudes negativas sobre afeminação destinada a homens heterossexuais e produzir evidências de validade. A escala foi batizada de Escala de Atitudes Negativas sobre Afeminação para Heterossexuais (ANAH). Foram realizados criteriosos processos de adaptação para o público-alvo e realizado um levantamento com 414 homens heterossexuais, maiores de 18 anos com média de idade 26,06 anos (DP = 7,36). A partir de uma Análise Fatorial Exploratória e uma Confirmatória, constatou-se que os itens possuíam cargas fatoriais adequadas, que o fator retido apresentava consistência interna (α= 0,939) e que os índices de ajuste produzidos eram satisfatórios. Os resultados sugerem que a ANAH é adequada para utilização no Brasil.

The present study aimed to develop, based on the Negative Attitudes Toward Effeminacy Scale (NATE), a scale to measure negative attitudes about effeminacy aimed at heterosexual men and produce evidence of validity. The scale was called the Negative Attitudes Toward Effeminacy for Heterosexuals Scale (ANAH). A judicious adaptation process were performed for the target audience and conducted a survey of 414 heterosexual male, older than 18 years with a mean age 26.06 years (SD = 7.36). From an Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was found that the items had adequate factor loads, that the retained factor had internal consistency (αα= 0.939) and that the adjustment indexes produced were satisfactory. The results suggest that ANAH is suitable for use in Brazil.

El presente estudio se objetivó desarrollar, a partir de la Escala de Actitudes Negativas sobre Afeminación (ANA), una escala para medir actitudes negativas sobre afeminación destinada a hombres heterosexuales y producir evidencias de validez. La escala ha sido bautizada de Escala de Actitudes Negativas sobre Afeminación para Heterosexuales (ANAH). Se realizaron procesos precisos de adaptación para el público objetivo y se realizaron una recopilación con 414 hombres heterosexuales, mayores de 18 años con promedio de edad 26,06 años (SD = 7,36). A partir de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio, se constató que los ítems tenían cargas factoriales adecuadas, que el factor retenido presentaba consistencia interna (α= 0,939) y que las tasas de ajuste producidas eran satisfactorias. Los resultados indican que la ANAH es adecuada para utilización en Brasil.

An Alternative Account of Anti-Effeminacy Bias: Reputation Concerns and Lack of Coalitional Value Explain Honor-Oriented Men's Reluctance to Befriend Feminine Men.

Anti-effeminacy bias follows a specific pattern with men showing stronger anti-effeminacy bias against male targets than women. Previous explanations focused on men's higher tendency to stigmatize feminine men as homosexual and motives to maintain a dominant group status. Here, we suggest that certain expressions of anti-effeminacy bias may rather be a manifestation of men's reputation management motives for coalition formation, and be amplified among high (vs. low) masculine honor-oriented men. In three studies with samples from the United Kingdom and Turkey, we showed that men perceived feminine (vs. masculine) male targets as lower on coalitional value and were more reluctant to befriend them, yet this applied only to high (not low) honor-oriented men. Honor-oriented men's friendship reluctance was mediated by concern with losing reputation by association with targets lacking coalitional value. These findings extend understanding of anti-effeminacy bias by drawing attention to men's reputation concerns for coalitional reasons and individual differences.

Afeminação, hipermasculinidade e hierarquia / Effeminacy, hyper-masculinity and hierarchy / Afeminación, hipermasculinidad y jerarquía

Afeminado é adjetivo dado a sujeitos que aparentam ou comportam-se de forma a transmitir "feminilidade" para além do que é convencionalmente concebido em um contexto cultural. A antiafeminação tem se configurado como um fenômeno recorrente nas últimas décadas, promovendo hierarquias e aprofundando a vivência da homofobia para um determinado grupo. A exaltação de uma masculinidade extrema tem se construído como modelo ideal para homens, mesmo os homossexuais e bissexuais, confirmando premissas hegemônicas, misóginas e heteronormativas. O objetivo desse artigo é delinear um panorama acerca da afeminação e suas repercussões sociais em homens gays e bissexuais, através de uma revisão crítica de literatura. Os resultados apontam para a existência de uma forte demarcação entre afeminados e não-afeminados, além de uma predileção cultural e estética por esses últimos. Além disso, a antiafeminação apresentou-se como um processo concreto de rebaixamento, discriminação e exclusão dos afeminados.

Effeminate is an adjective given to subjects who seem or behave in ways that convey "femininity" beyond what is conventionally conceived in a cultural context. Anti-effeminacy has become a recurring phenomenon in the last decades, promoting hierarchies and deepening the experience of homophobia for a given group. The exaltation of extreme masculinity has been built as an ideal model for men, even homosexuals and bisexuals, confirming hegemonic, misogynist and heteronormative premises. The objective of this article is to outline a panorama about effeminacy and its social repercussions in gay and bisexual men, through a critical review of literature. The results point to the existence of a strong demarcation between effeminate and non-effeminate, as well as a cultural and aesthetic predilection for the latter. In addition, anti-effeminacy was presented as a concrete process of downgrading, discrimination and exclusion of effeminates.

Afeminado es adjetivo dado a sujetos que aparentan o se comportan de forma a transmitir "feminidad" más allá de lo que es convencionalmente concebido en un contexto cultural. La anti afeminación se ha configurado como un fenómeno recurrente en las últimas décadas, promoviendo jerarquías y profundizando la vivencia de la homofobia para un grupo dado. La exaltación de la masculinidad extrema se ha construido como modelo ideal para hombres, incluso los homosexuales y bisexuales, confirmando premisas hegemónicas, misóginas y heteronormativas. E objetivo de este artículo es delinear un panorama sobre la afeminación y sus repercusiones sociales en hombres homosexuales y bisexuales, a través de una revisión crítica de literatura. Los resultados apuntan a la existencia de una fuerte demarcación entre afeminados y no afeminados, además de una predilección cultural y estética por estos últimos. Además, la anti afeminación se presentó como un proceso concreto de descenso, discriminación y exclusión de los afeminados.

Escala de Atitudes Negativas sobre Afeminação (ANA): adaptação e evidências de validade no Brasil / Negative Attitudes Toward Effeminacy Scale (NATE): adaptation and evidence of validity in Brazil / Escala de Actitudes Negativas sobre Afeminación (ANA): adaptación y evidencias de validez en Brasil

O presente estudo propõe-se a adaptar a Escala de Atitudes Negativas sobre Afeminação (ANA) para o contexto brasileiro. Para tanto, foi realizado um criterioso processo de adaptação e um survey (n=1123) com homens gay, bissexuais e homens que fazem sexo com homens, maiores de 18 anos e idade média de 26,85 anos (DP=8,51). A Análise Fatorial Exploratória aplicada sugeriu um novo modelo com menos itens (12) e com dois fatores, Rejeição Pública e Rejeição Íntima, juntos explicam 67,50% da variância, diferindo do modelo original (unifatorial e com 17 itens). Quanto à consistência interna, o primeiro fator obteve um alfa de Cronbach de 0,918 e o segundo 0,866. Esse novo modelo foi testado em uma Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e apresentou bons índices de ajuste em sua versão final. Os resultados sugerem que a ANA apresenta boa adaptação e adequadas propriedades psicométricas.

The present study proposes adapting the Negative Attitudes Toward Effeminacy Scale (NATE) to the Brazilian context. Therefore, a careful process of adaptation was carried out and a survey (n=1123) was conducted with gay men, bisexual men, and men who have sex with men, older than 18 years and mean age of 26.85 years (SD=8.51). An Exploratory Factor Analysis suggested a new model with less items (12) and with two factors, Intimate Rejection and Public Rejection, which together explain 67.50% of variance, differ from the original model (one-factor and 17 items). As for internal consistency, the first factor obtained a Cronbach alpha of 0.918 and the second 0.866. This new model was tested in a Confirmatory Factor Analysis and showed good adjustment indexes in its final version. The results suggest that NATE presents good adaptation and suitable psychometric properties.

El presente estudio se propone adaptar la Escala de Actitudes Negativas sobre Afeminación (ANA) para el contexto brasileño. Para tanto, se realizó un criterioso proceso de adaptación y un survey (n=1123) con hombres gays, bisexuales y hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, mayores de 18 años y edad media de 26,85 años (DP=8,51). Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que sugirió un nuevo modelo con menos elementos (12) y con dos factores, rechazo público y rechazo íntimo, que juntos explican el 67,50% de la varianza, diferenciándose del modelo original (unifatorial y con 17 ítems). En cuanto a la consistencia interna, el primer factor obtuvo un alfa Cronbach de 0,918 y el segundo 0,866. Este nuevo modelo fue probado en un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio y presentó buenos índices de ajuste en su versión final. Los resultados sugieren que la ANA presenta buena adaptación y adecuadas propiedades psicométricas.

From navigation to negotiation: an examination of the lived experiences of Black gay male alumni of historically Black colleges and universities.

This research presents an examination of Black gay men and their lived experiences while undergraduates at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Based on 10 in-depth interviews with self-identified Black gay men, the author presents four emergent themes, which reveal the complex ways in which Black gay men navigate and negotiate the intersections of their multiple identities as related to race, sexual orientation, and gender at HBCUs. The findings of this research have implications for larger discussions of community, Black masculinity, and gay identity in predominantly Black and non-Black contexts.