Prevalencia de la ansiedad e insomnio entre los trabajadores de la salud durante la pandemia Covid-19 en Paraguay / Anxiety and insomnia prevalence amongst healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic in Paraguay

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia de la Covid-19 ha puesto a prueba los sistemas de salud de los países en todo el mundo, generando angustia y ansiedad en la población en general; el personal sanitario, no ha sido la excepción. Objetivo: Detectar la prevalencia de ansiedad e insomnio en personal de salud pública que trabajan con pacientes y familiares Covid. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se ha aplicado la GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder) y la Escala de Insomnio de Atenas (EIA). La muestra estuvo conformada por 130 profesionales del área de la salud. El estudio se realizó en el Hospital Regional e Instituto de Previsión Social, ambos en Ciudad del Este (Paraguay), a lo largo del 2022; los datos obtenidos fueron mediante la aplicación del cuestionario mediado por el formulario Google Forms. Las principales variables fueron género, edad, titulación, experiencia profesional y horas de trabajo en la semana. Resultados: Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que el 32,1 % de los sanitarios presentaban ansiedad, en especial, los enfermeros y los médicos, mujeres y personal más joven. Se detectó que el 29,5 % padecía de insomnio, en mayor porcentaje en mujeres y sanitarios de menor edad; los fisioterapeutas y radiólogos presentaron menos problemas de sueño. Se observó correlación entre las variables ansiedad e insomnio. Conclusión: Se detectó la prevalencia de la ansiedad e insomnio y sus factores asociados al Covid-19, en trabajadores de la salud de primera línea. Se obtuvieron síntomas de ansiedad (32,1 %) e insomnio (29,5 %). Hay necesidad de desarrollar medidas tanto generales como más específicas que prevengan o mitiguen las principales secuelas psicológicas de estos profesionales.

ABSTRACT Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has tested the healthcare systems of countries worldwide, causing distress and anxiety in the general population, and healthcare workers have not been an exception. Objective: To detect the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia in public healthcare personnel working with Covid patients and their families. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). The sample consisted of 130 healthcare professionals. The study took place at the Regional Hospital and the Social Security Institute in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, throughout 2022. Data was collected using Google Forms. The main variables included gender, age, qualifications, professional experience, and weekly working hours. Results: The results revealed that 32,1 % of healthcare workers experienced anxiety, particularly nurses, doctors, women, and younger personnel. Additionally, 29,5 % suffered from insomnia, with a higher prevalence among women and younger healthcare workers, while physiotherapists and radiologists experienced fewer sleep problems. A correlation between anxiety and insomnia was observed. Conclusion: The study detected the prevalence of anxiety and insomnia and their associated factors in frontline healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Anxiety symptoms were present in 32,1 % of participants, and 29,5 % experienced insomnia. There is a need to develop both general and more specific measures to prevent or mitigate the main psychological consequences in these professionals.

Analyzing the effectiveness of environmental impact assessment in Paraná, Brazil and California, United States with fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and the analytical hierarchy process.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has become one of the most widespread environmental management instruments. Despite this, EIA is routinely criticized for being ineffective at impacting decision-making. This study compared the EIA systems of Paraná, Brazil and California, United States using the effectiveness dimensions from the EIA literature. This study formats the cases into contextual conditions using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to identify the necessary or sufficient conditions that cause effective outcomes. These effectiveness outcomes are then ranked by EIA stakeholders via the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to identify stakeholder priorities and to improve stakeholder management. The results show that in Paraná stakeholders identified normative effectiveness as the most important dimension, while stakeholders in California identified this dimension as the second-most important following substantive effectiveness. Public participation was found to be a necessary condition for both substantive and normative effectiveness to occur. Early project definition was found to be sufficient for substantive effectiveness and necessary for normative effectiveness, for which stakeholder coordination was a sufficient condition. This suggests that in order for EIA to influence decision-making and foster sustainable development, greater care needs to be taken to actively engage stakeholders in public participation, with clear roles and project design communicated early on, and a clear role for regulatory authority to promote stakeholder coordination for acceptable outcomes. These findings suggest that some effectiveness dimensions are caused by similar conditions, which could help focus stakeholder management efforts and point to new avenues for future EIA effectiveness research.

Changes in substance P levels of inferior turbinate in patients with mucosal contact headache / Alterações nos níveis da substância P da concha inferior de pacientes com cefaleiapor ponto de contato da mucosa

Abstract Introduction Mucosal contact headache is a referred pain that arises from contact between the nasal septum and the lateral nasal wall. Evidence supports the role of substance P in a contact headache such that release of substance P from sensory nerve endings causes inflammation and allergy. Objectives This study aimed to determine possible differences in substance P levels in inferior turbinate hypertrophy creating a contact headache. Methods 28 patients who had contact headaches (study group) and 16 volunteers with no complaints were included in the study. Substance P levels in the inferior turbinate tissue samples were quantified using a commercially available substance P EIA kit. Results In the study group average substance P levels were 2.65 ± 0.27 pg/mg tissue (range: 0.61-5.44) and in the control group it was 1.77 ± 0.27 pg/mg tissue (range: 0.11-4.35). The difference was statistically significant between the two groups (p = 0.0215). Average preoperative headache group visual analog scale scores was 5.93 ± 0.38 (2-9) and the turbinate volume was 6.56 ± 0.35 cm3 (3.50-10.30). The control group turbinate volume was 4.71 ± 0.39 cm3 (2.50-7.70). We found a correlation between the visual analog scale scores and substance P levels such that substance P levels were higher in visual analog scale scores above 5 (p = 0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrates the relationship between intranasal contact headaches and increased mucosal substance P levels. We also found that there is no correlation with substance P levels and volume of the inferior turbinate.

Resumo Introdução A cefaleia por ponto de contato da mucosa é uma dor direcionada que surge do contato entre o septo nasal e a parede nasal lateral. Evidências corroboram o papel da substância P na cefaleia de contato, de tal forma que a liberação da mesma a partir de terminações nervosas sensoriais possa causar inflamação e alergia. Objetivo Determinar possíveis diferenças nos níveis da substância P na hipertrofia de conchas inferiores em relação à cefaleia de contato. Método Foram incluídos no estudo 28 pacientes que apresentaram cefaleia por ponto de contato (Grupo Estudo) e 16 voluntários sem queixas. Os níveis de substância P nas amostras de tecido da concha inferior foram quantificados com um kit substância P EIA, comercialmente disponível. Resultados No grupo do estudo, os níveis médios de substância P foram 2,65 ± 0,27 pg/mg de tecido (variação: 0,61-5,44) e no grupo controle foram de 1,77 ± 0,27 pg/mg de tecido (variação: 0,11-4,35) e a diferença foi estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos (p = 0,0215). O escore médio da escala visual analógica do grupo de cefaleia pré-operatória foi de 5,93 ± 0,38 (2-9) e o volume das conchas foi de 6,56 ± 0,35 cm3 (3,50-10,30). O volume da concha do grupo controle foi de 4,71 ± 0,39 cm3 (2,50 ± 7,70). Encontramos uma correlação entre o escore da escala visual analógica e os níveis de substância P, de modo que os níveis de substância P foram maiores nos escores da escala visual analógica acima de 5 (p = 0,001). Conclusão Este estudo demonstra a relação entre cefaleias por contato intranasais e níveis aumentados de substância P nas mucosas. Também observamos que não há correlação com os níveis de substância P e o volume da concha inferior.

Changes in substance P levels of inferior turbinate in patients with mucosal contact headache.

INTRODUCTION: Mucosal contact headache is a referred pain that arises from contact between the nasal septum and the lateral nasal wall. Evidence supports the role of substance P in a contact headache such that release of substance P from sensory nerve endings causes inflammation and allergy. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine possible differences in substance P levels in inferior turbinate hypertrophy creating a contact headache. METHODS: 28 patients who had contact headaches (study group) and 16 volunteers with no complaints were included in the study. Substance P levels in the inferior turbinate tissue samples were quantified using a commercially available substance P EIA kit. RESULTS: In the study group average substance P levels were 2.65±0.27pg/mg tissue (range: 0.61-5.44) and in the control group it was 1.77±0.27pg/mg tissue (range: 0.11-4.35). The difference was statistically significant between the two groups (p=0.0215). Average preoperative headache group visual analog scale scores was 5.93±0.38 (2-9) and the turbinate volume was 6.56±0.35cm3 (3.50-10.30). The control group turbinate volume was 4.71±0.39cm3 (2.50-7.70). We found a correlation between the visual analog scale scores and substance P levels such that substance P levels were higher in visual analog scale scores above 5 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the relationship between intranasal contact headaches and increased mucosal substance P levels. We also found that there is no correlation with substance P levels and volume of the inferior turbinate.

Assessment of a new low-cost, PCR-based strategy for high-risk human papillomavirus DNA detection for cervical cancer prevention.

BACKGROUND: HPV test implementation as a primary screening tool has the potential to decrease cervical cancer incidence as shown by several studies around the world. However, in many low-resource settings, the HPV test introduction has been backed down mainly due to its price. In this study, we present a novel low-cost strategy involving simple devices and techniques for high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) detection. The analytical performance to detect HR-HPV infections of this novel strategy was assessed by comparing it with the Hybrid Capture 2 system (HC2), which is used as gold standard. METHODS: Paired-cervical samples were collected from 541 women assisting to gynecological services in an outpatient clinic. One sample was transported in the Hybrid Capture Standard Transport Medium for HR-HPV detection by the HC2. The second sample was transported on glass slide for detection by PCR-based techniques (GP-EIA, BSGP-EIA and pU 1 M-L/2R). RESULTS: The level of agreement between the PCR-based techniques and HC2 system was determined with the Cohen's kappa value. The kappa values between HC2 and GP-EIA, BSGP-EIA and pU 1 M-L/2R were 0.71 (CI 95% 0.63-0.78), 0.78 (CI 95% 0.71-0.84) and 0.63 (CI 95% 0.55-0.72), respectively. However, when the results from both BSGP-EIA and pU 1 M-L/2R were combined, the level of agreement with HC2 was increased to 0.82 (CI 95% 0.76-0.88), reflecting a very good agreement between the two HR-HPV detection strategies. Furthermore, the sensitivity of both techniques combined was also increased compared to the BSGP-EIA (88.7% vs 77.4%) and the pU (88.7 vs 60.9%) without penalizing the specificity obtained with the BSGP-EIA (95.1% vs 96.9%) and the pU (95.1% vs 96.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This novel strategy, combining two PCR-based techniques for HR-HPV detection, could be useful for cervical cancer screening in self-collected samples in low-income countries.

Technical quality of fauna monitoring programs in the environmental impact assessments of large mining projects in southeastern Brazil.

Biodiversity monitoring is a key element of impact assessment follow-up activities, as it has the potential to generate relevant information about the actual impacts of approved projects on the environment. However, the effectiveness of such monitoring programs depends on issues such as technical quality. The extent to which this issue actually affects biodiversity monitoring is unclear. This knowledge gap was addressed in this study, whose main objective was to analyze the technical quality of fauna monitoring, using empirical data from large-scale mining enterprises in the state of Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil. More specifically, this study aimed at analyzing: 1) whether license conditions related to fauna monitoring programs were being met by mining companies; 2) the extent to which fauna monitoring programs met a set of technical quality criteria; 3) whether there were significant differences among taxonomic groups; and, finally, 4) how fauna monitoring programs can be made more meaningful to decision-makers. A total of 236 fauna monitoring reports were analyzed. Findings indicated that, while companies complied with all license conditions, their fauna programs met, on average, 32% of the desirable technical requirements, and there were no significant differences among taxonomic groups. The main technical quality gaps were found to be lack of driving questions, hypothesis-testing and conceptual models, as well as lack of comparisons between control and impacted areas. Overall, findings indicated that the data generated in such programs have very limited value to decision-makers as they do not shed sufficient light on the actual impacts of mining activities on biodiversity. The study discusses a number of barriers to more meaningful fauna monitoring programs, and highlights the urgent need for revising current Terms of Reference.

Can Aspergillus fumigatus conidia cause false-positive results in the galactomannan enzyme immunoassay test?

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Several factors can cause false-positive results in the galactomannan (GM) test; however, others remain unknown. Presently, the impact of airborne contamination by Aspergillus conidia during enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) remains uninvestigated. METHODS: We studied 12 A. fumigatus isolates. Fungal conidia were serially diluted and tested for GM detection using the Platelia® Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RESULTS: The conidia concentration required for an EIA-positive result was 4.8 × 103 (median). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to evaluate the impact of environmental contamination on the Platelia® Aspergillus EIA assay. Only massive contamination can interfere with GM optical readings, suggesting that environmental contamination does not cause false-positive test results.

The use of administrative sanctions to prevent environmental damage in impact assessment follow-ups.

Scholars have long been highlighting the value of administrative sanctions in improving environmental policy enforcement. However, few studies have evaluated how such sanctions are implemented, particularly in the context of environmental impact assessments (EIA) and their respective follow-up programs. The main objective of this article was to evaluate how administrative sanctions have been used in EIA follow-ups, using the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais as the empirical context. More specifically it tried to understand what have been the main triggers, frequency, nature and financial values of the sanctions issued to noncompliant mining projects operating under the conditions of environmental licenses. First, through literature reviews, the study characterized the institutional and regulatory framework in which administrative sanctions are applied. Content analyzes of 29 infraction processes further revealed that lump sum fines are the preferred option of administrative sanction in EIA follow-ups. The analysis also revealed that the fines could be perceived as disproportionally small if one considers the size and financial power of non-compliant companies. The great majority of the fines were paid by developers: a fact that contradicts previous empirical findings and anecdotal evidence in Brazil. Overall, the study suggests that the impact of administrative sanctions in corporate behavior, while unclear, is likely small. The study concludes by discussing practical and academic implications.

Screening Coccidioides serology in kidney transplant recipients: A 10-year cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at risk for reactivation and complicated infection due to Coccidioides. Pre-transplant serological screening should provide benefit for patients from endemic areas. We evaluated Coccidioides seroprevalence by area of residence in KTRs at a major transplant program in Los Angeles. METHODS: We performed cross-sectional analyses of adult KTRs who underwent transplantation at UCLA between 2007-2016. Patients with Coccidioides serology by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) before or within 14 days from transplantation were included. Patients were classified as living in highly, established, suspected, or not endemic areas by their residential zip code. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of Coccidioides IgG and IgM were 1.4% and 2.8%, respectively. Of patients with positive serology, 31.4% had isolated IgG and 66.3% isolated IgM. Patients from established and highly endemic areas had IgG seropositivity of 3.7% versus 1.3% for patients living in suspected endemic areas(P < .01). Rates of IgM seropositivity were 3.7% compared to 2.8% respectively (P = .28). No patients from non-endemic areas had positive screening serology. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-transplant serological screening for Coccidioides is recommended in kidney transplant candidates from endemic areas. We observed high seroprevalence among patients from highly and established endemic areas, for whom universal prophylaxis is recommended. For residents from less well-established areas of endemicity, serological screening showed benefit in identifying patients at risk. In patients with isolated EIA IgM, performing repeat and confirmatory tests is recommended. Patients from non-endemic areas had low risk of infection, however, a thorough social history is necessary to evaluate risk.

Equine infectious anemia in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Anemia infecciosa equina na região oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

This study aimed to characterize the outbreaks of equine infectious anemia (EIA) identified, between the years 2009 and 2015, in the western region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We identified 26 positive horses on 24 properties. Each positive property was considered an outbreak of the disease. The diagnoses were made using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test as a part of the sanitary checks conducted during animal transportation or certification of the horse´s sanitary status. The positive properties included farms or horse barns, and the infected animals were used for ranch work, sports, or reproduction. One outbreak was identified in animals that were being illegally transported from Argentina to Brazil. Fifteen outbreaks occurred on properties that were not registered with the Official Veterinary Service (OVS). Eleven outbreaks were identified in urban areas and 13 in rural areas. Twelve of the 24 outbreaks were diagnosed in 2015 alone, nine of which occurred in São Borja county. On two properties, a diagnosis could not be confirmed with a retest; therefore, these outbreaks were discharged. During sanitation checks on three properties, 12 additional positive animals were identified among a population of 1,108 susceptible animals. Based on these findings, we concluded that a subclinical form of the infection is present in that area, which is linked to properties that are not registered with the OVS, and that animals which are transported illegally across international borders represent a potential risk.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar os focos de EIA identificados, entre 2009 e 2015, na região oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Inicialmente foram identificados 26 equinos positivos em 24 propriedades, sendo que cada propriedade foi considerada um foco. Os diagnósticos foram realizados por imunodifusão em gel de ágar (AGID) na ocasião do transporte ou como medidas sanitárias, em casos de vínculo com animais infectados ou para fim de certificação do status sanitário. Um foco foi identificado em animais transportados ilegalmente da Argentina para o Brasil. Os estabelecimentos positivos eram fazendas ou estábulos e os animais infectados utilizados para trabalho, esporte ou reprodução. Quinze focos ocorreram em propriedades não cadastradas no SVO. Onze focos localizaram-se na zona urbana e 13 em propriedades rurais. Somente no ano de 2015 foram diagnosticados 12 dos 24 focos, sendo que no munícipio de São Borja ocorreram nove surtos neste período. Em duas propriedades o resultado inicial não foi confirmado no reteste, fazendo com que estes focos fossem encerrados imediatamente. Em três propriedades, durante o saneamento, identificou-se outros 12 animais positivos em três propriedades, de uma população de 1.108 susceptíveis. Assim sendo, pode-se concluir que a infecção que está presente na região, ocorre de maneira subclínica, associada a propriedades não cadastradas no SVO e animais transportados de forma ilegal, inclusive transporte internacional ilegal.(AU)

Development of a new enzyme immunoassay for improved detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens of vaccinated infants.

BACKGROUND: Group A rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in young children worldwide. A simple and rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been commonly used to detect rotavirus infection and evaluate rotavirus vaccines. Currently licensed commercial EIA kits have low sensitivity. A more sensitive detection of rotavirus can improve rotavirus diagnostics and vaccine efficacy studies. OBJECTIVE: A biotin-avidin based sandwich EIA was developed and compared with commercial EIA kits for improved detection of viral shedding in fecal samples from infants who received human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix in Mexico. STUDY DESIGN: A monoclonal antibody (mAb: 1D4) specific to human rotavirus group antigen VP6 was prepared and used to develop a biotin-avidin based sandwich EIA. This EIA was employed to test 128 fecal samples from vaccinated infants, in comparison with two commercial EIA kits using RT-PCR as a reference. RESULTS: A new biotin-avidin based sandwich EIA showed specific reaction to group A rotaviruses, but not to other enteric viruses. This new EIA had a detection rate of 36.7% for rotavirus antigen shedding in fecal specimens, which was two times higher (16.4%, 18.0%) than those from two commercial EIA kits. CONCLUSION: The new EIA had specificity and higher sensitivity than commercial kits. This new EIA has the potential to detect rotavirus at lower concentration in clinical specimens and thus should be further evaluated as a more sensitive kit for use in diagnostics and vaccine efficacy and effectiveness studies.

Equine infectious anemia in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Anemia infecciosa equina na região oeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to characterize the outbreaks of equine infectious anemia (EIA) identified, between the years 2009 and 2015, in the western region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We identified 26 positive horses on 24 properties. Each positive property was considered an outbreak of the disease. The diagnoses were made using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test as a part of the sanitary checks conducted during animal transportation or certification of the horse´s sanitary status. The positive properties included farms or horse barns, and the infected animals were used for ranch work, sports, or reproduction. One outbreak was identified in animals that were being illegally transported from Argentina to Brazil. Fifteen outbreaks occurred on properties that were not registered with the Official Veterinary Service (OVS). Eleven outbreaks were identified in urban areas and 13 in rural areas. Twelve of the 24 outbreaks were diagnosed in 2015 alone, nine of which occurred in São Borja county. On two properties, a diagnosis could not be confirmed with a retest; therefore, these outbreaks were discharged. During sanitation checks on three properties, 12 additional positive animals were identified among a population of 1,108 susceptible animals. Based on these findings, we concluded that a subclinical form of the infection is present in that area, which is linked to properties that are not registered with the OVS, and that animals which are transported illegally across international borders represent a potential risk.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar os focos de EIA identificados, entre 2009 e 2015, na região oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Inicialmente foram identificados 26 equinos positivos em 24 propriedades, sendo que cada propriedade foi considerada um foco. Os diagnósticos foram realizados por imunodifusão em gel de ágar (AGID) na ocasião do transporte ou como medidas sanitárias, em casos de vínculo com animais infectados ou para fim de certificação do status sanitário. Um foco foi identificado em animais transportados ilegalmente da Argentina para o Brasil. Os estabelecimentos positivos eram fazendas ou estábulos e os animais infectados utilizados para trabalho, esporte ou reprodução. Quinze focos ocorreram em propriedades não cadastradas no SVO. Onze focos localizaram-se na zona urbana e 13 em propriedades rurais. Somente no ano de 2015 foram diagnosticados 12 dos 24 focos, sendo que no munícipio de São Borja ocorreram nove surtos neste período. Em duas propriedades o resultado inicial não foi confirmado no reteste, fazendo com que estes focos fossem encerrados imediatamente. Em três propriedades, durante o saneamento, identificou-se outros 12 animais positivos em três propriedades, de uma população de 1.108 susceptíveis. Assim sendo, pode-se concluir que a infecção que está presente na região, ocorre de maneira subclínica, associada a propriedades não cadastradas no SVO e animais transportados de forma ilegal, inclusive transporte internacional ilegal.

Situação epidemiológica da anemia infecciosa equina em equídeos de tração do Distrito Federal / Epidemiological status of equine infeccious anemia in working equidae from the Federal District, Brazil

A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é uma doença causada por um lentivirus que possui distribuição mundial. Essa enfermidade é um entrave ao desenvolvimento da equinocultura no Brasil devido à obrigatoriedade de eutanásia dos animais positivos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de AIE em equídeos de tração no Distrito Federal, assim como identificar fatores de risco associados à doença. Foram sorteados aleatoriamente 350 proprietários (Unidades Primárias de Amostragem- UPA) e foram amostrados todos os equídeos (Unidades secundárias de Amostragem) de cada proprietário sorteado, totalizando 496 animais. As amostras sanguíneas foram analisadas no Lanagro/MG por meio da técnica de imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDGA). No momento da coleta de sangue, também foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para a análise de possíveis fatores de risco. A prevalência de AIE nas UPA foi estimada em 2,29%, (IC 95%: 1,01-4,2%) e nos animais foi de 1,81% (IC 95%: 0,55-3,07%). A prevalência foi significativamente maior em muares do que em equinos. Não foi possível comprovar a presença de nenhum outro fator de risco associado à doença. Este estudo demonstra que a prevalência da AIE em equídeos de tração é baixa no Distrito Federal, porém mais alta do que os dados de vigilância de rotina sugerem, o que justifica a eutanásia dos equídeos reagentes, com a finalidade de promover a erradicação da enfermidade. Ratifica-se a importância da realização de exames periódicos nesses animais e a manutenção das atividades de vigilância.(AU)

Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA) is a disease that has worldwide distribution and it is caused by a lentivirus. The disease constrains the development of horse breeding in Brazil, leading to compulsory slaughter of test positive animals. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of EIA in traction equids and identify potential risk factors in the Federal District. Three hundred and fifty (350) owners were randomly selected (Primary Sampling Units-PSU) and all equids (Secondary Sampling Units - SSU) from each owner were sampled, in a total of 496 animals. Blood samples were tested in LANAGRO/MG using the agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). An epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors associated with the disease. The prevalence of PSU (owners) was estimated at 2.29% (95% CI: 1.01-4.2%) and the prevalence in animals was 1.81% (95% CI: 0.55-3.07%). Prevalence was higher in mules than in horses. None of the other variables analyzed as potential risk factors was associated to the presence of the disease. The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of EIA in traction equids is low in the Federal District, which strengthens the case for the maintaining the test-and-cull policy and the need for disease surveillance measures aimed at eradicating the disease.(AU)

Situação epidemiológica da anemia infecciosa equina em equídeos de tração do Distrito Federal / Epidemiological status of equine infeccious anemia in working equidae from the Federal District, Brazil

A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é uma doença causada por um lentivirus que possui distribuição mundial. Essa enfermidade é um entrave ao desenvolvimento da equinocultura no Brasil devido à obrigatoriedade de eutanásia dos animais positivos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de AIE em equídeos de tração no Distrito Federal, assim como identificar fatores de risco associados à doença. Foram sorteados aleatoriamente 350 proprietários (Unidades Primárias de Amostragem- UPA) e foram amostrados todos os equídeos (Unidades secundárias de Amostragem) de cada proprietário sorteado, totalizando 496 animais. As amostras sanguíneas foram analisadas no Lanagro/MG por meio da técnica de imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDGA). No momento da coleta de sangue, também foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para a análise de possíveis fatores de risco. A prevalência de AIE nas UPA foi estimada em 2,29%, (IC 95%: 1,01-4,2%) e nos animais foi de 1,81% (IC 95%: 0,55-3,07%). A prevalência foi significativamente maior em muares do que em equinos. Não foi possível comprovar a presença de nenhum outro fator de risco associado à doença. Este estudo demonstra que a prevalência da AIE em equídeos de tração é baixa no Distrito Federal, porém mais alta do que os dados de vigilância de rotina sugerem, o que justifica a eutanásia dos equídeos reagentes, com a finalidade de promover a erradicação da enfermidade. Ratifica-se a importância da realização de exames periódicos nesses animais e a manutenção das atividades de vigilância.(AU)

Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA) is a disease that has worldwide distribution and it is caused by a lentivirus. The disease constrains the development of horse breeding in Brazil, leading to compulsory slaughter of test positive animals. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of EIA in traction equids and identify potential risk factors in the Federal District. Three hundred and fifty (350) owners were randomly selected (Primary Sampling Units-PSU) and all equids (Secondary Sampling Units - SSU) from each owner were sampled, in a total of 496 animals. Blood samples were tested in LANAGRO/MG using the agar-gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). An epidemiological questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors associated with the disease. The prevalence of PSU (owners) was estimated at 2.29% (95% CI: 1.01-4.2%) and the prevalence in animals was 1.81% (95% CI: 0.55-3.07%). Prevalence was higher in mules than in horses. None of the other variables analyzed as potential risk factors was associated to the presence of the disease. The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of EIA in traction equids is low in the Federal District, which strengthens the case for the maintaining the test-and-cull policy and the need for disease surveillance measures aimed at eradicating the disease.(AU)

Efectos negativos de los deportes acuáticos en el asma / Negative effects of water sports on asthma

El asma es una enfermedad crónica que consiste en la inflamación de las vías aéreas. Provoca tos, dolores de pecho y problemas para respirar. El asma todavía no tiene cura, pero sí es posible controlarlo. Aunque hay muchos estudios que hablan de los beneficios de la práctica deportiva en los pacientes asmáticos, este artículo de revisión expone que la actividad física, dependiendo de cuál sea la realizada y las condiciones en las que se realiza, puede tener efectos perjudiciales para los asmáticos. De hecho, la práctica de actividad física puede provocar por sí misma asma, es el denominado asma inducido por el ejercicio o AIE.

Asthma is a chronic disease that consists of inflammation of the airways. It causes coughs, chest pains and trouble breathing. Asthma still has no cure, but it is possible to control it. Although there are many studies that discuss the benefits of sports practice in asthmatic patients, this review article states that physical activity, depending on what is performed and the conditions under which it is performed, may have adverse effects for asthmatics. In fact, the practice of physical activity can cause asthma in itself, is the so-called exercise-induced asthma or EIA.

Prevalence of equine infectious anemia in stud farms in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Prevalência da anemia infecciosa equina em haras de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Horse breeding is expanding in Brazil. Nevertheless, equine infectious anemia (EIA) a transmissible, incurable disease is an obstacle to the development of the horse industry. Therefore, to determine the incidence of EIA at stud farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a serological survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence and identify potential risk factors for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) transmission. This was the second stage of an ongoing study on the epidemiology of the disease, which was first observed in draft horses. A sample of 7,742 equids from 717 stud farms in seven regions within the State was tested between May 2004 and January 2006. Laboratory tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and agar gel immunodiffusion were conducted for screening and confirmation, respectively. The prevalence of EIA was estimated to be 0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.00-0.871) at the farm level and 0.07% (95% CI=0.00-0.251) at the animal level. The low prevalence of EIA in stud farms might be explained by the higher zootechnical value of stable-bred animals, which leads to periodical serological control and compliance with the slaughter of test-positive animals in order to keep the farm EIA-free. Moreover, stable-bred horses usually travel more and are subjected to more official controls than are draft horses. The highest prevalence of EIA was observ

A criação de cavalos está em expansão no Brasil. No entanto, a anemia infecciosa equina (EIA), uma doença transmissível, incurável é um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento da indústria equidea. Dessa forma, para determinar a incidência de AIE em haras de Minas Gerais, foi realizado um levantamento sorológico para estimar a prevalência e identificar potenciais fatores de risco para a transmissão do vírus da anemia infecciosa equina (EIAV). Esta foi a segunda etapa de um estudo em curso sobre a epidemiologia da doença, que foi realizado pela primeira vez em animais de serviço. Uma amostra de 7.742 equídeos de 717 fazendas em sete regiões do Estado foi testada entre maio de 2004 e janeiro de 2006. Testes de laboratório incluindo ensaios imunoenzimáticos e a imunodifusão em gel de ágar foram conduzidos para triagem e confirmação, respectivamente. A prevalência de AIE foi estimada em 0,44% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC] = 0,00-0,871) ao nível de propriedade e 0,07% (IC 95% = 0,00-0,251) ao nível animal. A baixa prevalência de AIE em haras pode ser explicada pelo maior valor zootécnico de animais de raça estabulados, o que leva ao controle sorológico periódico e ao cumprimento do abate de animais positivos ao teste, a fim de manter a fazenda livre da AIE. Além disso, os cavalos de haras geralmente viajam mais e são submetidos aos controles oficiais com maior frequência do que os animai

Prevalence of equine infectious anemia in stud farms in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Prevalência da anemia infecciosa equina em haras de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Horse breeding is expanding in Brazil. Nevertheless, equine infectious anemia (EIA) a transmissible, incurable disease is an obstacle to the development of the horse industry. Therefore, to determine the incidence of EIA at stud farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, a serological survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence and identify potential risk factors for equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) transmission. This was the second stage of an ongoing study on the epidemiology of the disease, which was first observed in draft horses. A sample of 7,742 equids from 717 stud farms in seven regions within the State was tested between May 2004 and January 2006. Laboratory tests including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and agar gel immunodiffusion were conducted for screening and confirmation, respectively. The prevalence of EIA was estimated to be 0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.00-0.871) at the farm level and 0.07% (95% CI=0.00-0.251) at the animal level. The low prevalence of EIA in stud farms might be explained by the higher zootechnical value of stable-bred animals, which leads to periodical serological control and compliance with the slaughter of test-positive animals in order to keep the farm EIA-free. Moreover, stable-bred horses usually travel more and are subjected to more official controls than are draft horses. The highest prevalence of EIA was observ

A criação de cavalos está em expansão no Brasil. No entanto, a anemia infecciosa equina (EIA), uma doença transmissível, incurável é um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento da indústria equidea. Dessa forma, para determinar a incidência de AIE em haras de Minas Gerais, foi realizado um levantamento sorológico para estimar a prevalência e identificar potenciais fatores de risco para a transmissão do vírus da anemia infecciosa equina (EIAV). Esta foi a segunda etapa de um estudo em curso sobre a epidemiologia da doença, que foi realizado pela primeira vez em animais de serviço. Uma amostra de 7.742 equídeos de 717 fazendas em sete regiões do Estado foi testada entre maio de 2004 e janeiro de 2006. Testes de laboratório incluindo ensaios imunoenzimáticos e a imunodifusão em gel de ágar foram conduzidos para triagem e confirmação, respectivamente. A prevalência de AIE foi estimada em 0,44% (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC] = 0,00-0,871) ao nível de propriedade e 0,07% (IC 95% = 0,00-0,251) ao nível animal. A baixa prevalência de AIE em haras pode ser explicada pelo maior valor zootécnico de animais de raça estabulados, o que leva ao controle sorológico periódico e ao cumprimento do abate de animais positivos ao teste, a fim de manter a fazenda livre da AIE. Além disso, os cavalos de haras geralmente viajam mais e são submetidos aos controles oficiais com maior frequência do que os animai

Equine infectious anemia on Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon river / Anemia infecciosa equina na Ilha de Marajó na foz do Rio Amazonas

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). There are no reports in the literature of this infection in Equidae on Marajo Island. The objective of this study was to diagnose the disease in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari and Soure, on Marajó Island, state of Pará, Brazil. For serological survey samples were collected from 294 horses, over 5-month-old, males and females of puruca and marajoara breeds and from some half-breeds, which were tested by immunodiffusion in Agar gel (AGID). A prevalence of 46.26% (136/294) positive cases was found. EIA is considered endemic in the municipalities studied, due to the ecology of the region with a high numbered population of bloodsucking insect vectors and the absence of official measures for the control of the disease.(AU)

A anemia infecciosa equina (EIA) é uma importante enfermidade, transmissível e incurável causada por um lentivírus, equine infectious anemia vírus (EIAV), e não há relatos na literatura desta infecção em equinos da Ilha de Marajó. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar a anemia infecciosa equina nos municípios de Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari e Soure, Ilha de Marajó, no bioma amazônico do estado do Pará, Brasil. Para a pesquisa sorológica foram coletadas 294 amostras de animais da espécie equina, acima de cinco meses de idade, de ambos os sexos, das raças puruca, marajoara e de mestiços, testadas pela imunodifusão em gel de Agar (IDGA). Foi verificada uma prevalência de 46.26% (136/294) de casos positivos para EIA. A doença é considerada endêmica nos municípios estudados, tanto pelos aspectos ecológicos da região que propiciam a manutenção da população de insetos hematófagos vetores, quanto pela ausência de medidas oficiais de controle da doença.(AU)

Anemia infecciosa equina: Una revisión / Equine infectious anemia: A review

La Anemia Infecciosa Equina (en ingles Equine Infectious Anemia EIA), es una enfermedad viral que afecta a los équidos a nivel mundial. El agente causal, pertenece al género Lentivirus, de la familia Retroviridae, subfamilia Orthoretrovirinae. La enfermedad se caracteriza por episodios febriles recurrentes, trombocitopenia, anemia, pérdida de peso y edema de las partes bajas del cuerpo; si no se produce la muerte en el curso de los ataques clínicos agudos, se produce una fase crónica y la enfermedad tiende a convertirse en latente. La AIE debe notificarse ante la OIE: Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal. En 2015 la OIE mediante Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres se estableció a la Anemia Infecciosa Equina en la lista única de enfermedades e infecciones de los équidos. Los veterinarios que detecten un caso de anemia infecciosa equina deben seguir las pautas nacionales y/o locales para la notificación y las pruebas de diagnóstico correspondientes. Este artículo describe los aspectos más relevantes de la Anemia Infecciosa Equina.

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a viral disease that affects horses worldwide. The causative agent belongs to the genus Lentivirus, the family Retroviridae, subfamily Orthoretrovirinae. The disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever, thrombocytopenia, anemia, weight loss and edema of the lower parts of the body; if death does not occur in the course of the acute clinical attacks, a chronic stage occurs and the disease tends to become dormant. The IEA must be reported to the OIE: World Organization for Animal Health. In 2015 by Health Code OIE Terrestrial Animal it was established Equine Infectious Anemia in the single list of diseases and infections of horses. Veterinarians detected a case of equine infectious anemia should follow national and / or local to the notification and guidelines appropriate diagnostic tests. This article describes the most relevant aspects of the Equine Infectious Anemia.

Equine infectious anemia on Marajo Island at the mouth of the Amazon river / Anemia infecciosa equina na Ilha de Marajó na foz do Rio Amazonas

Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a transmissible and incurable disease caused by a lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). There are no reports in the literature of this infection in Equidae on Marajo Island. The objective of this study was to diagnose the disease in the municipalities of Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari and Soure, on Marajó Island, state of Pará, Brazil. For serological survey samples were collected from 294 horses, over 5-month-old, males and females of puruca and marajoara breeds and from some half-breeds, which were tested by immunodiffusion in Agar gel (AGID). A prevalence of 46.26% (136/294) positive cases was found. EIA is considered endemic in the municipalities studied, due to the ecology of the region with a high numbered population of bloodsucking insect vectors and the absence of official measures for the control of the disease...

A anemia infecciosa equina (EIA) é uma importante enfermidade, transmissível e incurável causada por um lentivírus, equine infectious anemia vírus (EIAV), e não há relatos na literatura desta infecção em equinos da Ilha de Marajó. O objetivo deste estudo foi diagnosticar a anemia infecciosa equina nos municípios de Cachoeira do Arari, Salvaterra, Santa Cruz do Arari e Soure, Ilha de Marajó, no bioma amazônico do estado do Pará, Brasil. Para a pesquisa sorológica foram coletadas 294 amostras de animais da espécie equina, acima de cinco meses de idade, de ambos os sexos, das raças puruca, marajoara e de mestiços, testadas pela imunodifusão em gel de Agar (IDGA). Foi verificada uma prevalência de 46.26% (136/294) de casos positivos para EIA. A doença é considerada endêmica nos municípios estudados, tanto pelos aspectos ecológicos da região que propiciam a manutenção da população de insetos hematófagos vetores, quanto pela ausência de medidas oficiais de controle da doença...