Sonographic and Anatomical Evaluation of the Liver and Portal Vein Reference Values / Evaluación Ecográfica y Anatómica de los Valores de Referencia del Hígado y la Vena Porta

SUMMARY: This paper's aim is a morphometric evaluation of liver and portal vein morphometry using ultrasonography in healthy Turkish population. This study was carried out with 189 subjects (107 females, 82 males). The demographic data and the body surface area were calculated. The longitudinal axis of the liver for two lobes, diagonal axis or liver span, anteroposterior diameter of the liver and portal vein, portal vein transverse diameter, caudate lobe anteroposterior diameter, and portal vein internal diameters as well as longitudinal liver scans in an aortic plane, sagittal plane, transverse plane, and kidney axis were measured. All measurements were analyzed according to age, sex, body mass index, obesity and alcohol consumption. The mean values of the age, height, weight and body mass index were calculated as 44.39 years, 167.05 cm, 74.23 kg, and 27.06kg/m2 in females, respectively. The same values were 44.13 years, 167.70 cm, 75.93 kg and 26.71 kg/m2 in males, respectively. There was significant difference between demographic characteristics, gender, and alcohol consumption in terms of anteroposterior diameter of the liver, portal vein transverse diameter of the right side and liver transverse scan. Also, some measurements including portal vein transverse diameter, liver transverse scan and at kidney axis longitudinal scan of liver showed significant difference between the age groups. There was significant difference in diagonal axis and anteroposterior diameter of liver, portal vein internal diameter, and longitudinal liver scans of the aortic plane parameters between obesity situation. The findings obtained will provide important and useful reference values as it may determine some abnormalities related liver diseases. Also, age, sex, obesity and body mass index values can be effective in the liver and portal vein morphometry related parameters.

El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una evaluación de la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta mediante ecografía en una población turca sana. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en 189 sujetos (107 mujeres, 82 hombres). Se calcularon los datos demográficos y la superficie corporal. Se midió eleje longitudinal del de dos lóbulos del hígado, el eje diagonal o la extensión del hígado, los diámetros anteroposterior del hígado y de la vena porta, el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, anteroposterior del lóbulo caudado y los diámetros internos de la vena porta, así como las exploraciones longitudinales del hígado en un plano aórtico. Se midieron el plano sagital, el plano transversal y el eje del riñón. Todas las mediciones se analizaron según edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, obesidad y consumo de alcohol. Los valores medios de edad, talla, peso e índice de masa corporal se calcularon como 44,39 años, 167,05 cm, 74,23 kg y 27,06 kg/m2 en las mujeres, respectivamente. Las mismas variable fueron 44,13 años, 167,70 cm, 75,93 kg y 26,71 kg/m2. Hubo diferencias significativas entre las características demográficas, el sexo y el consumo de alcohol en términos de diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, diámetro transversal de la vena porta del lado derecho y exploración transversal del hígado. Además, algunas mediciones, incluido el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, la exploración transversal del hígado y la exploración longitudinal del hígado en el eje del riñón, mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de edad. Hubo diferencias significativas en el eje diagonal y el diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, el diámetro interno de la vena porta y los parámetros de las exploraciones hepáticas longitudinales del plano aórtico entre situaciones de obesidad. Los hallazgos obtenidos proporcionarán valores de referencia importantes y útiles ya que pueden determinar algunas anomalías relacionadas con enfermedades hepáticas. Además, los valores de edad, sexo, obesidad e índice de masa corporal pueden ser eficaces en los parámetros relacionados con la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta.

Radiological and Anatomical Evaluation of the Tracheal Morphology and Morphometry in Turkish Adults / Evaluación Radiológica y Anatómica de la Morfología y Morfometría Traqueal en Adultos Turcos

SUMMARY: The trachea is a tubular organ lying between larynx and lungs containing smooth muscle, membranes, and cartilage. This paper evaluated the dimessions of the trachea and main bronchi morphometry in healthy adults using Computed Tomography. This retrospective observational study was performed with 170 healthy adult subjects (89 females, 52.35 %; 81 males,47.65 %). The length of the trachea, the anteroposterior and transverse diameter of the trachea and the right and left main bronchi were measured. From these measurements, the trachea shape were calculated and four types of trachea were identified as circular, oval, horseshoe-shaped, and rectangular. All measurements were significantly higher in males than females (excluding tracheal bifurcation angle). According to the value obtained by dividing the anteroposterior by the width of the trachea, tracheal shapes are considered; the circular shape was seen 104 subjects (61.2 %), followed by oval type (34 subjects), horseshoe type (24 subjects) and rectangular type. (8 subjects). Also, the most frequently seen was circular type in both females and males. Hovewer, there was no significant difference between sex in terms of trachea shape. Additionally, a striking finding was that trachea morphometry and morphology showed the significance according to age dependent changes. Trachea measurements were affected several reasons such as used methods, age, sex, or race. This study has many clinical importance as it may reduce the risk of accidental damage to these area by clinicians such as cardiothoracic surgeons, anesthetist, or radiologist.

La tráquea es un órgano tubular que se encuentra entre la laringe y los pulmones y que contiene músculo liso, membranas y cartílago. Este trabajo evaluó las dimensiones de la tráquea y la morfometría de los bronquios principales en adultos sanos mediante Tomografía Computarizada. Este estudio observacional retrospectivo se realizó con 170 sujetos adultos sanos (89 mujeres, 52,35 %; 81 hombres, 47,65 %). Se midió la longitud de la tráquea, el diámetro anteroposterior y transversal de la tráquea y los bronquios principales derecho e izquierdo. A partir de estas mediciones, se calculó la forma de la tráquea y se identificaron cuatro tipos de tráquea: circular, ovalada, en forma de herradura y rectangular. Todas las mediciones fueron significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres (excluyendo el ángulo de bifurcación traqueal). Según el valor que se obtiene al dividir el anteroposterior por el ancho de la tráquea, se consideran las formas traqueales; la forma circular fue observada en 104 sujetos (61,2 %), seguida del tipo ovalado (34 sujetos), tipo herradura (24 sujetos) y tipo rectangular (8 sujetos). Además, el tipo más frecuente fue el circular tanto en mujeres como en hombres. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre sexos en términos de forma de la tráquea. Además, un hallazgo sorprendente fue que la morfometría y la morfología de la tráquea mostraron importancia según los cambios dependientes de la edad. Las mediciones morfométricas de la tráquea se vieron afectadas por varios motivos, como los métodos utilizados, la edad, el sexo o la raza. Este estudio tiene importancia clínica ya que puede reducir el riesgo de daño accidental por parte de médicos como cirujanos cardiotorácicos, anestesistas o radiólogos.

Satisfação da imagem corporal e suas relações com sexo biológico, orientação sexual, identidade de gênero e esquemas de gênero do autoconceito em bailarinos: uma revisão sistemática / Satisfaction of body image and its relationships with biological sex, sexual orientation, gender identity and gender schemas of self-concept in dancers: a systematic review / Satisfacción de la imagen corporal y sus relaciones con sexo biológico, orientación sexual, identidad de género y esquemas de género del autoconcepto en bailarines: una revisión sistemática

O conceito de imagem corporal está baseado a partir de um construto multidimensional, formado das representações sobre o tamanho e aparência do corpo. Objetivou-se a verificar de forma sistematizada a literatura estudos que apresentassem a relação entre satisfação da imagem corporal e variáveis sexuais. Os resultados demonstraram que a área que estuda a percepção da imagem corporal em bailarinos ainda não percebeu a importância de outras dimensões como identidade de gênero, orientação sexual e os esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, que podem ter maior impacto do que apenas o critério sexo biológico. O sexo biológico ainda é a principal variável de controle na comparação nos estudos entre os bailarinos, sendo urgente a necessidade de outras dimensões da identidade a serem incorporadas nos próximos estudos, como as citadas acima, para ampliar a capacidade de explicarmos a satisfação corporal humana.

English abstract version the concept of body image is based on a multidimensional construct, formed of representations about the size and appearance of the body. The objective was to systematically verify the literature studies that showed the relationship between body image satisfaction and sexual variables. The results showed that the area that studies the perception of body image in dancers has not yet perceived the importance of other dimensions such as gender identity, sexual orientation and self-concept gender schemes, which may have greater impact than just the biological sex criterion . Biological sex is still the main control variable in the comparison among studies among dancers, and there is an urgent need for other dimensions of identity to be incorporated in future studies, such as those cited above, to increase the capacity to explain human body satisfaction.

El concepto de imagen corporal está basado en un constructo multidimensional, formado de las representaciones sobre el tamaño y apariencia del cuerpo. Se objetivó verificar de forma sistematizada la literatura estudios que presentaran la relación entre satisfacción de la imagen corporal y variables sexuales. Los resultados demostraron que el área que estudia la percepción de la imagen corporal en bailarines aún no percibió la importancia de otras dimensiones como identidad de género, orientación sexual y los esquemas de género del autoconcepto, que pueden tener mayor impacto que sólo el criterio sexual biológico. El sexo biológico sigue siendo la principal variable de control en la comparación en los estudios entre los bailarines, siendo urgente la necesidad de otras dimensiones de la identidad a ser incorporadas en los próximos estudios, como las citadas arriba, para ampliar la capacidad de explicar la satisfacción corporal humana.

The Gender Perspective Within the OFRECE Study: Differences in Health Care Among Patients Consulting for Chest Pain and/or Palpitations.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze differences between sexes in the clinical management of patients presenting with symptoms of chest pain and/or palpitations within a population-based study. METHODS: The OFRECE study included a random sample of 8400 individuals from the Spanish population aged 40 years and older; 1132 (13.5%) had previously consulted for chest pain and 1267 (15.1%) had consulted for palpitations and were included in the present study. We calculated both the crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of undergoing certain tests and the results of consultations by sex. Adjustment was performed by classic cardiovascular risk factors, a personal history of cardiovascular disease, and a diagnosis of stable angina or atrial fibrillation confirmed in the OFRECE study in each case. RESULTS: No differences were observed in history of consultation for chest pain between women and men (13% vs 14.1%; P=.159) but differences were found in palpitations (19% vs 10.4%, respectively; P <.001). Women who had previously consulted for chest pain underwent fewer echocardiograms (32.5% vs 45.3%, respectively; P <.001), were less frequently referred to a cardiologist (49.1% vs 60.1%; P <.001), were less often admitted to hospital (20.1% vs 39.4%; P <.001), and less frequently received a confirmed diagnosis (60.9 vs 71, 9; P <.001). After full adjustment, all differences decreased and become nonsignificant echocardiograms: adjusted OR, 0.81; 95%CI, 0.60-1.09; referral to a cardiologist: adjusted OR, 0.86; 95%CI, 0.63-1.16; hospital admission: adjusted OR, 0.76; 95%CI, 0.54-1.09). For palpitations, crude differences were smaller and all became nonsignificant after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: This study does not confirm the existence of sex-related bias in the management of chest pain and palpitations. However, such bias cannot be completely ruled out in diagnoses confirmed within the OFRECE study, which might limit its ability to detect sex-related differences in health care.

Padrão de consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários (calouros) e diferença entre os gêneros / Pattern of alcohol consumption in college students (freshmen) and gender differences / . Padrón de consumo de alcohol de los estudiantes universitarios de primer año y diferencias de géneros

O ingresso na universidade e a vivência de novas experiências podem favorecer um maior consumo de álcool entre estudantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes ingressantes, comparar o consumo entre os gêneros e identificar os grupos mais expostos a problemas relacionados ao álcool. Para isso, foram utilizados o Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil e o The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Foram avaliados 407 estudantes. A análise dos dados revelou um consumo de risco do álcool em 17,5% dos estudantes do gênero masculino e 8,1% do feminino. Além disso, foi encontrado maior consumo de risco entre estudantes que praticavam atividade física e os que eram dos cursos da área de química. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de se desenvolver intervenções preventivas no âmbito institucional, principalmente para estudantes do gênero masculino, grupo mais exposto a um consumo excessivo de álcool e aos riscos desse padrão de consumo.

The entry into the university and the new experiences can facilitate greater consumption of alcohol among students. This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of alcohol consumption among freshmen students, to compare consumption between genders and to identify the groups most exposed to alcohol-related problems. For this, the Economic Classification Criterion Brazil and The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were used. Four hundred and seven students were evaluated. Data analysis revealed a risk consumption of alcohol in 17.5% of male students and 8.1% of females. In addition, higher risk consumption was found among those who practice physical activity and those who were from chemistry courses. The results suggest the need to develop preventive interventions at the institutional level, especially for male students, more exposed to excessive alcohol consumption and the risk associated to this drinking pattern.

La entrada en la universidad y la vivencia de nuevas experiencias pueden favorecer un mayor uso de alcohol en los estudiantes. Esse estudio tuvo como objetivo la avaliación de consumo de alcohol em los estudiantes de primer año de la universidad, em comparación con los géneros, y identificar los grupos más expuesto em relación al alcohol. Para eso fueron utilizados créditos de clasificación económica brasileira y The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Fueron observados 407 estudiantes. La analice dos datos revelaron consumo de riesgo em 17,5% de los estudiantes hombres y 8,1% de las mujeres. Además de eso, fueron encontrados mayor consumo de riesgo em los estudiantes que practicaban actividad física y también de los estudiantes de la graduación química. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de desenvolver intervención preventiva em ámbito institucional principalmente para los estudiantes que son hombres, y en un grupo más expuesto a un consumo excessivo de alcohol y riesgo de ese consumo.

Padrão de consumo de álcool em estudantes universitários (calouros) e diferença entre os gêneros / Pattern of alcohol consumption in college students (freshmen) and gender differences / . Padrón de consumo de alcohol de los estudiantes universitarios de primer año y diferencias de géneros

O ingresso na universidade e a vivência de novas experiências podem favorecer um maior consumo de álcool entre estudantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o padrão de consumo de álcool entre estudantes ingressantes, comparar o consumo entre os gêneros e identificar os grupos mais expostos a problemas relacionados ao álcool. Para isso, foram utilizados o Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil e o The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Foram avaliados 407 estudantes. A análise dos dados revelou um consumo de risco do álcool em 17,5% dos estudantes do gênero masculino e 8,1% do feminino. Além disso, foi encontrado maior consumo de risco entre estudantes que praticavam atividade física e os que eram dos cursos da área de química. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de se desenvolver intervenções preventivas no âmbito institucional, principalmente para estudantes do gênero masculino, grupo mais exposto a um consumo excessivo de álcool e aos riscos desse padrão de consumo.(AU)

The entry into the university and the new experiences can facilitate greater consumption of alcohol among students. This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of alcohol consumption among freshmen students, to compare consumption between genders and to identify the groups most exposed to alcohol-related problems. For this, the Economic Classification Criterion Brazil and The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) were used. Four hundred and seven students were evaluated. Data analysis revealed a risk consumption of alcohol in 17.5% of male students and 8.1% of females. In addition, higher risk consumption was found among those who practice physical activity and those who were from chemistry courses. The results suggest the need to develop preventive interventions at the institutional level, especially for male students, more exposed to excessive alcohol consumption and the risk associated to this drinking pattern.(AU).

La entrada en la universidad y la vivencia de nuevas experiencias pueden favorecer un mayor uso de alcohol en los estudiantes. Esse estudio tuvo como objetivo la avaliación de consumo de alcohol em los estudiantes de primer año de la universidad, em comparación con los géneros, y identificar los grupos más expuesto em relación al alcohol. Para eso fueron utilizados créditos de clasificación económica brasileira y The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Fueron observados 407 estudiantes. La analice dos datos revelaron consumo de riesgo em 17,5% de los estudiantes hombres y 8,1% de las mujeres. Además de eso, fueron encontrados mayor consumo de riesgo em los estudiantes que practicaban actividad física y también de los estudiantes de la graduación química. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de desenvolver intervención preventiva em ámbito institucional principalmente para los estudiantes que son hombres, y en un grupo más expuesto a un consumo excessivo de alcohol y riesgo de ese consumo.(AU).

Sex differences in nutritional status of HIV-exposed children in Rwanda: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in nutritional status in relation to feeding practices over time in a cohort of HIV-exposed children participating in a complementary feeding programme in Rwanda. METHODS: We applied a longitudinal design with three measurements 2-3 months apart among infants participating in a complementary feeding programme who were 6-12 months old at baseline. Using early feeding practices and a composite infant and child feeding index (ICFI) as indicators of dietary patterns, we conducted a multivariate analysis using a cross-sectional time series to assess sex differences in nutritional status and to determine whether there was a link to discrepancies in dietary patterns. RESULTS: Among 222 boys and 258 girls, the mean (±SD) Z-score of stunting, wasting and underweight was -2.01 (±1.59), -0.15 (±1.46), -1.19 (±1.29) for boys; for girls they were -1.46 (±1.56), 0.22 (±1.29), -0.63 (±1.19); all sex differences in all three indicators were statistically significant (P < 0.001). However, there were only minor differences in early feeding practices and none in the ICFI by sex. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-exposed male children may be at higher risk of malnutrition in low-resource setting countries than their female counterparts. However, at least in a setting where complementary foods are being provided, explanations may lie outside the sphere of dietary patterns.