Supercritical CO2 Fluid Extraction of Elaeagnus mollis Diels Seed Oil and Its Antioxidant Ability.

Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) was used to extract oil from Elaeagnus mollis Diels (E. mollis Diels) seed and its antioxidant ability was also investigated. The effect of extraction pressure (20⁻35 MPa), extraction temperature (35⁻65 C), extraction time (90⁻180 min) and seed particle size (40⁻100 mesh) on the oil yield were studied. An orthogonal experiment was conducted to determine the best operating conditions for the maximum extraction oil yield. Based on the optimum conditions, the maximum yield reached 29.35% at 30 MPa, 50 C, 150 min, 80 mesh seed particle size and 40 g/min SF-CO2 flow rate. The E. mollis Diels seed (EDS) oil obtained under optimal SF-CO2 extraction conditions had higher unsaturated fatty acid content (91.89%), higher vitamin E content (96.24 ± 3.01 mg/100 g) and higher total phytosterols content (364.34 ± 4.86 mg/100 g) than that extracted by Soxhlet extraction (SE) and cold pressing (CP) methods. The antioxidant activity of the EDS oil was measured by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging test. EDS oil extracted by different methods exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant ability, with IC50 values of no significant differences. Based on the results of correlation between bioactive compounds, lupeol and -tocopherol was the most important antioxidant in EDS oil.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Kaempferol-3-O-α-l-Arabinopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-Rhamnopyranoside on d-Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide Caused Hepatic Failure in Mice.

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), associated with high mortality, is characterized by extensive death of hepatocytes and hepatic dysfunction. There is no effective treatment for FHF. Several studies have indicated that flavonoids can protect the liver from different factor-induced injury. Previously, we found that the extracts of Elaeagnus mollis leaves had favorable protective effects on acute liver injury. However, the role and mechanisms behind that was elusive. This study examined the hepatoprotective mechanisms of kaempferol-3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyra-noside (KAR), a major flavonol glycoside of E. mollis, against d-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic failure. KAR reduces the mouse mortality, protects the normal liver structure, inhibits the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alamine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and decreases the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß. Furthermore, KAR inhibits the apoptosis of hepatocytes and reduces the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins induced by GalN/LPS treatment. These findings suggest that the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of KAR on GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury were performed through down-regulating the activity of the TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Chemical constituents from leaves of Elaeagnus mollis / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the leaves of Elaeagnus mollis. Methods: Their structures were identified on the basis of silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, and HPLC methods were used for the separation and purification of chemical constituents. Results: Sixteen compounds were isolated from 70% ethanol extracts of the leaves of E. mollis. The structures were identified as kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-D- glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-(6″-O-cis-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (4), kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-7- O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (7), kaempferol-3-O-α-Larabinofuranosyl-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8), hippophamide (9), L-tryptophan (10), arjunolicacid (11), ursolicacid (12), kaempferol (13), rutin (14), adenosine (15), and β-daucosterol (16). Conclusion: Compounds 3-10 and 15 are isolated from the plants of Elaeagnus L. for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, 11, and 12 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Studies on germination of dormant bud and seed of Elaeagnus mollis under tisssue culturing / 中草药

Object To study the factors causing the dormancy of seed and to broaden the scope in the choice of explant for the tissue culture of the rare and near extinct plant Elaeagnus mollis Diels.Methods Dormant buds from one-year old branch collected each month from Autumn to next Spring, and seed of the very year were selected and cultured on basic media with the addition of 6-BA, NAA and GA 3 Results The germination rate of dormant bud follows the regular order of the months when it was taken. Those taken in Autumn declined every month until next Spring, and the nrevived monthly with those taken in March showing the most prosperous germination.The dormant bud can germinate into shoots. When seed was cultured, there are several factors leading to its dormancy: hardness of the mesocarp, keratinization of periderm, refractory to water permeation and the presence of certain inhibitory subtances. Seed kernal is rich in nutrition, but susceptible to bacterial infection leading to its decay. But the germination rate was well over 70% which can be cultured to give bacteria free shoots. Conclusion Both dormant buds obtained in March and bacteria free shoots germinated from naked kernal can be used as new sources for the tissue culture of E mollis .