Impacts of the cyromazine emergence inhibition procedure of Bactrocera dorsalis on Fopius arisanus: implications for the biological control of diptera pest.

BACKGROUND: Fopius arisanus (Sonan) is an important egg-pupal endoparasitic wasp of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). As traditional method of sorting nonparasitic B. dorsalis from parasitic wasps is labor-intensive, requires specific equipment and poses the risk of spreading fertile hosts, the development of a more convenient, economical and safe sorting procedure is important. RESULTS: The optimal cyromazine emergence inhibition procedure (CEIP) involved facilitating the pupation of B. dorsalis mature larvae (Bdml) in 3 mg kg-1 cyromazine sand substrate (CSS) for 48 h. When the Bdml that had been exposed to F. arisanus during the egg stage were treated with 3-7 mg kg-1 CSS for 48 h, no negative effects on the emergence parameters of parasitoids were observed. Treatment with 3-4 mg kg-1 CSS had insignificant effects on the biological and behavioral parameters of F. arisanus. However, treatment with 5-6 mg kg-1 CSS adversely affected the fecundity and antennating activity of the wasps; specifically, 6 mg kg-1 CSS negatively affected the lifespan and flight ability of wasps. Fortunately, no transgenerational effects on these parameters were observed in the progeny. Regarding the nutrient reserves of both sexes of F. arisanus, significant dose-dependent effects were observed. Moreover, 5-6 mg kg-1 CSS significantly reduced the protein and carbohydrate content in F. arisanus; in particular, 6 mg kg-1 CSS notably reduced the lipid content. CONCLUSION: CEIP provides a more flexible, economical and safe mass-release program for F. arisanus. In addition, it has profound implications for the biological control of other dipteran pests. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Electroencephalographic insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of emergence delirium in children and corresponding clinical treatment strategies.

Emergence delirium is a common postoperative complication in patients undergoing general anesthesia, especially in children. In severe cases, it can cause unnecessary self-harm, affect postoperative recovery, lead to parental dissatisfaction, and increase medical costs. With the widespread use of inhalation anesthetic drugs (such as sevoflurane and desflurane), the incidence of emergence delirium in children is gradually increasing; however, its pathogenesis in children is complex and unclear. Several studies have shown that age, pain, and anesthetic drugs are strongly associated with the occurrence of emergence delirium. Alterations in central neurophysiology are essential intermediate processes in the development of emergence delirium. Compared to adults, the pediatric nervous system is not fully developed; therefore, the pediatric electroencephalogram may vary slightly by age. Moreover, pain and anesthetic drugs can cause changes in the excitability of the central nervous system, resulting in electroencephalographic changes. In this paper, we review the pathogenesis of and prevention strategies for emergence delirium in children from the perspective of brain electrophysiology-especially for commonly used pharmacological treatments-to provide the basis for understanding the development of emergence delirium as well as its prevention and treatment, and to suggest future research direction.

How does perceived overqualification promote employees' creative deviance: The role of leadership emergence and job autonomy.

Inspiring the creative potential of overqualified employees can facilitate a mutually beneficial outcome for both the company and the employees. However, further investigation is required to ascertain how to stimulate the perceived overqualification of employees to carry out creative deviance. Drawing upon role theory, this study explores the impact mechanism of perceived overqualification on employee creative deviance, with leadership emergence as the mediating variable, and further examines the moderating role of job autonomy. Adopting a two-stage design, 362 valid data samples were collected from various companies, and analysis was conducted using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results indicate a positive correlation between perceived overqualification and creative deviance. Perceived overqualification not only positively influences leadership emergence but it also indirectly affects creative deviance through leadership emergence. Furthermore, when individuals with perceived overqualification and possess a greater level of job autonomy, they are more likely to engage in creative deviant behavior. The findings contribute to understanding the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of employees' perceived overqualification influencing creative deviance from a positive perspective, offering valuable managerial insights for organizations.

Navigating crisis: The effect of COVID-19 on sports entrepreneurs and service excellence in non-profit organizations.

Sports organizations have deemed sports entrepreneurship crucial in helping them overcome difficult times. The purpose of this research is to find out how the COVID-19 issue affected sports entrepreneurs and whether there are any variations in how non-profit sporting organizations anticipate entrepreneurs' effect on service excellence. This goal was achieved by comparing 145 sports organizations before and after the viral epidemic. The factors evaluated before (Time 1) and after (Time 2) the COVID-19 epidemic were compared using paired sample-t tests. Associations and multilevel linear declines were utilized to examine the link between the factors discussed in the two phases. After the emergence of COVID-19, the findings suggest that risk-taking and creativity are much more significant, although initiative has mostly stayed the same. Lastly, a favourable and statistically substantial correlation exists between sports entrepreneurial and service excellence during pre- and post-crisis periods.

Root plasticity improves maize nitrogen use when nitrogen is limiting - an analysis using 3D plant modelling.

Plant phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in nitrogen (N) acquisition and use under nitrogen-limited conditions. However, this role has never been quantified as a function of N availability, leaving it unclear whether plastic responses should be considered as potential targets for selection. A combined modelling and experimentation approach was adopted to quantify the role of plasticity on N uptake and plant yield. Based on a greenhouse experiment we considered plasticity in two maize traits: root-to-leaf biomass allocation ratio and emergence rate of axial roots. In a simulation experiment we individually enabled or disabled both plastic responses for maize stands grown across six N levels. Both plastic responses contributed to maintaining a higher N uptake and plant productivity as N-availability declined, compared to stands in which plastic responses were disabled. We conclude that plastic responses quantified in this study may be a potential target trait in breeding programs for greater N uptake across N levels while it may only be important for the internal use of N under N-limited conditions in maize. Given the complexity of breeding for plastic responses, an a priori model analysis is useful to identify which plastic traits to target for enhanced plant performance.

Full-genome sequencing of dozens of new DNA viruses found in Spanish bat feces.

Bats are natural hosts of multiple viruses, many of which have clear zoonotic potential. The search for emerging viruses has been aided by the implementation of metagenomic tools, which have also enabled the detection of unprecedented viral diversity. Currently, this search is mainly focused on RNA viruses, which are largely over-represented in databases. To compensate for this research bias, we analyzed fecal samples from 189 Spanish bats belonging to 22 different species using viral metagenomics. This allowed us to identify 52 complete or near-complete viral genomes belonging to the families Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Genomoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Polyomaviridae and Smacoviridae. Of these, 30 could constitute new species, doubling the number of viruses currently described in Europe. These findings open the door to a more thorough analysis of bat DNA viruses and their zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE: Metagenomics has become a fundamental tool to characterize the global virosphere, allowing us not only to understand the existing viral diversity and its ecological implications but also to identify new and emerging viruses. RNA viruses have a higher zoonotic potential, but this risk is also present for some DNA virus families. In our study, we analyzed the DNA fraction of fecal samples from 22 Spanish bat species, identifying 52 complete or near-complete genomes of different viral families with zoonotic potential. This doubles the number of genomes currently described in Europe. Metagenomic data often produce partial genomes that can be difficult to analyze. Our work, however, has characterized a large number of complete genomes, thus facilitating their taxonomic classification and enabling different analyses to be carried out to evaluate their zoonotic potential. For example, recombination studies are relevant since this phenomenon could play a major role in cross-species transmission.

The Decoherent Arrow of Time and the Entanglement Past Hypothesis.

If an asymmetry in time does not arise from the fundamental dynamical laws of physics, it may be found in special boundary conditions. The argument normally goes that since thermodynamic entropy in the past is lower than in the future according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, then tracing this back to the time around the Big Bang means the universe must have started off in a state of very low thermodynamic entropy: the Thermodynamic Past Hypothesis. In this paper, we consider another boundary condition that plays a similar role, but for the decoherent arrow of time, i.e. the subsystems of the universe are more mixed in the future than in the past. According to what we call the Entanglement Past Hypothesis, the initial quantum state of the universe had very low entanglement entropy. We clarify the content of the Entanglement Past Hypothesis, compare it with the Thermodynamic Past Hypothesis, and identify some challenges and open questions for future research.

[Effects of Dexmedetomidine on the Recovery Quality of Donors Undergoing Pure Laparoscopic Donor Hepatectomy]. / å³ç¾Žæ‰˜å’ªå®šå¯¹è ¹è ”é•œä¾›è‚èŽ·å–æœ¯ä¾›è€ è‹é†’æœŸæ¢å¤è´¨é‡çš„å½±å“.

Objective: To investigate the effects of intraoperative intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on the recovery quality of donors undergoing pure laparoscopic donor hepatectomy. Methods: A total of 56 liver donors who were going to undergo scheduled pure laparoscopic donor hepatectomy were enrolled and randomly assigned to two groups, a DEX group ( n=28) and a control group ( n=28). Donors in the DEX group received DEX infusion at a dose of 1 µg/kg over 15 minutes through a continuous pump, which was followed by DEX at 0.4 µg/(kg·h) until the disconnection of the portal branch. Donors in the control group were given an equal volume of 0.9% normal saline at the same infusion rate and over the same period of time as those of the dex infusion in the DEX group. The primary outcome was the incidence of emergence agitation (EA). The Aono's Four-point Scale (AFPS) score was used to assess EA. The secondary observation indicators included intraoperative anesthesia and surgery conditions, spontaneous respiration recovery time, recovery time, extubation time, scores for the Ramsay Sedation Scale, the incidence of chills, numeric rating scale (NRS) score for pain, and blood pressure and heart rate after extubation. Results: The incidence of EA was 10.7% and 39.3% in the DEX group and the control group, respectively, and the incidence of EA was significantly lower in the DEX group than that in the control group ( P=0.014). The APFS scores after extubation in the DEX group were lower than those in the control group (1 [1, 1] vs. 2 [1, 3], P=0.005). Compared to the control group, the dosages of intraoperative propofol and remifentanil were significantly reduced in the DEX group ( P<0.05). During the recovery period, the number of donors requiring additional boluses of analgesia, the blood pressure, and the heart rate were all lower in the DEX group than those in the control group ( P<0.05). No significant differences between the two groups were observed in the spontaneous respiration recovery time, recovery time, extubation time, the incidence of chills, NRS score, scores for the Ramsay Sedation Scale, and the length-of-stay in postanesthesia care unit (PACU) ( P>0.05). Conclusion: DEX can reduce the incidence of EA after pure laparoscopic donor hepatectomy and improve the quality of recovery without prolonging postoperative recovery time or extubation time.

Machine learning-based classification reveals distinct clusters of non-coding genomic allelic variations associated with Erm-mediated antibiotic resistance.

The erythromycin resistance RNA methyltransferase (erm) confers cross-resistance to all therapeutically important macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (MLS phenotype). The expression of erm is often induced by the macrolide-mediated ribosome stalling in the upstream co-transcribed leader sequence, thereby triggering a conformational switch of the intergenic RNA hairpins to allow the translational initiation of erm. We investigated the evolutionary emergence of the upstream erm regulatory elements and the impact of allelic variation on erm expression and the MLS phenotype. Through systematic profiling of the upstream regulatory sequences across all known erm operons, we observed that specific erm subfamilies, such as ermB and ermC, have independently evolved distinct configurations of small upstream ORFs and palindromic repeats. A population-wide genomic analysis of the upstream ermB regions revealed substantial non-random allelic variation at numerous positions. Utilizing machine learning-based classification coupled with RNA structure modeling, we found that many alleles cooperatively influence the stability of alternative RNA hairpin structures formed by the palindromic repeats, which, in turn, affects the inducibility of ermB expression and MLS phenotypes. Subsequent experimental validation of 11 randomly selected variants demonstrated an impressive 91% accuracy in predicting MLS phenotypes. Furthermore, we uncovered a mixed distribution of MLS-sensitive and MLS-resistant ermB loci within the evolutionary tree, indicating repeated and independent evolution of MLS resistance. Taken together, this study not only elucidates the evolutionary processes driving the emergence and development of MLS resistance but also highlights the potential of using non-coding genomic allele data to predict antibiotic resistance phenotypes. IMPORTANCE: Antibiotic resistance (AR) poses a global health threat as the efficacy of available antibiotics has rapidly eroded due to the widespread transmission of AR genes. Using Erm-dependent MLS resistance as a model, this study highlights the significance of non-coding genomic allelic variations. Through a comprehensive analysis of upstream regulatory elements within the erm family, we elucidated the evolutionary emergence and development of AR mechanisms. Leveraging population-wide machine learning (ML)-based genomic analysis, we transformed substantial non-random allelic variations into discernible clusters of elements, enabling precise prediction of MLS phenotypes from non-coding regions. These findings offer deeper insight into AR evolution and demonstrate the potential of harnessing non-coding genomic allele data for accurately predicting AR phenotypes.

The effect of remimazolam-based total intravenous anesthesia versus sevoflurane-based inhalation anesthesia on emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Background: Remimazolam, a new ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine, is becoming increasingly applied in general anesthesia. This study is designed to investigate the effect of remimazolam-based total intravenous anesthesia and sevoflurane-based inhalation anesthesia on emergence delirium in pediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Methods and analysis: This is a monocentric, prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. A total of 90 pediatric patients will be randomized to receive remimazolam-based total intravenous anesthesia (remimazolam group, n = 45) or sevoflurane-based inhalation anesthesia (sevoflurane group, n = 45). The primary outcome will be the incidence of emergence delirium, which will be evaluated using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. The secondary outcomes include the extubation time, recovery time, behavior change using the post-hospitalization behavior questionnaire for ambulatory surgery (PHBQ-AS), and adverse events. Ethics and dissemination: This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (2023-K-262-02). Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT06214117.

Naturalizing relevance realization: why agency and cognition are fundamentally not computational.

The way organismic agents come to know the world, and the way algorithms solve problems, are fundamentally different. The most sensible course of action for an organism does not simply follow from logical rules of inference. Before it can even use such rules, the organism must tackle the problem of relevance. It must turn ill-defined problems into well-defined ones, turn semantics into syntax. This ability to realize relevance is present in all organisms, from bacteria to humans. It lies at the root of organismic agency, cognition, and consciousness, arising from the particular autopoietic, anticipatory, and adaptive organization of living beings. In this article, we show that the process of relevance realization is beyond formalization. It cannot be captured completely by algorithmic approaches. This implies that organismic agency (and hence cognition as well as consciousness) are at heart not computational in nature. Instead, we show how the process of relevance is realized by an adaptive and emergent triadic dialectic (a trialectic), which manifests as a metabolic and ecological-evolutionary co-constructive dynamic. This results in a meliorative process that enables an agent to continuously keep a grip on its arena, its reality. To be alive means to make sense of one's world. This kind of embodied ecological rationality is a fundamental aspect of life, and a key characteristic that sets it apart from non-living matter.

Correlation between pre-anesthesia anxiety and emergence agitation in non-small cell lung cancer surgery patients.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative anxiety is a common emotional problem during the perioperative period and may adversely affect postoperative recovery. Emergence agitation (EA) is a common complication of general anesthesia that may increase patient discomfort and hospital stay and may be associated with the development of postoperative complications. Pre-anesthetic anxiety may be associated with the development of EA, but studies in this area are lacking. AIM: To determine the relationship between pre-anesthetic anxiety and EA after radical surgery in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Eighty patients with NSCLC undergoing surgical treatment between June 2020 and June 2023 were conveniently sampled. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale's (HADS) anxiety subscale (HADS-A) to determine patients' anxiety at four time points (T1-T4): Patients' preoperative visit, waiting period in the surgical waiting room, after entering the operating room, and before anesthesia induction, respectively. The Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (RSAS) examined EA after surgery. Scatter plots of HADS-A and RSAS scores assessed the correlation between patients' pre-anesthesia anxiety status and EA. We performed a partial correlation analysis of HADS-A scores with RSAS scores. RESULTS: NSCLC patients' HADS-A scores gradually increased at the four time points: 7.33 ± 2.03 at T1, 7.99 ± 2.22 at T2, 8.05 ± 2.81 at T3, and 8.36 ± 4.17 at T4. The patients' postoperative RSAS score was 4.49 ± 1.18, and 27 patients scored ≥ 5, indicating that 33.75% patients had EA. HADS-A scores at T3 and T4 were significantly higher in patients with EA (9.67 ± 3.02 vs 7.23 ± 2.31, 12.56 ± 4.10 vs 6.23 ± 2.05, P < 0.001). Scatter plots showed the highest correlation between HADS-A and RSAS scores at T3 and T4. Partial correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between HADS-A and RSAS scores at T3 and T4 (r = 0.296, 0.314, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Agitation during anesthesia recovery in patients undergoing radical resection for NSCLC correlated with anxiety at the time of entering the operating room and before anesthesia induction.

Noradrenergic tuning of arousal is coupled to coordinated movements.

Matching arousal level to the motor activity of an animal is important for efficiently allocating cognitive resources and metabolic supply in response to behavioral demands, but how the brain coordinates changes in arousal and wakefulness in response to motor activity remains an unclear phenomenon. We hypothesized that the locus coeruleus (LC), as the primary source of cortical norepinephrine (NE) and promoter of cortical and sympathetic arousal, is well-positioned to mediate movement-arousal coupling. Here, using a combination of physiological recordings, fiber photometry, optogenetics, and behavioral tracking, we show that the LCNE activation is tightly coupled to the return of organized movements during waking from an anesthetized state. Moreover, in an awake animal, movement initiations are coupled to LCNE activation, while movement arrests, to LCNE deactivation. We also report that LCNE activity covaries with the depth of anesthesia and that LCNE photoactivation leads to sympathetic activation, consistent with its role in mediating increased arousal. Together, these studies reveal a more nuanced, modulatory role that LCNE plays in coordinating movement and arousal.

Effect of simulated extreme rainfall on the vegetative phenology of perennial and annual herbaceous plants from a Brazilian dry forest.

Detecting changes in the phenological responses of herbaceous species as a function of predicted climate change is important for forecasting future scenarios for the functioning of dry tropical forests, especially when predicting an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme droughts. Because of the sensitivity of plants to water availability, our study hypothesizes that if years become drier or wetter, herbaceous plants will synchronously change the onset, duration, and intensity of their vegetative phenophases. We used a historical series of 60 years of precipitation observations for the Caatinga vegetation to define daily average of precipitation for rainy (Twet), median (Tcontrol), and dry (Tdry) years. We simulated past average daily rainfall (Twet, Tcontrol, and Tdry) while growing two herbaceous perennials and two herbaceous annuals. We monitored plant growth and measured the activity (absence or presence) and intensity of vegetative phenophases. We used circular statistical analysis to assess differences between treatments. Our results revealed that leaf production was seasonal but relatively uniform for perennial species and highly seasonal (wet season) for annual species. Simulated dry years induced lower leaf emergence concentrated over a few months in annual species, but this effect was more strongly significant in one of the two perennial species. Both annual and perennial species can experience delayed and less intense leaf abscission during the rainy season in years with below-average precipitation. In contrast, large voluminous rains in years with above-average precipitation can accelerate and intensify the process of leaf renewal. If future precipitation reductions occur, the changes in phenological response indicate that the cover of annual and perennial herbaceous species in this study will likely decrease, altering the landscape and functioning of dry tropical forests. However, the potential trade-offs observed may help populations of these species to persist during years of severe drought in the Caatinga.

Effect of recorded mother's voice on emergence delirium in pediatric patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: Emergence delirium is a common complication in children. Recorded mother's voice, as a non-pharmacological measure, is increasingly used to prevent the emergence of delirium in pediatric patients, but sufficient evidence is still needed to prove its efficacy. Methods: Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Sinomed databases were searched for randomized controlled trials exploring the efficacy of recorded mother's voice in preventing the emergence of delirium in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia. The original data were pooled for the meta-analysis with Review Manager 5.4.1. This study was conducted based on the Cochrane Review Methods. Results: Eight studies with 724 children were included in the analysis. Recorded mother's voice reduced the incidence of emergence delirium when compared with either no voice (RR: 0.45; [95 % CI, 0.34 - 0.61]; p < 0.01; I2 = 7 %) or stranger's voice (RR: 0.51; [95 % CI, 0.28 - 0.91]; p = 0.02; I2 = 38 %) without increasing other untoward reactions. In addition, it shortened the post-anesthesia care unit stay time when compared with no voice (MD = -5.64; [95 % CI, -8.43 to -2.58]; p < 0.01, I2 = 0 %), but not stranger's voice (MD = -1.23; [95 % CI, -3.08 to 0.63]; p = 0.19, I2 = 0 %). It also shortened the extubation time and reduced the incidence of postoperative rescue analgesia. Conclusion: The current analysis indicated that recorded mother's voices could reduce the incidence of emergency delirium, shorten post-anesthesia care unit stay time and extubation time, and decrease the incidence of postoperative rescue analgesia in children.

Modeling Length Changes in De Novo Open Reading Frames during Neutral Evolution.

For protein coding genes to emerge de novo from a non-genic DNA, the DNA sequence must gain an open reading frame (ORF) and the ability to be transcribed. The newborn de novo gene can further evolve to accumulate changes in its sequence. Consequently, it can also elongate or shrink with time. Existing literature shows that older de novo genes have longer ORF, but it is not clear if they elongated with time or remained of the same length since their inception. To address this question we developed a mathematical model of ORF elongation as a Markov-jump process, and show that ORFs tend to keep their length in short evolutionary timescales. We also show that if change occurs it is likely to be a truncation. Our genomics and transcriptomics data analyses of seven Drosophila melanogaster populations are also in agreement with the model's prediction. We conclude that selection could facilitate ORF length extension that may explain why longer ORFs were observed in old de novo genes in studies analysing longer evolutionary time scales. Alternatively, shorter ORFs may be purged because they may be less likely to yield functional proteins.

Effect of Preoperative Clear Liquid Consumption on Postoperative Recovery in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study.

Background/Objectives: Preoperative fasting guidelines traditionally aim to reduce pulmonary aspiration risk. However, concerns over the adverse effects of prolonged fasting have led to exploring alternatives. This study aimed to investigate the impact of preoperative clear liquid intake on postoperative outcomes in children undergoing minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE). Methods: A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted on children aged 3-6 years scheduled for elective MIRPE. Patients were randomized into either a routine overnight fasting group (NPO) or a clear liquid group. The incidence and severity of emergence delirium (ED) were assessed using Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) and Watcha scales at recovery room. Postoperative pain scores and opioid requirements were evaluated at intervals of 1-6 h, 6-12 h, and 12-24 h after surgery. Results: Fasting time was 178.6 ± 149.5 min and 608.9 ± 148.4 min in the clear liquid group compared and NPO group, respectively. The incidence of ED, measured by PAED and Watcha scales, was lower in the clear liquid group (PAED score ≥ 12: 55.6% vs. 85.2%, p = 0.037; Watcha score ≥ 3: 51.9% vs. 85.2%, p = 0.019). The highest PAED score recorded in the recovery room was significantly lower in the clear liquid group (11.4 ± 2.8 vs. 14.6 ± 2.8, p < 0.001). Clear liquid group showed significantly lower pain scores at 1-6, 6-12, and 12-24 h postoperatively. Additionally, clear liquid group had lower opioid requirement at 1-6 and 6-12 h postoperatively. Conclusions: Preoperative clear liquid consumption was associated with a lower incidence of ED in pediatric patients undergoing MIRPE.

Early onset of enamel formation in Baka pygmy's deciduous canines.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate by enamel microstructure analysis two hypotheses that would explain the early dental eruption in the Bakaparticularity, a shorter crown formation time and/or earlier onset of crown formation. DESIGN: Deciduous canines corresponds to the best teeth to perform the analysis of enamel microstructure. Longitudinal ground sections of 21 deciduous canines from 12 individuals were studied with transmitted light microscopy. Cross-striations, striaes of Retzius (SR) and the neonatal line (NNL) enable to establish the prenatal crown formation time (preCFT), the postnatal crown formation time (postCFT), the crown formation time (CFT) as well as the daily secretion rate (DSR) and the enamel extension rate (EER) and their variation along crown formation. RESULTS: The DSR and the EER in the Baka are similar than in other populations with an average DSR of 3.26 µm and EER of 18.18 µm. The preCFT was 154 days, the postCFT 265 days and CFT 419 days. Comparison with other population does not show difference in CFT. However, the preCFT and the postCFT differ, the first is higher and the second lower in the Baka than in other populations. Furthermore, the number of prenatal areas of enamel was greater in the Baka. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that the Baka does not distinguish by a different CFT but the onset of crown formation is earlier than in other groups. Therefore, the early dental eruption in the Baka results from an earlier onset of crown formation.

Emergence of a novel GIII Getah virus variant in pigs in Guangdong, China, 2023.

From May to July of 2023, one pig farm in Heyuan city, Guangdong Province of China, suffered severe piglet death and sow reproductive disorders. The common pig viruses and bacteria tested negative. To uncover the possible cause of the disease, a metagenomic analysis was performed in the pooled small intestine samples from three 8-day-old diseased piglets. The results showed that Getah virus (GETV), an RNA virus, might be the potential pathogen that affects pig health. Subsequently, GETV nucleotide was detected in all of the 15 samples collected from three diseased piglets using quantitative reverse transcription PCR, suggesting GETV as the main pathogen of the disease. A GETV strain, designated as GDHYLC23, was successfully isolated using the swine testicle cell line. Sequence analysis showed that the epidemic strain had a unique 32-nucleotide repeat insertion in the 3' noncoding region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that GDHYLC23 belonged to the pandemic group III. The identification of GETV with new variations implies the continuous evolution of the virus, which poses potential threats to the swine industry.IMPORTANCEPig farms are faced with emerging and re-emerging viruses that may cause substantial economic loss. The identification of potentially pathogenic viruses helps to prevent and control the spread of diseases. In this study, by using metagenomic analysis, we found that a neglected virus, GETV with a unique insertion in the genome, was the main pathogen in one pig farm that suffered severe piglet death and sow reproductive disorders. Although the potential impact of such an insertion on viral pathogenicity is unknown, the surveillance of the continuing evolution of GETV in pig farms cannot be ignored.