Social Media News Headlines and Their Influence on Well-Being: Emotional States, Emotion Regulation, and Resilience.

Today, many individuals read the daily news from social media platforms. Research has shown that news with negative valence might influence the well-being of individuals. Existing research that examined the impact of headlines on individuals' well-being has primarily focused on examining the positive or negative polarity of words used in the headlines. In the present study, we adopt a different approach and ask participants to categorize the headlines themselves based on the emotions they experienced while reading them and how their choice impacts their well-being. A total of 306 participants were presented with 40 headlines from main news sites that were considered popular based on the number of public reactions. Participants had to rate their emotional experience of the headlines following five emotional states (i.e., happiness, anger, sadness, fear, and interest). Emotion regulation strategies and resilience were also measured. In line with our hypotheses, we found that participants reported experiencing negative emotions more intensively while reading the headlines. Emotion regulation was not found to influence the emotional states of individuals, whereas resilience did. These findings highlight that individuals can experience heightened emotions without reading the entire news story. This effect was observed regardless of the headline's emotional valence (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral). Furthermore, our study highlights the critical role of interest as a factor in news consumption. Interest significantly affects individuals' engagement and reactions to headlines, regardless of valence. The findings underscore the complex interplay between headline content and reader engagement and stress the need for further research into how headlines are presented to protect individuals from potential emotional costs.

Cholecystokinin neurotransmission in the central nervous system: Insights into its role in health and disease.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a key role in various brain functions, including both health and disease states. Despite the extensive research conducted on CCK, there remain several important questions regarding its specific role in the brain. As a result, the existing body of literature on the subject is complex and sometimes conflicting. The primary objective of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in understanding the central nervous system role of CCK, with a specific emphasis on elucidating CCK's mechanisms for neuroplasticity, exploring its interactions with other neurotransmitters, and discussing its significant involvement in neurological disorders. Studies demonstrate that CCK mediates both inhibitory long-term potentiation (iLTP) and excitatory long-term potentiation (eLTP) in the brain. Activation of the GPR173 receptor could facilitate iLTP, while the Cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR) facilitates eLTP. CCK receptors' expression on different neurons regulates activity, neurotransmitter release, and plasticity, emphasizing CCK's role in modulating brain function. Furthermore, CCK plays a pivotal role in modulating emotional states, Alzheimer's disease, addiction, schizophrenia, and epileptic conditions. Targeting CCK cell types and circuits holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for alleviating these brain disorders.

Betting on Your Feelings: The Interplay between Emotion and Cognition in Gambling Affective Task.

Background: Gambling Disorder (GD) is a bio-psycho-social disorder resulting from the interaction of clinical, cognitive, and affective factors. Impulsivity is a crucial factor in addiction studies, as it is closely linked to cognitive distortions in GD by encompassing impulsive choices, motor responses, decision-making, and cognitive biases. Also, emotions, mood, temperament, and affective state are crucial in developing and maintaining GD. Gambling can be used as a maladaptive coping strategy to avoid or escape problems and distress. Methods: The aim of the present study is to explore differences in personality traits and emotion regulation of people suffering from GD, substance-dependent gamblers (SDGs), and healthy controls (HCs). Additionally, the study proposes a new experimental task: the "Gambling Affective Task" (GAT) to investigate the influence of affective priming on risk-taking behaviors. Results: Our findings indicate that participants placed lower bets following positive priming. Additionally, SDGs wagered significantly higher amounts than HCs, regardless of priming type. In general, participants exhibited longer response times after positive priming trials, compared to negative and neutral priming trials. These findings suggest that experiencing positive emotions can act as a protective factor by delaying and lengthening gambling behaviors. By comparing gamblers with and without substance comorbidity, we can gain insight into the exclusive factors of GD and improve our understanding of this disorder. Conclusions: By elucidating the impact of emotional states on risk-taking, the research also provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of GD.

Home-schooling and caring for children during the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK: emotional states, systems of support and coping strategies in working mothers.

Introduction: We examined the experience of the intensification of home-schooling and/or childcare in working mothers in the United Kingdom during the first national COVID-19 lockdown. Our focus was on understanding how mothers dealt with this challenging period both emotionally and practically. Methods: Eligible mothers (n = 47; Mage = 39.6) participated in an anonymous online survey of openended questions. Results: Thematic analysis of responses showed that mothers found home-schooling and/or childcare to be challenging. This was particularly notable in situations where support from partners, schools, and workplaces was limited. For single working mothers, the absence of support resources was especially impactful. Mothers often felt overly stressed trying to balance work and family responsibilities, guilty for not meeting their child's needs, and were worried over their child's well-being and academic progress and over increasing work demands. Common strategies mothers used to cope with the challenges of home-schooling and/or childcare included adopting a positive outlook, implementing flexible family structures, increasing family connectedness, and negotiating alternative partnership models. Discussion: The intensification of home-schooling and/or childcare during the lockdown in the United Kingdom negatively affected maternal well-being, particularly due to limited support. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing maternal wellbeing in post-pandemic recovery efforts. Additionally, they highlight the social dimension of maternal wellbeing and suggest a comprehensive approach to support it that includes both timely access to intervention for mental health but also implementing family-friendly work policies and offering support with childcare and children's learning as essential measures.

The association between procrastination in academic writing and negative emotional states during the COVID-19 pandemic: the indirect effects of stress coping styles and self-efficacy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Limited research has examined the mediating mechanisms underlying the association between procrastination in academic writing and negative emotional states during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we examined whether stress coping styles and self-efficacy for self-regulation of academic writing mediated the relationship between procrastination in academic writing and negative emotional states. DESIGN AND METHOD: Graduate students (N = 475, 61.7% female, Mage of students at baseline = 29.02 years, SD = 5.72) completed questionnaires at Time 1 (March 2020; Procrastination in Academic Writing and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations), and Time 2 (June 2020; The Self-Efficacy for Self-Regulation of Academic Writing Scale and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale - 21). RESULTS: Emotion-oriented coping and the self-efficacy for self-regulation of academic writing serially mediated the association between procrastination in academic writing and negative emotional states. Meanwhile, task-oriented coping and self-efficacy for self-regulation of academic writing also serially mediated the association between procrastination in academic writing and negative emotional states. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a plausible explanation of the roles that stress coping styles and self-efficacy for self-regulation of academic writing play in the association between procrastination in academic writing and negative emotional states.

Impact of patient attributes on the relationship between hearing handicap and readiness to pursue audiologic rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether select patient attributes were significant predictors of readiness to pursue hearing aids (HAs) and estimated the impacts of hearing aid self-efficacy (HASE) and emotional states, on the relationship between perceived hearing handicap and readiness to pursue HAs. DESIGN & STUDY SAMPLE: Sixty-two adults with self-reported hearing difficulties and no previous experience with HAs self-reported their hearing handicap, HASE, personality, emotional states in varying contexts, and readiness to pursue HAs. RESULTS: Individuals with greater hearing handicap and who had experienced hearing loss for a shorter duration were more ready to pursue HAs. Having higher HASE, more positive emotional states in "Social" situations, higher scores for the Agreeableness, and having lower Conscientiousness personality trait scores also independently predicted readiness. Neither HASE nor reported emotional states had a significant impact on the relationship between perceived hearing handicap and readiness to pursue HAs. CONCLUSIONS: Certain patient characteristics independently motivate people towards or away from pursuing HAs. However, it remains unclear whether targeted modification of these attributes would directly facilitate behaviour change. Future research should further explore these questions to facilitate a more individualised audiologic rehabilitation.

Repeated stress triggers seeking of a starvation-like state in anxiety-prone female mice.

Elevated anxiety often precedes anorexia nervosa and persists after weight restoration. Patients with anorexia nervosa often describe self-starvation as pleasant, potentially because food restriction can be anxiolytic. Here, we tested whether repeated stress can cause animals to prefer a starvation-like state. We developed a virtual reality place preference paradigm in which head-fixed mice can voluntarily seek a starvation-like state induced by optogenetic stimulation of hypothalamic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons. Prior to stress exposure, males but not females showed a mild aversion to AgRP stimulation. Strikingly, following multiple days of stress, a subset of females developed a strong preference for AgRP stimulation that was predicted by high baseline anxiety. Such stress-induced changes in preference were reflected in changes in facial expressions during AgRP stimulation. Our study suggests that stress may cause females predisposed to anxiety to seek a starvation state and provides a powerful experimental framework for investigating the underlying neural mechanisms.

Maternal Sleeping Problems Before and After Childbirth - A Systematic Review.

The perinatal and postpartum period is of great significance for women due to physiological changes, shifts in circadian rhythms, social setting, and psychological well-being, all of which affect the quality and quantity of their sleep. A mixed-studies systematic review was undertaken to enhance our understanding of sleep disturbances and mood disorders in women in late pregnancy and the postpartum period, their connection with breastfeeding, and the assessment of interventions for sleep disturbance. Three electronic databases (PUBMED, EMBASE and Google Scholar) were searched for qualitative, observational, and mixed-method studies from the year 2016 to June 2023. Twenty-nine articles were included in the analysis. The results were synthesized into four overarching themes: (і) the sleep quality of women in the perinatal period; (ii) the relationship between sleep and breastfeeding; (iii) the relationship between sleep quality and emotional disturbance in the perinatal period; (iv) sleep interventions in the researched group. The subjective nature of the perception of sleep disturbances, along with the absence of an objective measurement tool is clearly an inconvenience. It is advisable to include the assessment of maternal sleep hygiene and family sleep patterns during postpartum healthcare provider appointments to develop strategies not only for women's sleep quality but also for their mental well-being.

On the Role of Personality in Successful Aging: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to critically examine current knowledge on the role of personality in successful aging, considering Hooker and McAdams' 3-level, 6-foci model of personality. The aim was also to pinpoint knowledge gaps that research should address in the future. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We carried out a scoping review of the literature on successful aging and personality, following the 5-step framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley and further expanded by Levac et al. RESULTS: Research into the role of personality in successful aging has grown significantly over the last 20 years. However, the increasing number of publications on the topic was primarily accounted for by studies focused on Layer 1 and particularly Layer 2 of McAdams' model of personality, with Layer 3 being scarcely addressed. Research that included more than 1 layer of personality was rare. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Our study pinpointed gaps that should be considered in future research in this area. These gaps were related to advancing toward agreed-upon definitions of successful aging and personality, broadening the scope of research on this topic, and integrating personality dimensions on research on successful aging.

Relationships Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Emotional States in Individuals With Sexual Convictions.

This study seeks to add to the existing knowledge and available literature on schema therapy elements in forensic inpatient samples. Early maladaptive schemas and emotional states were assessed in Dutch individuals with sexual convictions and compared to individuals with nonsexual violent convictions. Self-ratings of the Young Schema Questionnaire and the Schema Mode Inventory of 95 patients with either convictions for child sexual abuse (N = 30), sexual violence against adults (N = 34), and nonsexual violent convictions (N = 31) were examined using one-way multivariate ANOVAs. Regardless of victim type, forensic patients convicted for sexual offending, and patients with convictions for nonsexual violent offending, seem to make equal use of specific maladaptive cognitive schemas and schema modes during mandated inpatient care. Other studies have shown that people with sexual offense histories are typically characterized by insecure attachment, overvigilance towards women, or a child-like self-concept. Our study indicates that forensic patient in Dutch mandated care may be qualitatively different from typical patients with sexual offense histories and that Dutch patients with violent or sexual offense histories are more similar than they are dissimilar.

Actividad física y estados emocionales en universitarios durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 / Atividade física e estados emocionais em universitários durante o confinamento por COVID-19 / Physical activity and emotional states in university students during COVID-19 confinement

El confinamiento social debido al brote por COVID-19 pudo alterar los estados emocionales de las personas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las diferencias en los estados emocionales (EE) positivos y negativos de acuerdo con diferentes formas de involucrarse en la actividad física (AF), con la cantidad de horas dedicadas a dicha actividad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 y con el sexo de los participantes. Se envió a los participantes, 360 universitarios (126 hombres y 234 mujeres), una versión en línea de la Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos (PANAS) y un cuestionario diseñado ex profeso para indagar cómo éstos se involucraban en la AF. Mediante un análisis de varianza no paramétrico se evaluaron las diferencias entre los EE positivos y negativos en función de la AF realizada, las horas de AF y el sexo de los participantes. En general, se encontró: mayor nivel de EE positivos en quienes realizaban AF antes y durante el confinamiento en comparación con quienes no realizaban AF, con un tamaño del efecto mediano (g=0.768); mayores EE positivos en quienes realizaban más de ocho horas por semana de AF en comparación con quienes realizaban de cuatro a seis horas, con un tamaño del efecto grande (g=0.926); y mayores EE positivos en los hombres, con un tamaño del efecto mediano (g=0.402). La práctica constante de AF parece benéfica en el afrontamiento de situaciones aversivas como el confinamiento social, de manera que sería relevante diseñar programas que permitan a la población realizar AF de manera regular. (AU)

Social confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak could have altered people's emotional states. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in positive and negative emotional states (ES) according to different ways of engaging in physical activity (PA), with the number of hours dedicated to such activity during confinement by COVID-19, and with the sex of the participants. The participants, 360 university students (126 men and 234 women), were sent an online version of the Scale of Positive and Negative Affects (PANAS) and a questionnaire specifically designed to find out how they get involved in PA. Using a non-parametric analysis of variance, the differences between the positive and negative ES were evaluated based on the PA performed, the hours of PA and the sex of the participants. In general, the following was found: a higher level of positive ES in those who performed PA before and during confinement compared to those who did not perform PA, with a medium effect size(g=0.768); greater positive ES in those who performed more than eight hours per week of PA compared to those who performed 4 to 6 hours, with a large effect size (g=0.926); and higher positive ES in men, with a medium effect size (g=0.402). The constantpractice of PA seems beneficial in coping with aversive situations such as social confinement, so it would be necessary to design relevant programs that allow the population to perform PA on a regular basis. (AU)

O confinamento social devido ao surto de COVID-19 pode ter alterado o estado emocional das pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças nos estados emocionais (EE) positivos e negativos de acordocom diferentes formas de praticar atividade física (AF), com o número de horas dedicadas a tal atividade durante o confinamento por COVID-19 e com o sexo dos participantes. Os participantes, 360 estudantes universitários (126 homens e 234 mulheres), receberam uma versão online da Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) e um questionário especialmente elaborado para descobrir como eles estavam envolvidos na AF. Usando uma análise de variância não paramétrica, as diferenças entre os EE positivos enegativosforamavaliadas com base na AF realizada, nas horas de AF e no sexo dos participantes. De uma forma geral, verificou-se o seguinte: maior nível de EE positivo naqueles que realizaram AF antes e durante o confinamento face aos que não realizaram AF, com tamanho de efeito médio (g=0,768); maior EE positivo naqueles que praticavam AF por mais de oito horas semanais em comparação aos que realizavam AF de quatro a seis horas, com tamanho de efeito grande (g=0,926); e maior EE positivo em homens, com tamanho de efeitomédio (g=0,402). A prática constante de AF parece benéfica no enfrentamento de situações aversivas como o confinamento social, por isso seria relevante desenhar programas que permitam à população praticar AF de forma regular. (AU)

Emotion in action: When emotions meet motor circuits.

The brain is a remarkably complex organ responsible for a wide range of functions, including the modulation of emotional states and movement. Neuronal circuits are believed to play a crucial role in integrating sensory, cognitive, and emotional information to ultimately guide motor behavior. Over the years, numerous studies employing diverse techniques such as electrophysiology, imaging, and optogenetics have revealed a complex network of neural circuits involved in the regulation of emotional or motor processes. Emotions can exert a substantial influence on motor performance, encompassing both everyday activities and pathological conditions. The aim of this review is to explore how emotional states can shape movements by connecting the neural circuits for emotional processing to motor neural circuits. We first provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of different emotional states on motor control in humans and rodents. In line with behavioral studies, we set out to identify emotion-related structures capable of modulating motor output, behaviorally and anatomically. Neuronal circuits involved in emotional processing are extensively connected to the motor system. These circuits can drive emotional behavior, essential for survival, but can also continuously shape ongoing movement. In summary, the investigation of the intricate relationship between emotion and movement offers valuable insights into human behavior, including opportunities to enhance performance, and holds promise for improving mental and physical health. This review integrates findings from multiple scientific approaches, including anatomical tracing, circuit-based dissection, and behavioral studies, conducted in both animal and human subjects. By incorporating these different methodologies, we aim to present a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the emotional modulation of movement in both physiological and pathological conditions.

Learning with self-generated drawings and the impact of learners' emotional states.

Introduction: The present study examined the influence of emotional states when learning with self-generated drawings. It was assumed that learners in a positive emotional state would profit from learning with self-generated drawings, while learners in a negative emotional state would not profit from this strategy to the same extent but would rather benefit through reading. Methods: University students (N = 123) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions resulting from a 2 × 2 design with self-generated drawings (yes vs. no) and emotional state (positive vs. negative) as independent variables. Results: Results showed that learning with self-generated drawings was more beneficial for a following transfer test than learning without drawings - irrespective of a learner's emotional state. The quality of self-generated drawings predicted the learning outcomes of the retention and pictorial test, but not for transfer. Discussion: Missing effects of emotional states and the missing interaction with self-generated drawings will be discussed.

The Power Is in the Word-Do Laypeople Interpret Descriptors of Dog Emotional States Correctly?

A basic understanding of dog behaviour and emotion is relevant not only for professionals, such as veterinary personnel or dog trainers, but also for dog owners and for people with little contact with dogs. Information about dog behaviour and emotions is mostly conveyed verbally. This study explores whether definitions of dog behaviour and emotion are understood in such a way that they can be allocated to a descriptor (i.e., a label such as "fearful"), even by people with low background knowledge. If people can match descriptors to definitions, this suggests that the definitions are distinct enough and elicit mental representations of behaviour that can fit the label. Good agreement on the definitions is a prerequisite for the validity of the descriptors used; however, no study to date has tested this. A sample of 236 adults was asked to match descriptors of Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) for veterinary and shelter situations to their correct definitions, e.g., the descriptor "fearful" to its definition "dog may try to flee, hide or freeze; ears back". Matching was substantially above chance; nonetheless, the mean proportion of correct responses was only 50% (SD ± 16.6%) for the veterinary QBA set and 33% (SD ± 14.3%) for the shelter QBA set. Performance in the matching task was positively correlated with measures of experience with dogs. Taken together, the results suggest that descriptor-definition pairs used to describe dog behaviour need to be clearly defined to avoid misinterpretations when teaching laypeople how to interpret canine behaviour.

Use of medicines to alleviate negative emotional states among adolescents attending Special Education Centres.

Introduction: Substantial research evidence indicates that adolescents commonly use a variety of pharmaceuticals. Studies in this area carried out so far in Poland have focused on youth attending mainstream schools. However, there is a lack of research covering adolescents residing in special education centres (SEC). The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of medicine use for negative emotional states (nervousness, difficulties in falling asleep, and depressive mood), and to identify factors associated with the use of the aforementioned medications by SEC youth. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in 2018 on a random nationwide sample of SEC adolescents aged 12-19 (N = 1730). The logistic regression analyses included sociodemographic variables, as well as factors related to the participant's individual characteristics and to their social environment. Results: Medicine use for negative emotional states was confirmed by about 24%-30% of respondents. The prevalence of these medicine use among SEC youth was significantly higher than among adolescents from mainstream schools. The individual risk factors associated with medicine use were gender (female), current mental and somatic health problems, past suicide attempts and psychoactive substances use while self-control turned out to be protective factor. Among factors related to the respondents' social environment, positive relationships with peers were significant protective factor. Conclusions: Preventive measures aimed at SEC youth should be focused on improving positive relationships with peers and developing self-control. Educational programs for youth, their parents and SEC staff to develop knowledge and skills regarding safe medicines intake would also be useful.

Caregivers' anxiety and perception of their children's wellbeing: a year into the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and related social restrictions disrupted family routines affecting millions of youths and their caregivers worldwide. This study explored the relationship between caregivers' anxiety and their children's emotional states 1 year after COVID-19, as well as differences between caregivers' perceptions of their children's emotional states and reality. Sixty-eight caregiver-child pairs completed an online survey between March 31 and May 31, 2021. Our analysis showed positive correlations between caregivers' anxiety and children's wellbeing, worries about children's use of time, and a variety of negative emotional states in their children. Caregivers' anxiety about their children's wellbeing was negatively correlated with their children's perceptions of self-control. Caregivers' anxiety about their personal wellbeing was negatively correlated with children's feelings of busyness and positively associated to their children's fear. Caregivers' perception of COVID-19 as a challenging experience was positively associated with some of their children's negative emotions. Overall, caregivers were accurate about children's emotional experiences in the previous 3 months with some exceptions: their children felt lonelier and more worried about schoolwork and grades than their caregivers realized. These findings will help researchers and practitioners further explore the sources of caregivers' anxiety and their relationship with children's emotions and stress management as countries move toward a new normal.

"The many faces of sorrow": An empirical exploration of the psychological plurality of sadness.

Sadness has typically been associated with failure, defeat and loss, but it has also been suggested that sadness facilitates positive and restructuring emotional changes. This suggests that sadness is a multi-faceted emotion. This supports the idea that there might in fact be different facets of sadness that can be distinguished psychologically and physiologically. In the current set of studies, we explored this hypothesis. In a first stage, participants were asked to select sad emotional faces and scene stimuli either characterized or not by a key suggested sadness-related characteristic: loneliness or melancholy or misery or bereavement or despair. In a second stage, another set of participants was presented with the selected emotional faces and scene stimuli. They were assessed for differences in emotional, physiological and facial-expressive responses. The results showed that sad faces involving melancholy, misery, bereavement and despair were experienced as conferring dissociable physiological characteristics. Critical findings, in a final exploratory design, in a third stage, showed that a new set of participants could match emotional scenes to emotional faces with the same sadness-related characteristic with close to perfect precision performance. These findings suggest that melancholy, misery, bereavement and despair can be distinguishable emotional states associated with sadness.

Borys I. Palamar, Liliia M. Hrynevych, Liudmyla L. Khoruzha, Mariia V. Bratko, Svitlana P. Palamar, Olena O. Muzyka, Inna V. Leontieva PSYCHOEMOTIONAL PROBLEMS OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS UNDER MARTIAL LAW: FROM EMERGENCE TO OVERCOMING.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To study the peculiarities of psycho-emotional problems and needs of the subjects of the educational process and to determine the priority areas of their psychological and pedagogical support in the conditions of martial law. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: To update the aspects of the problem, we used the methods of analysis of normative and scientific sources, system analysis and generalizations, the results of our own empirical studies, materials of the questionnaire, to study the specifics of psycho-emotional problems and needs of the subjects of the educational process. RESULTS: Results: The problem of socio-psychological protection and support of all participants in the educational process in the conditions of martial law, especially children, is extremely important. Challenge for schools in Kyiv is the organization of the educational process for children who are abroad but continue to obtain general secondary education according to Ukrainian educational standards and programs. This ensures the realization of their constitutional right to education and demonstrates certain support for our citizens who do not yet have the opportunity to return to Ukraine. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Considering the massive nature of traumatization of the population during military operations, there is a need to involve social institutions in the maintenance of public health, for which assistance to the population is not the main function, but which they can perform in these extraordinary circumstances. This can form the basis for establishing psychological and pedagogical support for war-traumatized children and adults.

The association between stress, emotional states, and tinnitus: a mini-review.

Extensive literature supporting the view of tinnitus induced stress in patients is available. However, limited evidence has been produced studying the opposite, that is, does stress cause tinnitus? The hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, one of the main neuroendocrine systems involved in stress response, is commonly disturbed in tinnitus patients. Patients with chronic tinnitus have been shown to develop abnormal responses to psycho-social stress, where the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis response is weaker and delayed, suggesting chronic stress contributes to the development of chronic tinnitus. The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system also plays a major role in stress response and its chronic hyperactivity seems to be involved in developing tinnitus. Psycho-social stress has been shown to share the same probability of developing tinnitus as occupational noise and contributes to worsening tinnitus. Additionally, exposure to high stress levels and occupational noise doubles the likelihood of developing tinnitus. Interestingly, short-term stress has been shown to protect the cochlea in animals, but chronic stress exposure has negative consequences. Emotional stress also worsens pre-existing tinnitus and is identified as an important indicator of tinnitus severity. Although there is limited body of literature, stress does seem to play a vital role in the development of tinnitus. This review aims to highlight the association between stress, emotional states, and the development of tinnitus while also addressing the neural and hormonal pathways involved.