Brote de 4 casos leptospirosis de un grupo familiar en zona rural tropical de Colombia: un reporte de caso / Outbreak of 4 leptospirosis cases in a family group in tropical rural zone of Colombia: a case report

La leptospirosis es una zoonosis con manifestaciones clínicas causadas por espiroquetas patógenas del género Leptospira spp. Su curso puede ser desde enfermedad leve hasta un síndrome ictero-hemorrágico severo denominado enfermedad de Weil. Se estudió un brote epidemiológico constituido por una serie de cuatro casos de leptospirosis de severidad moderada a severa, ocurridos en una zona rural de clima tropical en los llanos orientales de Colombia, a 450 metros sobre el nivel del mar en una familia visitante en Puerto Lleras, Meta, Colombia. Probablemente secundario al consumo de aguas contaminadas por orina de roedores. Las pacientes fueron ingresadas bajo la sospecha de un síndrome ictérico de origen infeccioso con un falso positivo para antígeno de superficie de hepatitis B. Dos pacientes desarrollaron síndrome de Weil asociado a microangiopatía trombótica por lo que requirieron manejo en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) sin embargo, una de ellas fallece y las otras dos pacientes desarrollan signos y síntomas moderados evidenciando un curso variable de la enfermedad. En nuestro país existe una sobre notificación de síndromes febriles, ictéricos e icterohemorragicos de diferentes etiologías y difícil diagnóstico por lo que la leptospirosis tiende a ser confundida o ignorada como diferencial en muchos casos.

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with clinical manifestations caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira spp. Its course can range from mild illness to a severe jaundice-hemorrhagic syndrome called Weil's disease. An epidemiological outbreak consisting of a series of four cases of leptospirosis of moderate to severe severity, which occurred in a rural area with a tropical climate in the eastern plains of Colombia, at 450 meters above sea level, was studied in a visiting family in Puerto Lleras, Meta, Colombia. Probably secondary to the consumption of water contaminated by rodent urine. The patients were admitted on suspicion of an infectious jaundice syndrome with a false positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Two patients developed Weil's syndrome associated with thrombotic microangiopathy, requiring ICU management, however, one of them died and the other two patients develop moderate signs and symptoms showing a variable course of the disease. In our country there is an overreporting of febrile, jaundice and jaundice syndromes of different etiologies and difficult diagnosis, so that leptospirosis tends to be confused or ignored as differential in many cases.

Use of the PCR in a Combined Methodological Approach for the Study of Human Fascioliasis in an Endemic Area.

PURPOSE: Fascioliasis is a worldwide distributed trematodiasis considered a neglected disease. Diagnosis in humans has been traditionally based on parasitological and immunological techniques. Recently we reported the use of the PCR in stool samples for the individual diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate human fascioliasis by a combination of diagnostic methods in an area where the disease is highly endemic in animals. METHODS: We studied all the inhabitants (N = 240) of Tatón village, Argentina, by Fasciola hepatica rproCL1-ELISA. Among them, we continued the study with 13 cases that had at least two positive serological tests, who performed a questionnaire, physical examination, abdominal ultrasonography, and collection of blood and faeces. Blood/serum samples were used for Fh rproCL1-ELISA and liver function tests. Faeces were used for parasitological analysis and PCR of a repetitive fragment of Fasciola sp. RESULTS: Among the 13 patients, 9 presented symptoms of biliary colic. All patients repeated positive serology. F. hepatica eggs were not detected. PCR was positive in 11 cases. CONCLUSION: This is the first report employing an approach based on the combination of methods for the evaluation of human fascioliasis in an endemic area, which includes molecular tools with a high value in detecting low infections.

Screening Coccidioides serology in kidney transplant recipients: A 10-year cross-sectional analysis.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at risk for reactivation and complicated infection due to Coccidioides. Pre-transplant serological screening should provide benefit for patients from endemic areas. We evaluated Coccidioides seroprevalence by area of residence in KTRs at a major transplant program in Los Angeles. METHODS: We performed cross-sectional analyses of adult KTRs who underwent transplantation at UCLA between 2007-2016. Patients with Coccidioides serology by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) before or within 14 days from transplantation were included. Patients were classified as living in highly, established, suspected, or not endemic areas by their residential zip code. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of Coccidioides IgG and IgM were 1.4% and 2.8%, respectively. Of patients with positive serology, 31.4% had isolated IgG and 66.3% isolated IgM. Patients from established and highly endemic areas had IgG seropositivity of 3.7% versus 1.3% for patients living in suspected endemic areas(P < .01). Rates of IgM seropositivity were 3.7% compared to 2.8% respectively (P = .28). No patients from non-endemic areas had positive screening serology. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-transplant serological screening for Coccidioides is recommended in kidney transplant candidates from endemic areas. We observed high seroprevalence among patients from highly and established endemic areas, for whom universal prophylaxis is recommended. For residents from less well-established areas of endemicity, serological screening showed benefit in identifying patients at risk. In patients with isolated EIA IgM, performing repeat and confirmatory tests is recommended. Patients from non-endemic areas had low risk of infection, however, a thorough social history is necessary to evaluate risk.

Biogeography and areas of endemism of Prepops Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Resumen Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) es una de las familias de insectos más ricas en especies, con alrededor de 11 100 especies descritas. Mirinae es la mayor subfamilia y sus endemismos se hacen evidentes desde el nivel de tribu hacia abajo. La tribu Restheniini (Mirinae) se encuentra en América, con la mayor parte de su diversidad en el Neotrópico. Prepops Reuter es el mayor género de Restheniini con 198 especies, con un rango de distribución similar al de la tribu. Los estudios sobre distribución y áreas de endemismo en Miridae son escasos, y no existen para Prepops. Aquí se analizan todos los registros geográficos de Prepops (707 registros de 181 especies) con el objetivo de identificar patrones de diversidad y áreas de endemismo, usando análisis de redes. Los datos de localidad se asignaron usando especímenes de museo y registros geográficos en la literatura. Además usamos datos de distribución para proponer preferencias de hábitat y variables geoclimáticas importantes para cada grupo de especies co-ocurrentes. Los resultados indican una alta riqueza específica en las regiones subtropicales, mientras que la faja tropical y las altas latitudes aparecen empobrecidas. La región Neotropical presenta 86 % de las especies, la Neártica alrededor del 11 % (pero con mayores rangos específicos de distribución). La región Andina casi no posee registros del género. Veintitrés áreas de endemismo (y dos díadas), formadas por 2 o más especies endémicas se encuentran en la región Neártica (3), la zona de transición Mexicana/subregión Caribe (5), y la zona de transición Sudamericana/ subregiones Amazónica, Chaqueña y Paranaense (15). La superposición de algunas áreas indica regiones con elevada riqueza específica y con una historia compleja. La falta de registros en la región Andina (excepto para P. nigrus en el sur de Patagonia) y la dominancia de especies estrictamente neotropicales (86 %) apoyan la hipótesis del origen neotropical para la tribu Restheniini. La conformación general de los grupos de especies co-ocurrentes de Prepops muestra una estrecha correlación con las regiones y subregiones biogeográficas conocidas. Entre las características ecofisiográficas más comunmente asociadas con los registros geográficos de Prepops se encuentran, en orden de importancia: bosques de hoja ancha (húmedos y secos), pastizales y hábitats xéricos.

AbstractThe Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are one of the most species rich families of insects, with about 11 100 described species. Mirinae is the largest subfamily and its endemism becomes evident at the tribal level and below. Mirines of the tribe Restheniini are found throughout America, with most of the diversity confined to the Neotropics. Prepops Reuter is the largest genus in Restheniini with 198 described species and its geographical range is similar to that of the tribe. The study of the distribution and areas of endemism in Miridae are scarce and non-existent for Prepops. We analyzed all the geographic records of Prepops (707 records for 181 species) in order to identify diversity patterns and areas of endemism, using network analysis. Locality data were assigned using museum specimens and geographic records in the literature. Additionally we used spatial data to propose habitat preferences and geoclimatic variables important for each group of co-occurring species. The results indicate high species richness in subtropical regions, while the tropical belt and high latitudes appear impoverished. The Neotropical region contains 86% of the species, and the Nearctic about 11 % (but with larger species ranges); the Andean region is sparingly represented. Twenty-three areas of endemism (and two diads), formed by 2 or more endemic species, are distributed in the Nearctic (3), Mexican Transition Zone and Caribbean subregion (5), South American Transition Zone and Amazonian, Chacoan and Paranaense subregions (15). Overlap between some of the areas indicates regions with high species richness and complex history. The lack of records from the Andean region (except for P. nigrus in Southern Patagonia) and dominance of strictly Neotropical species (86 %) supports the hypothesis of a Neotropical origin for the tribe Restheniini. The general arrangement of the units of co-occurrence of Prepops species shows a close correlation with known biogeographic regions and subregions. Broad physiographic characteristics most commonly associated with Prepops geographical records are, in order of importance: broad leaf forests (wet and dry), grasslands and xeric habitats. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64(1): 17-31. Epub 2016 March 01.

Comparison between PCR and larvae visualization methods for diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis out of endemic area: A proposed algorithm.

Underdiagnosis of chronic infection with the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis may lead to severe disease in the immunosuppressed. Thus, we have set-up a specific and highly sensitive molecular diagnosis in stool samples. Here, we compared the accuracy of our polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method with that of conventional diagnostic methods for chronic infection. We also analyzed clinical and epidemiological predictors of infection to propose an algorithm for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis useful for the clinician. Molecular and gold standard methods were performed to evaluate a cohort of 237 individuals recruited in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Subjects were assigned according to their immunological status, eosinophilia and/or history of residence in endemic areas. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis by PCR on the first stool sample was achieved in 71/237 (29.9%) individuals whereas only 35/237(27.4%) were positive by conventional methods, requiring up to four serial stool samples at weekly intervals. Eosinophilia and history of residence in endemic areas have been revealed as independent factors as they increase the likelihood of detecting the parasite according to our study population. Our results underscore the usefulness of robust molecular tools aimed to diagnose chronic S. stercoralis infection. Evidence also highlights the need to survey patients with eosinophilia even when history of an endemic area is absent.

Utilidad de la prueba de Montenegro (IDRM) como herramienta para la vigilancia epidemiológica de Leishmaniasis cutánea en áreas de Bolivia donde coexiste la infección por Leishmania spp y T. cruzi / Utility of Montenegro skin test (IDRM) as a tool for epidemiological surveillance of cutaneous leishmaniasis in areas of Bolivia where coexist the Leishmania spp and T. cruzi infections

Objetivos: evaluar la respuesta a la prueba de la Intradermorreacción de Montenegro (IDRM) en áreas endémicas para leishmaniasis y enfermedad de Chagas. Métodos: se aplicó la IDRM a jóvenes sin antecedentes previos de leishmaniasis, en dos regiones endémicas para leishmaniasis y enfermedad de Chagas respectivamente. La prueba se aplicó en tres oportunidades con intervalo de dos meses entre aplicaciones, se evaluó la respuesta a la misma, por medición de la induración post inoculación. Resultados: No se encontró reacciones positivas de IDRM en ninguna de las dos regiones. La presencia de anticuerpos anti T. cruzi entre algunos de los participantes tampoco produjo reacciones positivas de la prueba. La inoculación de la IDRM no generó reacciones positivas al final de las tres aplicaciones. Conclusiones: por nuestros hallazgos nosotros concluimos que la IDRM podría ser utilizada como herramienta epidemiológica para leishmaniasis en Bolivia en situaciones en las que coexisten la leishmaniasis y el Chagas.

Objectives: to evaluate the response to intradermal test of Montenegro in endemic areas of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Methods: the intradermal test of Montenegro was applied to young people without evidences of previous leishmaniasis in two regions endemics to leishmaniasis or Chagas disease respectively. The test was applied in three times, each one after two months. The response to it was evaluated, by measuring of induration post inoculation. Results: it was found no positive reactions from intradermal test of Montenegro in both regions. The presence of antibodies anti-T cruzi in some participants not caused positive reactions of the test. The inoculation of intradermal test of Montenegro did not generate any positive reactions at end of the three inoculations. Conclusions: for our findings, we conclude that this test could be used as an epidemiological tool for leishmaniasis in Bolivian context where coexisting leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.

Prevalencia de caries dental y fluorosis en áreas de fluorosis endémica en el Estado Portuguesa, Venezuela / Prevalence of dental caries and flurosis endemic fluorosis areas of Portuguesa State, Venezuela

Determinar la prevalencia y severidad de caries y fluorosis dental en una zona de fluorosis endémica en Portuguesa. 187 individuos entre 2-62 años de edad de cuatro comunidades del Municipio Santa Rosalía fueron evaluados para caries dental según el índice CPOD/ceo (OMS) y para fluorosis dental de acuerdo al Índice de Dean. Todos los participantes en la presente investigación firmaron un consentimiento informado. Cada paciente respondió un cuestionario estructurado a tal fin y los datos fueron registrados. El examen clínico fue realizado por un examinador calibrado y se utilizó sonda WHO, espejo plano #5 y luz natural. Según el género, de los 187 pacientes, 96 fueron masculino (51%) y 91 femeninos (49%) y 90,9% de la población estudiada pertenecía a los estratos 4 y 5 de Graffar. El 69% de pacientes estaban libres de caries dental y los índices promedio CPOD y ceo fueron 1,7±3,62 y 0,41±1,15, respectivamente siendo el índice CPOD en Cogote significativamente menor (p<0,05) al compararlos con los observados en San Pablo y Playón (p>0,05), pero sin diferencias significativas al compararlo con el de Punto Fijo. El 76,9% de los individuos evaluados presentaban fluorosis dental siendo el grado de severidad promedio la categoría de moderado (Grado 4). Se le debe dar una alta prioridad a la defluoruración del agua, y en caso de que no sea posible, se debe proveer a la población de agua con concentraciones de fluoruro óptimas. No se observó asociación entre el grado de severidad de fluorosis dental y los niveles de fluoruro en el agua. Estudio parcialmente financiado por la Facultad de Odontología, UCV.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in an endemic area of Portuguesa State. One hundred eighty seven individuals, age ranging between 2-62 years, from four communities of Santa Rosalía Municipality were evaluated for dental caries index DMFT/dmf according to the WHO criteria and dental fluorosis using the Dean index. All participants signed the written consent to be enrolled for the study. The clinical examination was done by a calibrated examiner using the WHO probe, mirror #5 and natural light. The results from the study showed that 96/187 (51%) were male and 91/187 (49%) were female. According to socioeconomic status 90.9% of the studied population was level 4 and 5 according to Graffar criteria. Sixty nine percent of the patient was dental caries free and the mean indexes DMFT/dmf were 1.7±3.62 and 0.41±1.15, respectively. The lower DMFT scores were observed in Cogote (p<0.05) with statistical significant differences when compared to San Pablo and Playón but without differences when compares to Punto Fijo community (p>0.05). When analyzing the presence of dental fluorosis, 76.9% of the subjects had the condition being moderate (Grade 4). We may conclude that water defluoridation is of high priority in these communities, as well as to provide the population with optimal fluoride concentration in water. Our results indicate the absence of association between the fluoride concentration for water consumption and the dental fluorosis severity in endemic areas. Study partially supported by the Faculty of Dentistry, UCV.

Seroprevalencia de la enfermedad de Chagas en El Espìnillo y Villa Río Bermejito en la provincia de Chaco / Seroprevalence of Chagas disease in El Espinillo and Villa Río Bermejito in the province of Chaco

En el marco del proyecto "Pediatría ambulatoria itinerante para comunidades rurales y aisladas" (P.A.I.C.R.A.) diagramado por LA HIGUERA.ONG en cooperación con el Laboratorio de Villa Río Bermejito y Sistema de Salud de provincia de Chaco; entre los meses de julio a diciembre de 2007 se realizó el relevamiento serológico en el área programática correspondientes a Villa Río Bermejito y El Espinillo del Monte Impenetrable (Zona Sanitaria VI) de la provincia de Chaco. En este área viven alrededor 9200 personas pertenecientes a comunidades de pueblos originarios (tobas) y criollos, que ocupan un área geográfica de 4000 km2, en la cual las condiciones sociosanitarias son propicias para el desarrollo de esta enfermedad. Se realizaron 1296 serologías para la enfermedad de Chagas con sangre extraída por venopunción. Se utilizaron 3 técnicas de procesamiento diferentes: hemaglutinación indirecta (HAI, Chagas Polycraro S.A.I.C), enzimainmunoensayo (ELISA Chagas Test, Wienner lab) e Inmuno fluorescencia Indirecta (IFI). Se consideraron positivas las muestras que fueron reactivas por dos técnicas serológicas. Se obtuvo evidencia serológica de infección por Tripanosoma Cruzi en 529(40,8%) de 1296 personas, en el grupo de edad de 0-15 años en 191 (29%); y en los menores de 5 años de 44(22,2%). Los datos obtenidos muestran un escaso control vectorial con valores muy similares a estudios previos que se hicieron en esta misma área hace siete años. Un dato preocupante es que el 66,6% de las mujeres en edad fértil está infectada, lo que lleva a predecir un alto riesgo de chagas congénito. Este trabajo demuestra que son imprescindibles políticas sanitarias sostenidas en el tiempo, con equipos de trabajo con funciones preestablecidas destinadas por un lado al control del vector y por otro al diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento en toda el área endémica, por profesionales especializados, preferentemente del área pediátrica (AU)

Within the framework of the project "Itinerary outpatient pediatrics for rural and isolated communities" (P.A.I.C.R.A.) created by LA HIGUERA.ONG in cooperation with the Laboratory of Villa Río Bermejito and the Chaco Health System, a serological survey was conducted in the study area of Villa Río Bermejito and El Espinillo del Monte Impenetrable (Sanitary zone VI) in the province of Chaco between July and December 2007. The area has around 9200 inhabitants belonging to indigenous (tobas) and immigrant-descendant communities and covers 4000 km2 where socio-sanitary conditions favor the spread of Chagas disease. By venipuncture, 1296 blood samples were drawn to be evaluated for Chagas disease. Three different techniques were used: indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA, Chagas Polycraro S.A.I.C), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA Chagas Test, Wienner lab), and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Samples that showed reactivity in at least two techniques were considered positive. Serological evidence of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi was found in 529 (40.8%) of 1296 persons; 191 (29%) in the age group of 0-15 years and 44 (22.2%) under 5 years of age. The data show poor vectorial control and values similar to studies conducted in the same area 7 years previously. Worrisome is the fact that 66.6% of women of child-bearing age are infected, leading to a high risk of congenital Chagas disease in the future. The present study shows that preventive policies sustained over time are necessary with teams working both on vector control and diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of patients in endemic areas consisting of specialized health care workers, preferably in the field of pediatrics (AU)

Inmunopatología de sujetos sanos de un área endémica para pénfigo foliáceo en Perú: Estudio comparativo con familiares / Immunopathologic characterization of healthy subjects in an endemic area for pemphigus foliaceus: Comparative study with relatives.

Introducción: el pénfigo foliáceo endémico (PFE) ha sido descrito a principios de los años 50 en la selva peruana. En el 2006, Ortega y col. reportaron la presencia de anticuerpos anti-desmogleina 1 en Pueblo Libre, Ucayali. Sin embargo, no existen reportes inmunológicos sobre los familiares de pacientes con PFE en la zona. Objetivos: comparar las características inmunopatológicas de los sujetos sanos de Pueblo Libre (Campo Verde-Ucayali) endémico para pénfigo foliáceo, con familiares sanos de pacientes con PFE y controles sanos de áreas no endémicas. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo y multicéntrico realizado de junio a agosto del 2006 que incluyó a 41 sujetos sanos de la comunidad de Pueblo Libre, 11 familiares de pacientes con PFE y 20 sujetos sanos de áreas no endémicas de la enfermedad de los que se obtuvo muestras de sangre para la realización del estudio inmunopatológico (ELISA para anticuerpos anti desmogleína 1 y anti desmogleína 3) comparándose las características de cada grupo de investigación. Para fijar los valores de corte se realizó la estandarización del ELISA usando el análisis de características operativas del receptor (ROC). Resultados: en Pueblo Libre se encontró una prevalencia de anticuerpos anti desmogleína 1 de 46,3%. El patrón predominante fue el IgG2 (62,5%) y el IgG1 (56,3%). En el 31,7% se detectó anticuerpos anti-desmogleína 3. Existió alta correlación entre los valores índice de anticuerpos anti desmogleína 1 y anti desmogleína 3 (r=0,76), significativa a un nivel α=0,01. Para los familiares de los pacientes con PFE, el 45,5% fueron positivos para anticuerpos anti-desmogleνna 1 con un patrσn predominante IgG1 (63,6%) e IgG2 (54,5%). Se detectó anticuerpos anti-desmogleína 1 en el 10 % de sujetos sanos de áreas no endémicas; no se detectó anticuerpos anti desmogleína 3 en este grupo. Conclusiones: las personas sanas expuestas a factores ambientales de los focos endémicos de PFE y los familiares de pacientes desarrollan anticuerpos no patogénicos anti desmogleína 1 y 3 con características inmunopatológicas similares.

Introduction: endemic pemphigus foliaceus (PFE) has been described at the beginning of the 50s in the peruvian forest. In 2006,Ortega & col. reported the presence of desmoglein 1 antibodies in Pueblo Libre, Ucayali. Nevertheless, immune reports does not exist on patients’ relatives with PFE in the zone. Objetives: to compare the immunopathologic profiles of healthy subjects from Pueblo Libre (an area in Ucayali, endemic for pemphigus foliaceus), with healthy relatives of patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus (EPF) and healthy controls from non-endemic areas. Materials and methods: this is a prospective multicentric study performed from June to August 2006. The sample consisted of 41 healthy subjects from the Pueblo Libre community, 11 relatives of EPF patients and 20 healthy subjects from non-endemic areas. Blood samples were obtained for immunopathologic studies (ELISA technique for antibodies against desmoglein-1 and desmoglein- 3). The immunopathologic profiles of each group were compared. Standardization of ELISA was performed using the analysis of receptor operative characteristics (ROC) to find appropriate cut-off values. Results: in Pueblo Libre, the prevalence of antibodies against desmoglein-1 was 46,3%. The predominant pattern was 56,3% for IgG1 and 62,5% for IgG2. Antibodies against desmoglein-3 were found in 31,7% of the sample. A high correlation was found between the index values of antibodies against desmoglein-1 and desmoglein-3. (r=0.76); this is statistically significant, with an alpha = 0,001. The frequency of antibodies against desmoglein-1 was 45,5% in the relatives of EPF patients; the predominant pattern was 63,6% for IgG1 and 54,5% for IgG2. Antibodies against desmoglein-1 were detected in two healthy subjects from non-endemic areas; antibodies against desmoglein-3 were not detected. Conclusion: healthy subjects who are exposed to environmental factors in a focus of endemic pemphigus foliaceus and the relatives of patients with EPF develop non-pathogenic antibodies against desmoglein-1 and -3 with similar immunologic profiles.

Information on the foot-and-mouth disease virus in the upper oesophagus epitelium of cattle coming from endemic areas / Observações sobre a ocorrência do virus da febre aftosa na mucosa do esôfago de bovinos vacinados procedentes de áreas endêmicas

Examining specimens of epitelium from the upper oesophagus of cattle by suckling mice inoculation was possible demonstrate the 0 type of Foot-and-Mouth disease virus (FMDV) in two opportunities. These results provide evidence that the vaccinated cattle from endemic areas of Foot-and-Mouth disease may harbour the disease agent even if the animals seem to be health.

O exame de espécimes da mucosa do terço superior do esôfago de 250 bovinos recém-abatidos revelou, por inoculação em camundongos lactentes, a presença do vírus da febre aftosa tipo O1 Vallée, subtipo O1 Campos, em duas oportunidades. Tal observação sugere que bovinos vacinados, procedentes de áreas endêmicas de febre aftosa, podem albergar este agente na mucosa do esôfago mesmo em ausência de qualquer sinal evidente da doença.

Information on the foot-and-mouth disease virus in the upper oesophagus epitelium of cattle coming from endemic areas / Observações sobre a ocorrência do virus da febre aftosa na mucosa do esôfago de bovinos vacinados procedentes de áreas endêmicas

Examining specimens of epitelium from the upper oesophagus of cattle by suckling mice inoculation was possible demonstrate the 0 type of Foot-and-Mouth disease virus (FMDV) in two opportunities. These results provide evidence that the vaccinated cattle from endemic areas of Foot-and-Mouth disease may harbour the disease agent even if the animals seem to be health.

O exame de espécimes da mucosa do terço superior do esôfago de 250 bovinos recém-abatidos revelou, por inoculação em camundongos lactentes, a presença do vírus da febre aftosa tipo O1 Vallée, subtipo O1 Campos, em duas oportunidades. Tal observação sugere que bovinos vacinados, procedentes de áreas endêmicas de febre aftosa, podem albergar este agente na mucosa do esôfago mesmo em ausência de qualquer sinal evidente da doença.

Information on the foot-and-mouth disease virus in skin cattle coming from endemic areas / Nota sobre a ocorrência do vírus da febre aftosa em couros de bovinos procedentes de áreas endêmicas

Examining 228 samples of cattle skin we identified the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) type C Waldmann, sub-type C3Rezende in two of them. The animals used as a source of skin samples, came from the endemic areas of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, and didnt reveal any sign of apparent disease after a clinical examination. The results provided evidence that the skin of cattle coming from such areas might carry the disease agent, even if the animals seem to be healthy.

Examinando 228 (duzentas e vinte e oito) amostras de couro de bovino, os autores identificaram, em 2 (duas) delas, o vírus da febrea ftosa tipo C Waldmann, sub-tipo C3" Rezende. As amostras foram tomadas de animais procedentes de áreas endêmicas de febre aftosa, todavia, por ocasião do abate, não revelaram qualquer sinal de doença aparente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o couro de bovinos procedentes de tais regiões pode conter o agente da doença, mesmo quando os animais estejam em aparente estado de higidez.

Information on the foot-and-mouth disease virus in skin cattle coming from endemic areas / Nota sobre a ocorrência do vírus da febre aftosa em couros de bovinos procedentes de áreas endêmicas

Examining 228 samples of cattle skin we identified the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) type C Waldmann, sub-type C3Rezende in two of them. The animals used as a source of skin samples, came from the endemic areas of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, and didnt reveal any sign of apparent disease after a clinical examination. The results provided evidence that the skin of cattle coming from such areas might carry the disease agent, even if the animals seem to be healthy.

Examinando 228 (duzentas e vinte e oito) amostras de couro de bovino, os autores identificaram, em 2 (duas) delas, o vírus da febrea ftosa tipo C Waldmann, sub-tipo C3" Rezende. As amostras foram tomadas de animais procedentes de áreas endêmicas de febre aftosa, todavia, por ocasião do abate, não revelaram qualquer sinal de doença aparente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o couro de bovinos procedentes de tais regiões pode conter o agente da doença, mesmo quando os animais estejam em aparente estado de higidez.