ABSTRACT
Resumen: Parte de la fundamentación actual de la ética deriva de las teorías y de las escuelas clásicas, particularmente occidentales y de base racionalistas, que se han preocupado por el sentido del buen vivir, incluso hasta normalizarlo. En este artículo se da cuenta del sentido en que el enfoque de las capacidades de Nussbaum puede contribuir a ampliar una fundamentación de la ética contemporánea, usando la fenomenología hermenéutica como ruta y base metodológica, dado que facilita y orienta la interpretación y construcción del discurso. Para lo anterior, primero se describe qué integra el enfoque de las capacidades en Nussbaum; segundo, se tematiza cuál es la comprensión de Nussbaum respecto al ser humano; tercero, se muestra cómo el enfoque de las capacidades difiere de las teorías éticas tradicionales, como la ética de la virtud, el utilitarismo y la deontología; y finalmente, se analiza en qué sentido se configura el desarrollo de la capacidad como fundamento de la dignidad. Se concluye que el enfoque de capacidades, además de posibilitar un espacio en el que podamos hacer juicios interculturales sobre los diversos modos de vida, ofrece alternativas de debate, por ejemplo, al considerar la ética frente a la "discapacidad" como uno de los asuntos de especial interés para la bioética.
Abstract: Part of the current foundation of ethics derives from theories and classical schools, particularly Western and rationalist-based, which have cared about the sense of good living, even until normalizing it. This article considers the meaning in which Nussbaum's approach to capabilities can contribute to broaden a foundation of contemporary ethics, using hermeneutic phenomenology as a methodological route and basis, since it simplifies and guides the interpretation and construction of discourse. For this, it is first described what integrates the capabilities approach in Nussbaum; second, the subject of Nussbaum's understanding of human beings is discussed; third, it is shown how the approach to capabilities differs from traditional ethical theories, such as the ethics of virtue, utilitarianism, and deontology; finally, the meaning in which capacity development is configured as the foundation of dignity is analyzed. It is concluded then, that the skills approach, in addition to enabling a space in which we can make intercultural judgments on the diverse ways of life, offers alternatives of debate, for example, by considering ethics against "disability" as one of the issues of special interest to bioethics.
Resumo: Parte da fundamentação atual da ética deriva das teorias e das escolas clássicas, particularmente ocidentais e de base racionalistas, que se preocuparam com o sentido do bom viver, inclusive até normalizá-lo. Neste artigo apresenta-se o sentido em que o enfoque das capacidades de Nussbaum pode contribuir para ampliar uma fundamentação da ética contemporânea, usando a fe- nomenologia hermenêutica como rota e base metodológica, já que facilita e orienta a interpretação e a construção do discurso. Para isso, primeiro descreve-se o que integra o enfoque das capacidades em Nussbaum; segundo, tematiza-se qual é a compreensão de Nussbaum com relação ao ser humano; terceiro, mostra-se como o enfoque das capacidades difere das teorias éticas tradicionais, como a ética da virtude, o utilitarismo e a deontologia; e finalmente, analisa-se em que sentido se configura o desenvolvimento da capacidade como fundamento da dignidade. Conclui-se que o enfoque de capacidades, além de possibilitar um espaço no qual podemos fazer julgamentos interculturais sobre os diversos modos de vida, oferece alternativas de debate, por exemplo, ao considerar a ética diante da "deficiência" como um dos assuntos de especial interesse para a bioética.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bioethics , Disabled Persons , Justice Administration System , RespectABSTRACT
El presente artículo hace una reflexión sobre la implementación del enfoque de desarrollo humano en las organizaciones laborales. Se explicarán los elementos socio-históricos que originaron su creación, el papel del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y los principales pilares del paradigma a partir de una discusión teórica del concepto de capacidades. Propone que el enfoque de desarrollo humano, y en particular el de capacidades humanas, tiene diversas aplicaciones en el contexto organizacional, no limitado al desarrollo de competencias laborales. Se reconoce que las capacidades para la vida en común y para la ciudadanía también pueden fortalecerse en el entorno laboral, siendo las organizaciones espacios de interacción social. Una implementación vigorosa de dichos enfoques requiere superar la mirada economicista de las relaciones laborales, dando lugar a que las organizaciones ofrezcan oportunidades reales, incluyendo la libertad de agencia y la decisión subjetiva, como responsabilidad compartida con el desarrollo de las personas.
This article reflects on the implementation of the human development approach in labor organizations. We will explain the socio-historical elements that led to its creation, the role of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the main pillars of the paradigm, base on a theoretical discussion of the concept of capabilities. We propose that the human development approach, and in particular that of human capacities, has diverse applications in the organizational context, not limited to the development of labor competencies. We recognize that the capacities for life in common can be strengthened in the work environment, since the organizations are also spaces of social interaction. Accepting these premises, employees can be educated for citizenship, while acquiring skills for productive life. A vigorous implementation of these approaches requires overcoming the economicist view of labor relations, giving organizations the chance to offer real opportunities, including agency freedom and subjective decision, as a shared responsibility for the development of people. The paradigm of human development has been widely applied in community work because of its impact on the design of public policies and social programs. In the 1980s, the ideas of the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq were materialized in the first Human Development Report. Since 1990, to date, UNDP has continued to publish annual reports. Indian philosopher and economist Amartya Sen contributed to the creation of the Human Development Index; along with the American philosopher Martha Nussbaum have developed proposals to develop capabilities. The authors' work proves a high commitment to freedom, human rights and democracy, bringing the welfare economy to political science, economics and ethics. Although the focus has gained attention in government policies and social institutions, its application in labor organizations has not achieved the same diffusion. Recently, the UNDP Human Development Report 2015 has addressed this issue in studying work and its impact on people. Perhaps its lack of application in the labor organizations is that in these the subject is usually conceived as a means of production, not as an end in itself. Hence, development opportunities are usually measured in criteria of productivity and economic growth of the organization, instead of growth and development of people. This approach initially emerges as a critique of the economic model focused on the production of consumer goods, which sought to bring the benefits of increased output to the lower income groups. Far from enumerating the errors and neglects of the models that have sustained injustice, the approach proposes alternatives to pay for this "social debt" that has left great inequality gaps in the vulnerable population. Since its first report, UNDP has emphasized the importance of offering people and Communities options to economic alternatives for empowerment and the expansion of human freedoms. In this sense, the Human Development approach does not deny the important role that the economic conditions of individual, group or collective subjects fulfill, but its message is broader. While it is true that economic factors help meet the essential needs of men, economic growth has no automatic link with human progress (UNDP, 1990). It does not mean neglecting the GDP indicator, but how to translate that growth into the strengthening of human capabilities. We consider it is the development of the subjects that drives the organization, not viceversa. Therefore, the interest that people have in this proposal is special. The central issues for its implementation require defining this paradigm and its main foundations. For this it is necessary to contrast the concept of human capabilities and their possible equivalent in organizations: labor competencies. Finally, we present the implications of free agency and co-responsibility of organizations, since human development obeys a subjective decision.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar como medidas de disponibilidade de acesso à internet e de competência de uso influenciam o uso de serviços de governo eletrônico no Brasil. A pesquisa se baseou na abordagem das capacidades de Amartya Sen para a análise dos microdados da pesquisa TIC Domicílios coordenada pelo Centro Regional de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento da Sociedade da Informação (CETIC.br), referente ao ano-base de 2013. Para o tratamento e a análise dos dados, empregou-se um conjunto de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas. Os resultados indicam que nas classes C, D e E o aumento da chance de uso de serviços de e-gov é fortemente influenciado pela disponibilidade de acesso à internet em casa ou no trabalho (acesso individual), assim como pela maior competência de uso de outros recursos da internet.
Resumen En este artículo se pretende analizar cómo la disponibilidad de medidas de acceso a internet y las habilidades de uso de internet (capacidades) influyen en el uso de los servicios de gobierno electrónico en Brasil. La investigación se fundamenta en el enfoque de las capacidades de Amartya Sen para el análisis de los microdatos de investigación TIC Domicílios coordinados por el Centro Regional para el Desarrollo de la Sociedad de la Información (CETIC.br), para el año base de 2013. Los resultados indican que en las clases C (clase media), D y E (clase baja) el incremento de la probabilidad de adopción de servicios de gobierno electrónico está fuertemente influenciado por el acceso a internet en casa o trabajo (acceso individual), así como la amplitud de competencias del usuario en utilizar otros recursos de internet.
Abstract This article aims to analyze how measures to promote Internet access, and users' competencies influence the use of electronic government services in Brazil. We adopted Sen's Capability Approach as theoretical framework in order to analyze the microdata from the ICT Households 2013, a national-wide survey coordinated by the Regional Center for Studies on Development of the Information Society (Cetic.br). The results indicate that for social classes C (middle class), D and E (lower class) the increase in the odds ratio of the use of e-gov services is strongly influenced by both internet access preferably at home or work (individual access) as well as the users' internet skills.
Subject(s)
Information Technology , Internet Access , e-Government , Internet Use , BrazilABSTRACT
Resumen El artículo centra su atención en el enfoque de las capacidades y desarrollo humano. Postura teórica y metodológica para analizar la vida de personas que participan del programa de superación de la pobreza extrema de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. El objetivo del artículo es identificar las dimensiones importantes para la vida de las personas, coherentes con los logros, oportunidades, privaciones y expectativas que tienen en la vida. Se realizan entrevistas a profundidad y grupos focales a los integrantes del programa de superación de la pobreza. Los resultados muestran que asuntos como sentirse seguro, estar saludable, tener educación, participar de redes familiares y la oportunidad de tener un empleo, son los principales aspectos que valoran las personas entrevistadas. Códigos JEL: I38.
Abstract The paper used the capability and human development approach. Theoretical framework to analyze the lives of people whom participating in the program to overcome extreme poverty in the city of Medellín, Colombia. The aim of this paper is to identify the main dimensions that people value and have reason to value; then we evaluated their achievements, opportunities, deprivations and expectations. The methodology used were in-depth interviews and focus groups. The results show that issues such as shelter -an important resource that provide safety and dignity-, being healthy and education, the participation of family networks and job opportunities, are the main aspects valued by the interviewees. JEL classification: I38.
Resumo O artigo enfoca a abordagem do desenvolvimento humano e das capacidades. Posição teórica e metodológica para analisar a vida das pessoas que participam do programa de superação da pobreza extrema na cidade de Medellín, Colombia. O objetivo do artigo é identificar as dimensões importantes para a vida das pessoas, coerentes com as conquistas, oportunidades, privações e expectativas que têm na vida. Entrevistas em profundidade e grupos focais são realizadas para os membros do programa para superar a pobreza. Os resultados mostram que questões como sentir-se seguro, ser saudável, ter uma educação, participar de redes familiares e a oportunidade de ter um emprego são os principais aspectos que as pessoas entrevistaram valor. Classificações JEL: I38.