ABSTRACT
During the early ontogeny of fish larvae, the accurate development of the visual system plays a key role, because it is involved in locating food, orientation, selection of favorable habitat, and evasion of predators. The structure of the eye of the fish is typical of vertebrates, with some modifications related to the aquatic environment. In the present work, we describe the development of the larval eye of Engraulis anchoita for the first time. Larvae were collected at the Permanent Station of Environmental Studies (EPEA) in coastal waters of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean during research cruises in 2015 and 2016. We describe the histology of the retina layers, determine the beginning of the functionality of the eye, and discuss a possible synchronization with the development of the digestive tract. This study provides information about the biology of E. anchoita, the most abundant fish species in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Also, recent studies have shown responses of the retina and other tissues to the increase in environmental acidity. Therefore, results of this study are also discussed with respect to the possible effect of acidification on the larvae of this species. The continuity of the time series developed at the EPEA will allow monitoring the effect of long-term environmental and biological variables on the early ontogeny of anchovy in the context of climate change. The high commercial fishing potential of E. anchoita due to its high abundance, as well as its essential role in the trophic web of other commercially valuable fishing resources of Argentina, reinforce the need to continue deepening knowledge about this species. Research highlights: Eyes of Engraulis anchoita larvae are functional from early larval stages. At hatching, the retina is formed by only few layers from which the other layers differentiates during ontogeny. Focal distance increases with larval growth.
Subject(s)
Eye/anatomy & histology , Eye/growth & development , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Fishes/growth & development , Animals , Argentina , Ecosystem , Eye/cytology , Geography , Larva/anatomy & histology , Larva/growth & development , Retina/anatomy & histology , Retina/cytology , Retina/growth & developmentABSTRACT
A method based on microwave-induced combustion (MIC) was developed for fish (Engraulis anchoita) digestion and subsequent determination of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A reflux step (5 min) was applied to improve absorption and recovery of analytes. Nitric acid was investigated as absorbing solution and suitable results were achieved using 5 mol L⻹ HNO3. Microwave-assisted digestion in closed vessels using concentrated HNO3 was also evaluated for comparison of results. Both sample preparation methods were considered suitable for sample digestion but MIC was preferable not only because diluted HNO3 can be used as absorbing solution but also because it provides higher efficiency of digestion and also better limits of detection. Accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of certified reference materials (DORM-2 and TORT-2) after MIC digestion with subsequent determination by ICP-MS. Agreement with certified values was better than 94%.
Subject(s)
Fishes , Food Contamination , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Seafood/analysis , Trace Elements/analysis , Analytic Sample Preparation Methods , Animals , Atlantic Ocean , Brazil , Feasibility Studies , Food Analysis/methods , Food Inspection/methods , Humans , Hydrolysis/radiation effects , Indicators and Reagents/chemistry , Limit of Detection , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Microwaves , Nitric Acid/chemistry , Nutritive Value , Reproducibility of Results , Seafood/radiation effects , Solubility , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Trace Elements/chemistryABSTRACT
O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as condições da secagem convectiva de uma pasta de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) modificada enzimaticamente, através da metodologia de superfícies de resposta, sendo as respostas consideradas: a oxidação lipídica (TBA), a redução da lisina disponível e a perda da atividade antioxidante específica. A pasta de anchoita modificada foi obtida por hidrólise enzimática da fração muscular (filés) do pescado por Neutrase®. Foram avaliadas na operação de secagem, a temperatura do ar (60, 70 e 80°C) e a espessura das amostras (1,5; 2,5 e 3,5mm). A análise estatística da secagem mostrou efeitos significativos da temperatura do ar e da espessura das amostras (P<0,05) nas respostas. A melhor condição de secagem foi obtida na temperatura do ar de 60°C e espessura das amostras de 2,5mm. Nessa condição, o índice de TBA foi de 0,93mgMDA kg-1, redução da lisina disponível de 16% e perda da atividade antioxidante específica de 20,2%.
The aim of the work was to analyze the conditions of the convective drying of an enzymatic modified paste of anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) through the response surfaces methodology, and the responses were the lipid oxidation (TBA), reduction of the available lisina and loss of the specific antioxidant activity. The modified paste of anchovy was obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of the fish muscular fraction (fillets) by Neutrase®. In drying operation the air temperature (60, 70 and 80°C) and the samples thickness (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5mm) were studied. The statistical analysis of the drying showed significant effects of the air temperature and samples thickness (P<0.05). The best drying condition was obtained in the air temperature of 60°C and samples thickness of 2.5mm. In this condition the TBA index was of 0.93mgMDA kg-1, available lisina reduction of 16% and loss of the specific antioxidant activity of 20.2%.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the work was to analyze the conditions of the convective drying of an enzymatic modified paste of anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) through the response surfaces methodology, and the responses were the lipid oxidation (TBA), reduction of the available lisina and loss of the specific antioxidant activity. The modified paste of anchovy was obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of the fish muscular fraction (fillets) by Neutrase®. In drying operation the air temperature (60, 70 and 80°C) and the samples thickness (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5mm) were studied. The statistical analysis of the drying showed significant effects of the air temperature and samples thickness (P 0.05). The best drying condition was obtained in the air temperature of 60°C and samples thickness of 2.5mm. In this condition the TBA index was of 0.93mgMDA kg-1, available lisina reduction of 16% and loss of the specific antioxidant activity of 20.2%.
O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as condições da secagem convectiva de uma pasta de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) modificada enzimaticamente, através da metodologia de superfícies de resposta, sendo as respostas consideradas: a oxidação lipídica (TBA), a redução da lisina disponível e a perda da atividade antioxidante específica. A pasta de anchoita modificada foi obtida por hidrólise enzimática da fração muscular (filés) do pescado por Neutrase®. Foram avaliadas na operação de secagem, a temperatura do ar (60, 70 e 80°C) e a espessura das amostras (1,5; 2,5 e 3,5mm). A análise estatística da secagem mostrou efeitos significativos da temperatura do ar e da espessura das amostras (P 0,05) nas respostas. A melhor condição de secagem foi obtida na temperatura do ar de 60°C e espessura das amostras de 2,5mm. Nessa condição, o índice de TBA foi de 0,93mgMDA kg-1, redução da lisina disponível de 16% e perda da atividade antioxidante específica de 20,2%.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the work was to analyze the conditions of the convective drying of an enzymatic modified paste of anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) through the response surfaces methodology, and the responses were the lipid oxidation (TBA), reduction of the available lisina and loss of the specific antioxidant activity. The modified paste of anchovy was obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of the fish muscular fraction (fillets) by Neutrase®. In drying operation the air temperature (60, 70 and 80°C) and the samples thickness (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5mm) were studied. The statistical analysis of the drying showed significant effects of the air temperature and samples thickness (P 0.05). The best drying condition was obtained in the air temperature of 60°C and samples thickness of 2.5mm. In this condition the TBA index was of 0.93mgMDA kg-1, available lisina reduction of 16% and loss of the specific antioxidant activity of 20.2%.
O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as condições da secagem convectiva de uma pasta de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) modificada enzimaticamente, através da metodologia de superfícies de resposta, sendo as respostas consideradas: a oxidação lipídica (TBA), a redução da lisina disponível e a perda da atividade antioxidante específica. A pasta de anchoita modificada foi obtida por hidrólise enzimática da fração muscular (filés) do pescado por Neutrase®. Foram avaliadas na operação de secagem, a temperatura do ar (60, 70 e 80°C) e a espessura das amostras (1,5; 2,5 e 3,5mm). A análise estatística da secagem mostrou efeitos significativos da temperatura do ar e da espessura das amostras (P 0,05) nas respostas. A melhor condição de secagem foi obtida na temperatura do ar de 60°C e espessura das amostras de 2,5mm. Nessa condição, o índice de TBA foi de 0,93mgMDA kg-1, redução da lisina disponível de 16% e perda da atividade antioxidante específica de 20,2%.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the work was to analyze the conditions of the convective drying of an enzymatic modified paste of anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) through the response surfaces methodology, and the responses were the lipid oxidation (TBA), reduction of the available lisina and loss of the specific antioxidant activity. The modified paste of anchovy was obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of the fish muscular fraction (fillets) by Neutrase®. In drying operation the air temperature (60, 70 and 80°C) and the samples thickness (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5mm) were studied. The statistical analysis of the drying showed significant effects of the air temperature and samples thickness (P 0.05). The best drying condition was obtained in the air temperature of 60°C and samples thickness of 2.5mm. In this condition the TBA index was of 0.93mgMDA kg-1, available lisina reduction of 16% and loss of the specific antioxidant activity of 20.2%.
O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar as condições da secagem convectiva de uma pasta de anchoita (Engraulis anchoita) modificada enzimaticamente, através da metodologia de superfícies de resposta, sendo as respostas consideradas: a oxidação lipídica (TBA), a redução da lisina disponível e a perda da atividade antioxidante específica. A pasta de anchoita modificada foi obtida por hidrólise enzimática da fração muscular (filés) do pescado por Neutrase®. Foram avaliadas na operação de secagem, a temperatura do ar (60, 70 e 80°C) e a espessura das amostras (1,5; 2,5 e 3,5mm). A análise estatística da secagem mostrou efeitos significativos da temperatura do ar e da espessura das amostras (P 0,05) nas respostas. A melhor condição de secagem foi obtida na temperatura do ar de 60°C e espessura das amostras de 2,5mm. Nessa condição, o índice de TBA foi de 0,93mgMDA kg-1, redução da lisina disponível de 16% e perda da atividade antioxidante específica de 20,2%.