Popularity and Entropy in Friendship and Enmity Networks in Classrooms.

Looking for regular statistical trends of relations in schools, we constructed 42 independent weighted directed networks of simultaneous friendship and animosity from surveys we made in the Mexico City Metropolitan area in classrooms with students of different ages and levels by asking them to nominate and order five friends and five foes. However, the data show that older students nominated fewer than the five required five foes. Although each classroom was independent of the others, we found several general trends involving students of different ages and grade levels. In all classrooms, friendship entropy was found to be higher than enmity entropy, indicating that fewer students received enmity links than received friendship nominations. Popular agents exhibited more reciprocal nominations among themselves than less popular agents, and opposite-sex friendships increased with age.

Are strangers just enemies you have not yet met? Group homogeneity, not intergroup relations, shapes ingroup bias in three natural groups.

Humans often favour ingroup members over others, a bias that drives discrimination and intergroup conflicts. Hostile relations between groups and homogeneity within groups may affect such ingroup bias. In an experiment with members of three natural groups in Ethiopia, we vary intergroup relations (neutral versus enmity) and exploit the natural variation in the homogeneity of groups (homogeneous versus heterogeneous) to identify their effect on in- and outgroup concerns. We find that ingroup bias largely manifests as positive concern for ingroup members combined with no concern for outgroup members. Enmity has no effect on ingroup bias, whereas ingroup concern is amplified in homogeneous groups. Group homogeneity, thus, is the primary driver of concerns for others in our study's context. Our results are relevant to understanding the consequences of exclusionary group identities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.

La articulación del racismo y la homofobia en los valores de la población europea / The articulation of racism and homophobia in the values of the European population

Racismo y homofobia representan dos grandes desafíos para las sociedades contemporáneas. El síndrome de enemistad grupal (SEG) y el homonacionalismo representan dos conceptos, apa-rentemente opuestos, para la comprensión de la relación entre racismo y homofobia. En este artículo analizamos esta relación en los valores de la población de Austria, Francia, España y Holanda, a partir de los datos de la European Values Study2017. Empleamos el método de la tipología estructural y articulada, con análisis de correspondencias y un análisis de clasifica-ción. Nuestros resultados confirman parcialmente la adecuación, tanto del SEG como del ho-monacionalismo, para explicar la relación entre el racismo y la homofobia. Por un lado, el ra-cismo resultó más elevado que la homofobia en todos los grupos. Por el otro, obtuvimos un grupo moderadamente racista y poco homófobo, otro racista y homófobo y sólo en un grupo muy minoritario se visualizaron tendencias hacia una sociedad genuinamente inclusiva. (AU)

Social research has identified racism and homophobia as two of the great challenges for con-temporary societies. The syndrome of group focused enmity (SGE) and homonationalism repre-sent two apparently opposite concepts in understanding the relationship between racism and homophobia. In this article we analyse this relationship considering the values of the popula-tion of Austria, France, Spain, and the Netherlands, based on data from the European Values Study 2017. We use the method of structural and articulated typology, with analysis of corre-spondences and classification analysis. Our results lead us to partially confirm the adequacy of both SEG and homonationalism to explain the relationship between racism and homophobia. On the one hand, racism was higher than homophobia in all groups. On the other hand, we ob-tained a moderately racist and slightly homophobic group, another racist and homophobic group and only in a very minority group tendencies towards a genuinely inclusive society were visualized. (AU)

Lo extraño en la anorexia / THE STRANGE THING IN ANOREXY

En continuidad con lo trabajado en el artículo anterior publicado en este anuario titulado "Rechazo de lo femenino", y en relación a los crecientes fenómenos de violencia hacia el cuerpo de la mujer, haremos foco en el maltrato al cuerpo en las anorexias severas, ubicando como operadores de lectura los conceptos de extranjeridad, hospitalidad y enemistad. Consideramos que el cuerpo de la mujer porta lo femenino.En tanto lo femenino se constituye como lo Otro, lo ajeno, lo extranjero; si la extranjeridad no es alojada, se transforma en hostilidad y enemistad. Haremos entonces un recorrido por los conceptos mencionados, para recalar en la anorexia y situar algunas coordenadas de lo femenino como alteridad no alojada y por tanto rechazada en esta modalidad sintomática actual

Following the work in the previous article published in this yearbook entitled "Rejection of the feminine", and in relation to the growing phenomena of mistreatment of the woman's body, we will focus on the mistreatment of the body in severe anorexias, placing as reading drivers the concepts of foreignness, hospitality and enmity.We consider that the woman's body carries the feminine. As long as the feminine is constituted as the Other, the alien, the foreign; If foreignness is not held, it becomes hostility and enmity. We will then take review the aforementioned concepts, to arrive at anorexia and place some coordinates of the feminine as an unheld alternativ and therefore rejected in this current symptomatic modality

Walloons as General or Specific Others? A Comparison of anti-Walloon and anti-immigrant Attitudes in Flanders.

This study attempts to shed light on the structure, the prevalence and the determinants of anti-Walloon attitudes in Flanders. For this purpose, we contrast anti-Walloon prejudice with prejudice against a relatively well-understood and archetypical out-group, namely immigrants. Our theoretical approach draws on insights from two paradigms of intergroup relations: the Group-Focused Enmity approach stressing that specific prejudices have a strong common denominator, and the Differentiated Threat model arguing that specific prejudices are contingent on the context of intergroup relations as well as the involved types of threat. To assess the (dis)similarities in anti-Walloon and anti-immigrant prejudice, we use the Flemish dataset of the Belgian National Election Study (BNES) 2010. Comparable measurement instruments for both forms of prejudice are analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. Our results reveal a nuanced picture regarding the similarities and differences between anti-Walloon and anti-immigrant attitudes in Flanders. One the one hand, anti-Walloon and anti-immigration attitudes are strongly correlated and rooted in economic threat perceptions. On the other hand, anti-Walloon attitudes are less outspoken in the Flemish population than anti-immigrant attitudes, are less founded on cultural threat perceptions and are more closely linked to feelings of identification with the Flemish in-group.

Universalism, conservation and attitudes toward minority groups.

Findings from previous studies corroborate the hypothesis that universalism and conservation values are associated with negative attitudes toward immigration. In the current study we examine whether universalism and conservation values also play a critical role in the explanation of attitudes toward other minority groups. Drawing on previous research on group-focused enmity, we explore its relations with universalism and conservation values in a German sample. Employing structural equation modeling, we find that individuals who prioritize universalism values approve of various minorities more whereas those who prioritize conservation values exhibit more disapproval.

Generosidade para com amigo, desconhecido e inimigo: juízos morais de crianças e adolescentes / Generosity towards a friend, an unknown person and an enemy: moral judgment of children and adolescents

Neste estudo, investigamos, em um contexto psicogenético, se crianças e adolescentes, ao julgarem se uma pessoa deve ou não ser generosa para com outra, são influenciados pelo tipo de vínculo (amizade ou inimizade) existente entre essas duas pessoas ou pela ausência de vínculo (desconhecido). Entrevistamos individualmente 30 alunos de uma escola pública de Vitória-ES, nas faixas etárias de 7, 10 e 13 anos. Utilizamos como instrumento uma história-dilema que trazia uma situação escolar cotidiana em que a generosidade poderia ser manifestada para com um personagem que, inicialmente, foi apresentado como amigo, depois, como desconhecido e, por último, como inimigo. Verificamos que a maioria dos participantes decide pela generosidade nas situações de amizade e ausência de vínculo. Os entrevistados de 7 a 10 anos, contudo, sugerem que a ação generosa para com um amigo deve ser mais intensa do que para com um desconhecido. Na situação de inimizade, a maioria dos participantes das três idades decide pela ausência de generosidade. Diante dos resultados encontrados, podemos afirmar, portanto, que a ausência de vínculo influencia os juízos da maioria dos participantes das duas primeiras faixas etárias. A inimizade, por sua vez, influencia os juízos da maior parte dos entrevistados das três idades pesquisadas.

In this case study, we researched, in a psychogenetic context, if children and adolescents, when judging if a person must be generous or not towards another, are influenced by the kind of bond (friendship or enmity) existing between those two people or by an absence of a bond (unknown). Weindividually interviewed, thirty students (aged 7, 10 and 13) from a public school in Vitória-ES. As an instrument, we administered a story-dilemma that used a daily school situation in which generosity could be manifested towards a character, initially introduced as a friend, as an unknown person and,afterwards, as an enemy. We verified that the majority of the participants make decisions regarding generosity based on friendship and absence of a bond. The 7 and 10 year olds, however, had a more intense generous action towards a friend than that towards an unknown person. In an enmity situation,the majority of the participants in all three age group showed an absence of generosity. In view of the results, we can affirm that the absence of a bond influences the judgment of the majority of participants in the two first age group. Enmity, on the other hand, influences the judgment of most ofthose interviewed from all three age groups.