A influência de enzimas pectinolíticas e cultivares de videira, na formação de álcoois superiores (óleo fusel), durante a fermentação de mostos / The pectic enzymes influence and to cultivate of grapevine, in the formation of higher alcohols (oil fusel), during the fermentation

O uso de enzimas pectinolíticas em vinificação está amplamente difundido por trazer uma série de benefícios à indústria vinícola. Os mostos e vinhos tratados com essas enzimas sofrem efeitos em alguns parâmetros e em seus componentes químicos. Três cultivares de uva foram tratadas com enzimas pectinolíticas em duas concentrações: uma com a concentração recomendada pelo fabricante e outra com o dobro da recomendação. A influência da adição de enzimas pectinolíticas e cultivares de uva foram consideradas em relação à formação dos álcoois superiores durante a fermentação. Foram realizadas análises cromatográficas para a determinação dos álcoois superiores. Os dois álcoois amílicos e a soma total de álcoois superiores da cv. Isabel apresentaram teores inferiores aos normalmente encontrados para esta cultivar; porém, todos os álcoois tiveram seus teores mais elevados nas vinificações com o uso de enzimas. Na cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, que se caracteriza por apresentar teores de álcoois superiores elevados, também houve um aumento quando sofreu a adição de enzimas. A cv. Niágara apresentou teores elevados de álcoois superiores, sem, no entanto, haver aumento em função do uso de enzimas. Assim, o tratamento enzimático afetou os níveis de álcoois superiores principalmente nas cultivares tintas estudadas. Finalmente, os teores de álcoois superiores foram significativamente diferentes entre as cultivares.(AU)

The use of pectic enzymes is a common process used in the winemaking industry all over the world. The mustsand wines treated with these enzymes presented some modifications in the chemical components and in some parameters. In this work three grape varieties were treated with two different pectic enzymes concentrations: one with the amount recommended by the producer and another with the double this amount. The influence of the enzyme and the grape varieties as related to the higher alcohols formation during fermentation was studied. Higher alcohols were determined by GC, gas chromatography. The two amyl alcohols and the sum of the total higher alcohols in the Isabella variety were present in the wine in a lower amount than those reported before; however, in this variety, all the individual analyzed higher alcohols were presented in higher amounts in the wines treated with the enzyme. The same behavior happened with Cabernet 5auvignon, characterized by high concentrations of higher alcohols, in which there were an increase in these alcohols with the enzyme treatment. The exception happened with Niagara were the enzyme treatment did not increase the amount of higher alcohols. 50, one can say that the enzyme treatment had an influence in the red varieties studied. Finally, the amount of higher alcohols were significantly different in the grape varieties studied. (AU)

INDUCCIÓN DE DOS ENZIMAS PECTOLÍTICAS EN EL MODELO Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi - CLAVEL / INDUCTION OF TWO PECTOLITIC ENZYMES DURING THE MODEL Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi - CARNATION

Se estudió por ensayos in vitro la posible participación de las enzimas endopoligalacturonasa (PG) (EC.3.2.1.15) y pectato liasa (PL) (EC.4.2.2.2), consideradas factores de virulencia en el proceso de infección del clavel por el hongo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (FOD). Los resultados muestran la inducción de la expresión de la enzima PG en presencia de los inductores artificiales, ácido poligalacturónico (APG) y pectina, y un nivel de expresión muy bajo en cultivos con pared celular (PC) de clavel de variedades resistente y susceptible. La enzima PL no presentó expresión en presencia de inductores artificiales (APG y pectina), mientras que en cultivos inducidos con pared celular de raíz presentó un alto nivel de expresión.

The Polygalacturonase (PG; EC 3.2.1.15) and the Pectate lyase (PL; EC 4.2.2.2) are considered as factor of virulence. These enzymes were studied during the infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (FOD) on Carnation (Dianthus caryophillus L.) using culture medium in vitro. The results show the induction of the expression of the PG enzyme when the artificial inductors polygalacturonic acid (APG) and pectin are present. The level of expression was very low in culture with cellular wall (PC) of carnations of the resistant and susceptible varieties. The PL enzyme did not show expression in the presence of artificial inductors (APG and pectin) but in induced culture with root and cellular wall showed a high level of expression.