Description of a new species, nymphs of two known species and a new record of Miroculis/ Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Brazil.

Miroculis is one of the most diversified Neotropical genera of Leptophlebiidae in South America with 26 species currently known. In this work we describe a new species of Miroculis based on imagos from Amazonas, and the unknown nymphs of Miroculis (Miroculis) caparaoensis and Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis, both associated with imagos. In addition, Miroculis (Ommaethus) misionensis is recorded for the first time from Brazil.

The influence of the environment in the incorporation of copper and cadmium in scraper insects.

In regions with intense agricultural activity, increases in heavy metal concentrations in aquatic environments are common. Among the metals associated with agricultural activities, copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) have been found to directly affect aquatic trophic structures due to the ease of incorporation by primary producers and consuming organisms. Aquatic insects are predominantly found in streams, and their presence is determined by environmental characteristics and food availability. In this study, we seek to understand how the incorporation of Cu and Cd by scraper insects relates to their environment and food sources. We collected water, sediment, biofilm and scraper insect samples in streams with different intensities of agricultural activities in the drainage areas. The intensity of agricultural activities in the catchment area positively influenced the Cu and Cd concentrations in organisms and other aquatic compartments. The metals were readily incorporated by the biofilms. Although the functional characteristics are important to understand the functioning of ecosystems, in this study, we found that the physiological characteristics can be determinants in the concentrations of metals in aquatic insects.

New species and stages description of Traverella Edmunds, 1948 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Northeast Brazil.

The genus Traverella Edmunds, 1948 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) has 15 described species, three of them recorded from Brazil: Traverella bradleyi (Needham Murphy, 1924), T. insolita Nascimento Salles, 2013 and T. maranhensis Nascimento, Lima Azevedo, 2019. In the present work, we provide the description of a new species to the genus based on nymphs and male imagos and provide description of the nymphal stage of T. maranhensis, based on collections from Maranhão State. Additionally, an updated key of male imagos is provided.

Redescription of Apobaetis lakota McCafferty, 2000 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) and description of two new species from Brazil.

The genus Apobaetis Day is known by its small size and larval shifting-sand habitat preference (psammophilous). Three species of this genus are recorded in North America, from these, only Apobaetis lakota McCafferty needs to be redescribed because its original description is incomplete, turning difficult to distinguish it from species with similar morphology. Therefore, one of the objectives of this study is to redescribe A. lakota. Based on this redescription, two new species from Brazil, with similar morphology could be identified and are described (Apobaetis biancae sp. nov. and Apobaetis jacobusi sp. nov.). Apobaetis lakota can be differentiated by the labrum rectangular, distal margin without medial emargination, medial area of distal margin with three sockets of setae on dorsal surface; maxillary palp long, more than 2.0× the length of galea-lacinia, segment I with the same length as galea-lacinia; lingua subcircular with one medial lobe; glossa distally rounded; inner projection of labial palp segment II rounded and distally directed, segment III triangular; tarsal claws 1.3× the length of tarsus, without row of denticles. Apobaetis jacobusi sp. nov. can be differentiated from other species by fore tarsal claw I with the same length of tarsus, labrum medially with two protuberances and glossa with pointed apex. Apobaetis biancae sp. nov. can be differentiated by the absence of a ventral row of long thin setae near distolateral margin of labrum, four marginal spines on the paraproct, a subrectangular hypopharynx, and by the absence of robust setae on inner margin of the glossa.

Tricorythopsis nupem: a new species for the Atlantic forest from southeast Brazil (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae).

Tricorythopsis Traver, 1958 is a neotropical genus of the Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera, Ephemerelloidea), with 19 species described (Molineri 2001; Dias Salles 2005; Dias et al. 2008, 2009; Lima et al. 2011; Belmont et al. 2011, 2012, 2015; Domínguez et al. 2019). The genus comprises species of approximately two or three millimeters, and can be considered one of the smallest members of the order (Molineri 1999, 2001; Dias Salles 2005; Dias et al. 2006, 2008, 2009; Belmont et al. 2011, 2015).

A new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Uruguay.

A new species of Tricorythodes Ulmer (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Uruguay is described and illustrated based on nymphs and adults. Tricorythodes biluhue sp. nov. is related to T. arequita Traver, T. mirca Molineri, T. sallesi Dias, Cabette De Sousa, and T. tragoedia Souto, Angeli Salles. The adults of these species are similar (share body color patterns formed by irregularly distributed pigments, while nymphs and adults present subapical blackish marks on tibiae). The nymphs of the new species present a spine on the inner margin of superlingua; operculate gills with a clear paler anterolateral area; and fore tarsal claw with 10-13 marginal denticles and with 0-1 + 1 submarginal denticles. This species has a wide distribution in Uruguay and was found in small streams with stony substrate and thick sand. Additional records for T. arequita Traver in Uruguay are also provided.

Status changes in some species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Leptohyphidae, Ephemeroptera).

Leptohyphes Eaton is a Panamerican genus with stout nymphs inhabiting mainly mountain streams. In the present work two Leptohyphes species are revalidated: Leptohyphes comatus Allen and Leptohyphes myllonotus Allen Roback. Additionally, a new diagnosis for the nymphal stage of Leptohyphes petersi Allen is presented, and its records from Brazil are removed.

Thraulodes marianoi sp. nov., a remarkable new species of mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) with dark wings from the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Thraulodes marianoi sp. nov. is described, illustrated and diagnosed based on a single male imago from a subtropical forest at Pico do Marumbi State Park, in the protected area of Mananciais da Serra, state of Paraná, Brazil. Based on the dark coloration of legs and the large dark spot at base of forewing, T. marianoi sp. nov. is similar to species of the niger-group (Peruvian Amazonia) and to T. basimaculatus Giordano Domínguez, 2005, a species endemic to Bolivia. The new species can be distinguished from all other species in the genus Thraulodes Ulmer, by the combination of following characteristics: (1) four cross-veins basal to bulla in forewing; (2) brown area covering about of proximal half of the forewing; (3) pleura violet; (4) middle and posterior femora yellowish washed with dark brown; (5) terga and sterna I-IV white washed with dark brown on posterior and lateral margin terga and sterna V-X dark brown; (6) penes short and wide with distolateral area, "ear-like" and poorly developed lateral pouch; (7) styliger plate triangular, median projection short and rounded on the apex. This new species represents the first record of the genus from the state of Paraná, Brazil.

A rare new species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from the Lost World.

A new species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Ephemerotera: Leptohyphidae) is described, diagnosed and illustrated from nymphs collected in the Pantepui region in Southeastern Venezuela. Leptohyphes kukenan sp. nov. is similar to Leptohyphes populus Allen because they share a unique character for the genus: male compound eyes are divided. Other unique characters for the new species include a plesiomorphic gill structure, with imbricated ventral lamellae, and paired subapical denticles on tarsal claw. The new species show a unique combination of characters that distinguish it from L. populus and all other species of Leptohyphes: fore and hind margin of femora with spines on strong elevated sockets, part of body and legs covered by small pale spots, tarsal claws with 4-5 marginal denticles and a subapical pair of submarginal denticles, pronotum with large rounded lateral projection, hind wing pads absent in female, gill formula 8/7/7/4/1, operculate gill with imbricated ventral lobes, and gill V without ventral extension on dorsal lamella.

New species of Rivudiva Lugo-Ortiz amp; McCafferty (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) with comments on R. minantenna Lugo-Ortiz amp; McCafferty and R. trichobasis Lugo-Ortiz amp; McCafferty.

Based on nymphs collected in Espírito Santo and Amazonas, Southeastern and Northern Brazil, two new species of the genus Rivudiva Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty, 1998 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) are described. Rivudiva inma sp. nov. shares several characteristics with R. minantenna Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty, 1998, but can be distinguished by details of leg setation, such as length and shape of robust setae and presence of setae on trochanter. Rivudiva oonirikoperi sp. nov. is more similar to R. trichobasis Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty, 1998, but can be separated by the absence of setae on scape and pedicel, shape of distal margin of labrum, and length of maxillary palp. New diagnoses and illustrations are provided for R. minantenna and R. trichobasis, as well as a key to the known nymphs of Rivudiva species.

A new genus of Euthyplociinae from Ecuador (Ephemeroptera: Euthyplociidae).

Three unusual nymphs of Euthyplociidae, subfamily Euthyplociinae, are described from Ecuador. A new genus and new species are established to accommodate these individuals. The morphologically unique specimens are defined by the following characters: short, stout tusks lacking spine-like setae but densely covered with long, hair-like setae; head almost as long as wide; long, quadrate clypeus with acute apicolateral projections; apex of 3rd segment of labial palp acute; apex of 3rd segment of maxillary palp acute and narrow. The hind wing is small, similar to that of Mesoplocia. An ongoing study of the phylogeny of the family recovers Dasyplocia gen. nov. as closely related to Euthyplocia and Mesoplocia.

The nymph of Hermanellopsis arsia Savage amp; Peters, 1983 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Brazilian Northeastern Region.

Hermanellopsis Demoulin, 1955 is a genus of Leptophlebiidae known from adults of both sexes and is represented solely by two species, both from South America: Hermanellopsis arsia Savage Peters, 1983, described only from male subimago; and H. incertans (Spieth, 1943) described from male imago and female subimago. Edmunds et al. (1976) provided the generic description for the supposed nymph of Hermanellopsis. However, Savage Peters (1983) revised the genus, and study of related genera raised doubt about the identity of the proposed nymph. Thus, the nymph of Hermanellopsis has remained unknown until now.

Redescription of three species of Apobaetis Day, 1955 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae).

The genus Apobaetis Day is one of the few lineages of the family Baetidae distributed throughout the continental Americas. Three very similar species of this genus-Apobaetis etowah (Traver), Apobaetis signifer Lugo-Ortiz McCaffety, and Apobaetis fiuzai Salles Lugo-Ortiz-have important morphological details, pertinent to species identification, that remain to be described. This lack of detailed taxonomic information has resulted in ample misdiagnoses of the species, particularly regarding A. fiuzai in South America. In fact, almost all the recently collected specimens have been assigned to this species. The present study aimed to establish a new morphological diagnosis of these three Apobaetis species through a redescription of their larvae, based on type material, and the proposition of a new identification key for larvae of this genus. The review of the type specimens supports two conclusions: (i) that A. etowah, A. signifer, and A. fiuzai are highly similar, yet can be considered as distinct species, and (ii) the previous diagnoses and keys do not effectively separate A. fiuzai from A. signifer.

Description of the male imago of Paracloeodes eurybranchus Lugo-Ortiz amp; McCafferty 1996 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae).

Paracloeodes Day 1955 is represented in America by 22 species, sixteen of them are present in South America (Cruz et al. 2018b). The systematic of the genus is mainly based on nymphs (Nieto Salles 2006; Emmerich Nieto 2009; Lima et al. 2010; Cruz et al. 2017) but the association of both stages was recognized to improve the taxonomy of the genus (Cruz et al. 2018a, b). All species are known from the nymphal stage, eleven of them are known from male adults. Paracloeodes eurybranchus is known from nymphs and female adults from Argentina and Brazil. We here describe the male imago and give some additional data for the female imago. The nymphs were collected in small pools on the banks of Los Sauces river. The entire river has a sandy substrate. Along with them, nymphs of Americabaetis alphus Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty 1996 were also collected.

One less monotypic genus in Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera): A new species of Bessierus Thomas amp; Orth and new record from Brazil.

A new species of Bessierus Thomas Orth, formerly a monotypic genus, is described from Amapá State, Brazil. The type species of the genus, B. doloris Thomas Orth, had only its nymphs described until recently, when its male imago was associated to nymphs mainly based on pigmentation pattern. Bessierus riobranco sp. n. here described has no significant difference on pigmentation pattern from B. doloris, thus the new species could be the male imago of B. doloris, and the putative imago of B. doloris a new species, or even both described imagoes could be new species. Still, a new male imago existence cannot be neglected and we opted to provide a properly description, diagnosis and illustration, hence contributing to the knowledge of mayfly neotropical diversity and future research on the genus. The generic concept of Bessierus and its type species diagnoses are altered to accommodate the new species, and a new record of B. doloris is provided.

New genus and species of Baetidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Brazil.

One new taxon was brought to light during an Ephemeroptera survey in Roraima state, but it was not described. This new taxon was included in a cladistics analysis (as Gen A) in order to delimitate some Baetidae genera, and it was recovered as a new genus. Taking in account that the new genus and species status were already defined in a previously published paper, the objective of this study was to describe it based on imagoes and nymphs, and formally name it as Macuxi tunamore gen. nov. sp. nov. The new genus is sister group of Rhopyscelis Cruz, Salles Hamada + Varipes Lugo-Ortiz McCafferty clade, and can be differentiated from both mainly by the absence of long and stout setae on femora of all legs. Several characteristics were obtained in the morphological analyses to distinguish the new genus from other genera, but the paraglossa and glossa with pectinate setae, and claw with two rows of denticles, one reduced and other with apical ones larger than the others, are highlighted.

Redescription of four species of Camelobaetidius Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Central and North America.

Four species of Camelobaetidius (C. maidu, C. variabilis, C. kondratieffi, and C. shepardi) are redescribed and diagnosed based on paratype material and original descriptions. Some omissions and inaccurate information in the original descriptions are emended, and illustrations of all taxonomically important structures are provided. Diagnostic characters are improved for a better discrimination from other species across the distribution range of the genus, especially in Central and North America and differences in some important taxonomic characters between these paratypes and the original descriptions are stressed.

New species of Miroculis Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) based on nymphs and imagos from Chapada Diamantina's Complex, Northeast Brazil.

Miroculis Edmunds represents one of the most species-rich genera amongst Neotropical leptophlebiids comprising 25 valid species, with 18 of them reported from Brazil. Although several species have been described throughout the years, the taxonomy of Miroculis has focused mainly on male imagos, with other semaphoronts often unknown. Here, Miroculis (Miroculis) niltoi sp. nov. is described based on nymphs and imagos from Chapada Diamantina's Complex, Northeast Brazil. Male imagos of M. (M.) niltoi sp. nov. can be distinguished by the styliger plate being medially cleft with a well-sclerotized ventrally-directed process at the posteromedial margin, while female imagos can be distinguished by the egg guide being well-developed, reaching sternum IX, and sternum IX about as long as wide, with a shallow apical cleft. Together with Miroculis (Miroculis) samba Costa, Almeida Salles and Miroculis (Miroculis) wolverine Costa, Almeida Salles, M. (M.) niltoi sp. nov. represents species within Miroculis with male imago exhibiting both extremely long penes and styliger plate. Now, Miroculis comprises 26 valid species, with 19 of them reported from Brazil.

First report of inventory and role of macroinvertebrates and fish in Cautín river (38° S, Araucania region Chile) / Primeiro relato do inventário e papel dos macroinvertebrados e peixes no rio Cautín (39° S, região de Araucania Chile)

The Cautin river is located in the 137 years old Araucania region, Chile (38°S), and is characterized by alterations through human interference due agriculture and towns in its surrounding basin, the presence of salmonids, and by its mixed regime, originated from snow melting in summer and rains in winter. The aim of the present study was to make a review of the inventory and ecological role of the benthic inland water macroinvertebrates of the River Cautin, in order to understand their importance in the ecosystem of the river. The fauna of this river includes a fauna composed of endemic and introduced fish, which has, however, been only poorly studied until now. The literature revealed the presence of abundant populations of Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera larval stages, and few crustaceans specifically amphipods and freshwater crabs along the river's course. Many of these macroinvertebrates are prey for both introduced salmonids and native fishes. Similar results have been reported for other southern Argentinean and Chilean Patagonian rivers.(AU)

O rio Cautin está localizado na região de Araucania, no Chile (38°S), é caracterizado por alterações através da interferência humana devido à agricultura e as cidades da bacia circundante, a presença de salmonídeos e pelo seu regime misto, originado pela queda de neve verão e chuvas no inverno. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fazer uma revisão do papel ecológico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos das águas interiores do rio Cautin, para entender sua importância no ecossistema do rio. A fauna deste rio inclui uma fauna composta de espécies de peixes endêmicos e introduzidos, que, no entanto, tem sido mal estudada até agora. A literatura revelou a presença de abundantes populações de estádios de larvas Diptera, Trichoptera e Ephemeroptera, e poucos crustáceos especificamente anfípodes e caranguejos de água doce ao longo do curso do rio. Muitos desses macroinvertebrados são presas tanto para salmonídeos introduzidos quanto para peixes nativos. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados para outros rios sul da Patagônia Chilena e Argentina.(AU)

First report of inventory and role of macroinvertebrates and fish in Cautín river (38° S, Araucania region Chile) / Primeiro relato do inventário e papel dos macroinvertebrados e peixes no rio Cautín (39° S, região de Araucania Chile)

Abstract The Cautin river is located in the 137 years old Araucania region, Chile (38°S), and is characterized by alterations through human interference due agriculture and towns in its surrounding basin, the presence of salmonids, and by its mixed regime, originated from snow melting in summer and rains in winter. The aim of the present study was to make a review of the inventory and ecological role of the benthic inland water macroinvertebrates of the River Cautin, in order to understand their importance in the ecosystem of the river. The fauna of this river includes a fauna composed of endemic and introduced fish, which has, however, been only poorly studied until now. The literature revealed the presence of abundant populations of Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera larval stages, and few crustaceans specifically amphipods and freshwater crabs along the river's course. Many of these macroinvertebrates are prey for both introduced salmonids and native fishes. Similar results have been reported for other southern Argentinean and Chilean Patagonian rivers.

Resumo O rio Cautin está localizado na região de Araucania, no Chile (38°S), é caracterizado por alterações através da interferência humana devido à agricultura e as cidades da bacia circundante, a presença de salmonídeos e pelo seu regime misto, originado pela queda de neve verão e chuvas no inverno. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fazer uma revisão do papel ecológico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos das águas interiores do rio Cautin, para entender sua importância no ecossistema do rio. A fauna deste rio inclui uma fauna composta de espécies de peixes endêmicos e introduzidos, que, no entanto, tem sido mal estudada até agora. A literatura revelou a presença de abundantes populações de estádios de larvas Diptera, Trichoptera e Ephemeroptera, e poucos crustáceos especificamente anfípodes e caranguejos de água doce ao longo do curso do rio. Muitos desses macroinvertebrados são presas tanto para salmonídeos introduzidos quanto para peixes nativos. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados para outros rios sul da Patagônia Chilena e Argentina.