ABSTRACT
O material é componente do Módulo 19 (Intercorrências Agudas no Domicílio III) produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA para o Programa Multicêntrico de Qualificação em Atenção Domiciliar à Distância. Trata-se de um recurso educacional interativo que aborda os estágios do avanço do estado de choque.
Subject(s)
ShockABSTRACT
O material é componente do Módulo 19 (Intercorrências Agudas no Domicílio III) produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA para o Programa Multicêntrico de Qualificação em Atenção Domiciliar à Distância. Trata-se de um recurso educacional interativo que aborda os achados clínicos típicos do estado de choque, como: estado mental alterado, pele fria, hipotensão e oligúria.
Subject(s)
ShockABSTRACT
O material é componente do Módulo 19 (Intercorrências Agudas no Domicílio III) produzido pela UNA-SUS/UFMA para o Programa Multicêntrico de Qualificação em Atenção Domiciliar à Distância. Trata-se de um recurso educacional interativo que aborda como deve ocorrer o manejo inicial em casos de choque, relacionado à aplicação do ABCDE do suporte básico de vida, que deve ser realizado até a chegada do suporte intermediário como garantia da manutenção da vida até o atendimento hospitalar.
Subject(s)
ShockABSTRACT
Introducción: los traumatismos constituyen la tercera causa de muerte en países desarrollados. En Cuba representan la cuarta y la primera en menores de 50 años. Objetivos: caracterizar a los pacientes con traumatismo abdominal según variables seleccionadas y determinar su estado al egreso. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio descriptivo aplicado de serie de casos de 346 afectados con traumatismo abdominal (intervenidos quirúrgicamente o no), egresados del Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico "Saturnino Lora Torres" de Santiago de Cuba, durante el cuatrienio 2007-2010. Resultados: predominaron el trauma abierto provocado por arma blanca y la ecografía abdominal como el medio diagnóstico de más valor. Las laparotomías terapéuticas se realizaron en 61,2 % de los operados por lesiones en hígado, intestino delgado y bazo, para las operaciones hepatorrafia, resección intestinal y esplenectomía, respectivamente. Las complicaciones más comunes fueron estado de choque hemorrágico (principal causa de muerte) e infección del sitio quirúrgico. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de laparotomías innecesarias continúa alta y para evitarlas se recomienda la reducción del tiempo entre trauma y operación, para lo cual es fundamental mantener la estabilidad hemodinámica del afectado que permita realizar los estudios diagnósticos (tomografía computarizada y videolaparoscopia), así como los tratamientos pertinentes.
Introduction: injuries are the third cause of death in developed countries. In Cuba they represent the fourth and the first one in people younger than 50 years. Objectives: to characterize patients with abdominal trauma according to selected variables and to determine their status at discharge. Methods: an applied descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 346 patients with abdominal trauma (surgically treated or not), who were discharged from the Department of General Surgery of "Saturnino Lora" Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba during the fourth-year period 2007-2010. Results: open trauma caused by stab wound and abdominal ultrasound as the most valuable diagnostic tool prevailed. Therapeutic laparotomies were performed in 61.2% of patients undergoing surgery due to injuries in liver, small bowel and spleen, for surgeries of hepatorrhaphy, intestinal resection and splenectomy, respectively. The most common complications were hemorrhagic shock (main cause of death) and infection of the surgical site. Conclusions: frequency of unnecessary laparotomies remains high and to prevent them it is recommended reducing the time between injury and surgery, which is critical to maintain the hemodynamic stability of the patient that allows conducting diagnostic studies (computerized tomography and videolaparoscopy) and the relevant treatments.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: los traumatismos constituyen la tercera causa de muerte en países desarrollados. En Cuba representan la cuarta y la primera en menores de 50 años. Objetivos: caracterizar a los pacientes con traumatismo abdominal según variables seleccionadas y determinar su estado al egreso. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio descriptivo aplicado de serie de casos de 346 afectados con traumatismo abdominal (intervenidos quirúrgicamente o no), egresados del Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, durante el cuatrienio 2007-2010.Resultados: predominaron el trauma abierto provocado por arma blanca y la ecografía abdominal como el medio diagnóstico de más valor. Las laparotomías terapéuticas se realizaron en 61,2 por ciento de los operados por lesiones en hígado, intestino delgado y bazo, para las operaciones hepatorrafia, resección intestinal y esplenectomía, respectivamente. Las complicaciones más comunes fueron estado de choque hemorrágico (principal causa de muerte) e infección del sitio quirúrgico.Conclusiones: la frecuencia de laparotomías innecesarias continúa alta y para evitarlas se recomienda la reducción del tiempo entre trauma y operación, para lo cual es fundamental mantener la estabilidad hemodinámica del afectado que permita realizar los estudios diagnósticos (tomografía computarizada y videolaparoscopia), así como los tratamientos pertinentes(AU)
Introduction: injuries are the third cause of death in developed countries. In Cuba they represent the fourth and the first one in people younger than 50 years. Objectives: to characterize patients with abdominal trauma according to selected variables and to determine their status at discharge.Methods: an applied descriptive study was carried out in a sample of 346 patients with abdominal trauma (surgically treated or not), who were discharged from the Department of General Surgery of Saturnino Lora Provincial Teaching Clinical Surgical Hospital of Santiago de Cuba during the fourth-year period 2007-2010.Results: open trauma caused by stab wound and abdominal ultrasound as the most valuable diagnostic tool prevailed. Therapeutic laparotomies were performed in 61.2 percent of patients undergoing surgery due to injuries in liver, small bowel and spleen, for surgeries of hepatorrhaphy, intestinal resection and splenectomy, respectively. The most common complications were hemorrhagic shock (main cause of death) and infection of the surgical site. Conclusions: frequency of unnecessary laparotomies remains high and to prevent them it is recommended reducing the time between injury and surgery, which is critical to maintain the hemodynamic stability of the patient that allows conducting diagnostic studies (computerized tomography and videolaparoscopy) and the relevant treatments(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Abdominal Injuries/mortality , Laparotomy , Morbidity , Shock , Postoperative Complications , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al fallo renal agudo (FRA) en un grupo de niños con sepsis grave atendidos entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2008. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico con una muestra de 171 pacientes. Se constituyeron dos grupos: el de estudio, integrado por 38 pacientes con estado de choque séptico o disfunción múltiple de órganos (DMO) y FRA, y un grupo control, conformado por 133 niños en igual estadio de sepsis pero con función renal normal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se tuvieron en cuenta variables epidemiológicas, factores de riesgo de FRA y evolución de los casos. RESULTADOS. La incidencia de FRA fue del 22,2 por ciento, y aunque disminuyó considerablemente en los 3 últimos años del estudio, la mortalidad fue del 42,1 por ciento, mayoritariamente en el DMO (89,5 por ciento). Se encontró dependencia entre la insuficiencia renal y la respuesta diurética no adecuada a la fluidoterapia (51,2 por ciento), la inestabilidad hemodinámica por más de 24 h (46,5 por ciento), la disfunción miocárdica (43,3 por ciento) y el uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos (42,8 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES. La respuesta diurética no adecuada a la fluidoterapia, la inestabilidad hemodinámica por más de 24 h, la disfunción miocárdica y el uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos incrementan el riesgo de FRA en la sepsis grave, la cual duplica la mortalidad en relación con los pacientes que conservan la función renal. No obstante, la prevención de las formas graves de sepsis y un tratamiento adecuado de ésta disminuyen la incidencia de FRA
INTRODUCTION: The aim of present research was to determine the risk factor associated with the acute renal failure (ARF) in a group of children with severe sepsis seen between January, 2004 and December, 2008. METHODS: An analytical and observational study was conducted in a sample including 171 patients. There were two groups: the study-group with 138 patients with septic shock status or organ multiple dysfunctions (OMD) and ARF, and a control-group including 133 children in similar sepsis status but with a normal renal function. The medical records were reviewed and we took into account the epidemiological variables, risk factors of ARF and case course. RESULTS: The ARF incidence was of 22,2 percent and although it significantly decreased during the three first years of study, mortality was of 42,1 percent, mainly in the OMD (89,5 percent). There was a dependence between the renal insufficiency and the no-appropriate response to the fluid-therapy (51,2 percent), the hemodynamic instability for over 24 hours (46,5 percent), myocardial dysfunction (43,3 percent) and the use of nephrotoxin drugs (42,8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The non-appropriate diuretic response to fluid-therapy, the hemodynamic instability during more the 24 hours, the myocardial dysfunction and the use of nephrotoxin drugs increased the ARF risk in cases of severe sepsis, which to double the mortality in relation to patients maintaining their renal function. However, prevention of severe forms of sepsis and its suitable treatment decrease the ARF incidence
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Acute Kidney Injury , Risk Factors , Shock, Septic/drug therapy , Observational Studies as TopicABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al fallo renal agudo (FRA) en un grupo de niños con sepsis grave atendidos entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2008. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico con una muestra de 171 pacientes. Se constituyeron dos grupos: el de estudio, integrado por 38 pacientes con estado de choque séptico o disfunción múltiple de órganos (DMO) y FRA, y un grupo control, conformado por 133 niños en igual estadio de sepsis pero con función renal normal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se tuvieron en cuenta variables epidemiológicas, factores de riesgo de FRA y evolución de los casos. RESULTADOS. La incidencia de FRA fue del 22,2 por ciento, y aunque disminuyó considerablemente en los 3 últimos años del estudio, la mortalidad fue del 42,1 por ciento, mayoritariamente en el DMO (89,5 por ciento). Se encontró dependencia entre la insuficiencia renal y la respuesta diurética no adecuada a la fluidoterapia (51,2 por ciento), la inestabilidad hemodinámica por más de 24 h (46,5 por ciento), la disfunción miocárdica (43,3 por ciento) y el uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos (42,8 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES. La respuesta diurética no adecuada a la fluidoterapia, la inestabilidad hemodinámica por más de 24 h, la disfunción miocárdica y el uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos incrementan el riesgo de FRA en la sepsis grave, la cual duplica la mortalidad en relación con los pacientes que conservan la función renal. No obstante, la prevención de las formas graves de sepsis y un tratamiento adecuado de ésta disminuyen la incidencia de FRA(AU)
INTRODUCTION: The aim of present research was to determine the risk factor associated with the acute renal failure (ARF) in a group of children with severe sepsis seen between January, 2004 and December, 2008. METHODS: An analytical and observational study was conducted in a sample including 171 patients. There were two groups: the study-group with 138 patients with septic shock status or organ multiple dysfunctions (OMD) and ARF, and a control-group including 133 children in similar sepsis status but with a normal renal function. The medical records were reviewed and we took into account the epidemiological variables, risk factors of ARF and case course. RESULTS: The ARF incidence was of 22,2 percent and although it significantly decreased during the three first years of study, mortality was of 42,1 percent, mainly in the OMD (89,5 percent). There was a dependence between the renal insufficiency and the no-appropriate response to the fluid-therapy (51,2 percent), the hemodynamic instability for over 24 hours (46,5 percent), myocardial dysfunction (43,3 percent) and the use of nephrotoxin drugs (42,8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The non-appropriate diuretic response to fluid-therapy, the hemodynamic instability during more the 24 hours, the myocardial dysfunction and the use of nephrotoxin drugs increased the ARF risk in cases of severe sepsis, which to double the mortality in relation to patients maintaining their renal function. However, prevention of severe forms of sepsis and its suitable treatment decrease the ARF incidence(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Risk Factors , Shock, Septic/drug therapy , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Observational Studies as TopicABSTRACT
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da terapia com fármacos vasopressores ser usada há décadas, poucos ensaios clínicos comparam os diferentes tipos utilizados nos diferentes tipos de choque. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever os principais estudos publicados, nas ultimas décadas, para orientação quanto à escolha da melhor droga vasopressora nos diferentes estados de choque. CONTEÚDO: Foram selecionados artigos na base de dados MedLine (1950-2008), por meio das palavras-chave: drogas vasoativas, drogas vasopressoras e choque. Adicionalmente, referências desses artigos, capítulos de livros e artigos históricos foram avaliados para esta revisão. Foram identificados e revisados 160 artigos. Foram considerados ensaios clínicos da língua inglesa, estudos retrospectivos e artigos de revisão. Os artigos foram avaliados por análise de método e determinação de limitações de desenho. Por não se tratar de uma metanálise, mas sim de uma revisão descritiva, serão apresentadas as conclusões mais relevantes dos principais estudos e metanálises encontrados nessa revisão, sem a interferência direta da análise pessoal dos autores deste estudo. CONCLUSÕES: O uso de drogas vasopressoras nos estados de choque permanece controverso. A escolha de uma droga específica para determinado tipo de choque permanece aberta. Existem várias drogas vasopressoras que podem ser utilizadas, inclusive em combinação na terapêutica dos pacientes em estado de choque. Estudos clínicos aleatórios têm sido realizados na tentativa de aperfeiçoar a evidência do uso de drogas vasoativas. Esta permanece ainda uma questão sem sólidas e robustas respostas baseadas em evidências. Descritores: drogas vasopressoras, estado de choque.(AU)
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite treatment with drugs vasopressors are used for decades, few clinical trials comparing the different types and drugs used in different types of shock. This study aimed at reviewing the major articles published, in recent decades, for guidance on choosing the best vasopressor drugs in different state of shock. CONTENTS: Were selected articles in the database Med- Line (1950-2008), using the keywords: vasoactive drugs, drugs vasopressors and shock. Additionally, references of these articles, chapters of books and historical articles were evaluated for this review. Were identified and reviewed 160 articles. We considered clinical trials of English, retrospective studies and reviews. The articles were evaluated by analysis of method and determination of limitations of design. It is not a meta-analysis, but a descriptive review, will be presenting the findings most relevant of the major studies and meta from this review, without the interference of direct personal analysis of the authors of this study. CONCLUSION: The use of drugs vasopressors in the states of shock remains controversial. The choice of a drug specifically for a particular type of shock remains open. There are several drugs vasopressors that can be used, even in combination in therapeutic for patients in shock. Randomized clinical trials have been conducted in an attempt to optimize the evidence of the use of vasoactive drugs. This still remains an issue without solid and robust response based on evidence.(AU)
