Interevaluator reliability of a tool for measuring body height in adult intensive care patients.

BACKGROUND: The calculation of body height in the intensive care unit is essential for obtaining the ideal body weight, which is used to program the tidal volume and establish objective and effective pulmonary ventilation. The objective of the study was to determine the interrater reliability of a tool for measuring body height in adult patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) in southwestern Colombia. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted between January and May 2021, following the recommendations of the COSMIN protocol. Two physiotherapists in the roles of observer/evaluator measured the heights of 106 patients upon admission to the ICU with a previously designed. The sample size was calculated based on Pearson's correlation coefficient. For interrater reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used, and Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess concordance. The 95% confidence interval was established, and a P value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 106 individuals with a mean age of 59.3 years were included; the mean body height was 158.5 cm for women. The interrater reliability of the measurement of height was excellent (global ICC of 0.99, P = 0.000), and an almost perfect positive correlation was obtained between the raters for both women and men (R = 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Excellent interrater/interobserver reliability was obtained for the measurement of body height in the ICU. This research highlights the importance of protocolizing the measurement of height in critical patients with valid and reliable instruments.

Biological Identification of Skulls in Indonesian and Thai Populations: Ancestry Estimation, Sex Determination, Stature Estimation, and Age Estimation / Identificación Biológica de Cráneos en Poblaciones de Indonesia y Tailandia: Estimación de Ascendencia, Determinación del Sexo, Estimación de Estatura y Estimación de Edad

SUMMARY: This review article will present an overview of biological profiles in forensic utilities. The biological profile of the skull in the existing literature can help to identify humans, especially if the condition of the victim found is a result of mutilation or a bomb explosion. When it comes to the precision of identifying skeletal remains, the human skull is frequently cited as being first in the estimation of age and ancestry and second in terms of sex and stature. It can be an alternative to assessing the following biological parameters: sex, age, stature, and ancestry. The implementation of biological profiles in the identification process is very important considering that some cases require the assistance of forensic anthropology. This review article shows the importance of the value of skulls. The method that can be applied is craniometry which can be used to determine sex, age, stature, and estimated ancestry. Different results will occur depending on the completeness of the skull. Therefore, estimation formulas have different accurate results. Discriminant function analysis has been performed on various measurement sets and its discriminant power has been validated by many researchers. Geometric morphometric analysis has become the main tool for shape analysis and many attempts have been made to use it in analyzing skulls. Several methods supported by technology have also been developed. It is hoped that the review article will show significant differences in results between studies in Thailand and Indonesia, even though they are in the same racial group.

Este artículo presenta una descripción general de los perfiles biológicos en las utilidades forenses. El perfil biológico del cráneo en la literatura existente puede ayudar a identificar a los humanos, especialmente si la condición en la que se encuentra la víctima es el resultado de una mutilación o la explosión de una bomba. Cuando se trata de la precisión en la identificación de restos óseos, el cráneo humano se cita con frecuencia como el primero en la estimación de edad y ascendencia y el segundo en términos de sexo y estatura. Puede ser una alternativa para evaluar los siguientes parámetros biológicos: sexo, edad, estatura y ascendencia. La implementación de perfiles biológicos en el proceso de identificación es importante considerando que algunos casos requieren la asistencia de la antropología forense. Este artículo de revisión muestra la importancia del valor de las cnezas óseas. El método que se puede aplicar es la craneometría para determinar el sexo, la edad, la estatura y la ascendencia estimada. Se pueden obtener diferentes resultados dependiendo de la integridad del cráneo. Por lo tanto, las fórmulas de estimación tienen resultados precisos diferentes. Se ha realizado un análisis de función discriminante en varios conjuntos de medidas y muchos investigadores han validado su poder discriminante. El análisis a través de la morfometría geométrica se ha convertido en la principal herramienta para el análisis de formas y se ha utilizado frecuentemente en el análisis de cráneos. También se han desarrollado varios métodos apoyados en la tecnología. Se espera que este trabajo muestre diferencias significativas en los resultados entre los estudios realizados en Tailandia e Indonesia, aunque pertenezcan al mismo grupo racial.

The body as a mirror of inequality in México during the second half of the twentieth century / El cuerpo como espejo de la desigualdad en México durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX

Abstract This paper examines how variations in the height and health of Mexicans during the second half of the twentieth century reflect the evolution of economic inequality, as its effects have repercussions on the health and nutritional conditions of the population. The average height of Mexican adults had a modest increase with respect to the possibilities of human plasticity. These anthropometric variations were the result of the incorporation of advances in science and technology leading to improved standards of living among the population. Body changes were impacted by dietary habits, urbanization, and government policies supporting food production and distribution.

Resumen Este trabajo examina cómo las variaciones en la estatura y la salud de los mexicanos durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX son un reflejo de la evolución de la desigualdad económica pues sus efectos repercuten en las condiciones de salud y alimentación de la población. La estatura promedio de adultos mexicanos tuvo un aumento modesto con respecto a las posibilidades de la plasticidad humana. Estas variaciones antropométricas fueron resultado de la incorporación de avances en ciencia y tecnología conducentes a mejorar los niveles de vida de la población. Los cambios corporales fueron impactados por hábitos alimenticios, de urbanización y políticas gubernamentales de apoyo a la producción y distribución de alimentos.

Exploratory analysis of the association between stature, obesity, and food insecurity in adults of the National Dietary Survey 2017-2018 / Análise exploratória da associação entre estatura, obesidade e insegurança alimentar em adultos no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2017-2018

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate short stature as a possible explanation for obesity, and identify if consumption of energy, protein, carbohydrate, and lipids were associated to higher risk for obesity in Brazilian adults (20-59 y) living in household food insecurity. Methods Cross-sectional study from 2017/2018 Household Budget Survey (N=28,112). Food insecurity was measured with the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Short stature was used as an indicator of malnutrition at the beginning of life, which characterizes metabolic alterations resulting from the presence of food insecurity (cuts off women ≤149cm; men ≤160cm). Body mass index (kg/m2) was estimated from self-reported weight and body height. The average food intake was estimated from a 24-hr recall. The weighted means and standard error of the food security/insecurity categories were assessed according to height, mean energy intake and protein(g), carbohydrate(g) and lipids(g) intake, stratified by gender and nutritional status. Results Both men and women with obesity and food insecurity had significantly lower average height in comparison with those in food security status (p-value <0.01). The prevalence of obesity 1 (BMI 30-34.9kg/m2) increased significantly with the food insecurity among women. There was a trend towards short stature among obese women from families with food insecurity, as well as lower intake of energy. Among both men and women, the lowest intakes of protein and the highest intake of carbohydrates were observed in the underweight group (BMI <18.5kg/m2). Conclusion In women, the risk of obesity may depend on the metabolic background, since who presents food insecurity and develop obesity have low stature and lower energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a baixa estatura como possível explicação para a obesidade, e identificar se o consumo de energia, proteína, carboidrato e lipídios esteve associado ao maior risco de obesidade em adultos brasileiros (20-59 anos) que vivem em domicílios em insegurança alimentar domiciliar. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017/2018 (N=28.112). A Insegurança alimentar domiciliar foi medida pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. A baixa estatura (mulheres ≤149cm; homens ≤160cm) foi utilizada como indicador de alterações metabólicas decorrentes da presença de insegurança alimentar. O índice de massa corporal (kg/m2) foi estimado a partir do peso e altura autorreferidos. A média de ingestão alimentar foi estimada a partir do recordatório de 24 horas. As médias ponderadas e o erro padrão das categorias de segurança/insegurança alimentar foram avaliadas segundo estatura, médias de ingestão energéticas e de proteínas(g), carboidratos(g) e lipídios(g), estratificado por sexo e estado nutricional. Resultados Homens e mulheres com obesidade e insegurança alimentar apresentaram a média de estatura significativamente menor em comparação aqueles com segurança alimentar (p-valor <0,01). A prevalência de obesidade 1 (índice de massa corporal 30-34,9Kg/m2) aumentou significativamente com a insegurança alimentar entre as mulheres. Houve tendência de baixa estatura entre mulheres obesas de famílias com insegurança alimentar, bem como menor ingestão de energia. Entre homens e mulheres, a menor ingestão de proteína e a maior ingestão de carboidratos foram observadas no grupo de baixo peso (índice de massa corporal <18,5Kg/m2). Conclusão Nas mulheres, o risco de obesidade pode depender do metabolismo, pois quem apresenta insegurança alimentar e desenvolve obesidade possui baixa estatura e menor ingestão energética.

Relación entre la Temperatura de Superficie, la Composición Corporal e Indicadores Antropométricos de Obesidad y Sobrepeso / Relationship Between Surface Temperature, Body Composition and Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Overweight

La termografía por infrarrojo (TI) permite evaluar la temperatura corporal, medir los cambios en la disipación del calor corporal en superficie y relacionarlos con las características de composición corporal e índices antropométricos. Aumentar el número de registros de zonas corporales evaluadas con TI y establecer las relaciones de estas temperaturas (32 áreas corporales) con variables de composición corporal e índices antropométricos, como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura cadera, índice cintura estatura, en hombres adultos divididos según su estado ponderal. Participaron 60 hombres, adultos sanos, divididos en 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=30), con IMC ≤ 24,9, edad 23,2 ± 3,9 años, masa corporal 66,5 ± 6,5 kg, y talla 170,5 ± 7,4 cm; y, grupo 2 (n= 30), con IMC > 24,9, edad 29,4 ± 9,9 años, masa corporal 84,5 ± 11,9 kg, y talla 172,0 ± 7,18 cm. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de TI. Sujetos con IMC ≤ 24,9 kg/ m2 presentaron valores mayores de temperatura superficial, en todas las zonas estudiadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con niveles de IMC > 24,9 kg/m2, donde la disipación del calor corporal fue menor. Existe una estrecha relación entre la temperatura superficial de la piel y el IMC, donde sujetos con un IMC normal mostraron una disipación de calor y valores de temperatura superficial mayores, en todas las zonas evaluadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con un IMC que se encontraba por encima del límite de normalidad.

SUMMARY: Infrared thermography (IT) makes it possible to assess body temperature, measure changes in body heat dissipation on the surface, and relate them to body composition characteristics and anthropometric indices. The objective of this study was to increase the number of records of body areas evaluated with IT and establish the relationships of these temperatures (32 body areas) with body composition variables and anthropometric indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, in adult men divided according to their weight status. A total of 60 healthy adult men participated, divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=30), with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 24.9, age 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass 66.5 ± 6.5 kg, and height 170.5 ± 7.4 cm; and, group 2 (n = 30), with BMI > 24.9, age 29.4 ± 9.9 years, body mass 84.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 172.0 ± 7.18 cm. Anthropometric and IT assessments were performed. Subjects with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/ m2 presented higher values of surface temperature in all areas studied, unlike subjects with BMI levels > 24.9 kg/m2, where body heat dissipation was lower. There is a close relationship between skin surface temperature and BMI, where subjects with a normal BMI showed higher heat dissipation and surface temperature values, in all evaluated areas, unlike subjects with a BMI that was above the normal limit.

Relación entre Índices Antropométricos de Obesidad y Condición Física en Escolares de 9 a 14 Años de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile / Relationship Between Anthropometric Indices of Obesity and Physical Condition in Schoolchildren Aged 9 to 14 Years From the Valparaíso Region, Chile

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron 1) describir factores antropométricos asociados a la obesidad y pruebas de condición física junto con 2) determinar la correlación entre estas variables en un grupo de escolares provenientes de la región de Valparaíso. Participaron un total de 109 escolares divididos por sexo y por grupos de edad. Los escolares fueron divididos en dos grupos entre 9 a 11 años (24 hombres= 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 mujeres= 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) y entre 12 a 14 años (24 hombres= 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 mujeres= 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Se realizaron evaluaciones de la condición física utilizadas en el proceso de evaluación del Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) de educación física para escolares chilenos. Estas evaluaciones incluyeron parámetros de flexibilidad, carrera, salto horizontal, y resistencia muscular. Junto con esto, se evaluaron variables antropométricas como peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura para establecer índices antropométricos de obesidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de cintura (PC) y el índice de cintura estatura (ICE). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de hombres de los diferentes grupos de edad en las pruebas de condición física, resistencia muscular abdominal (p = 0,001), salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y prueba de carrera (p = 0,003). Entre los grupos de mujeres se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de condición física, salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y carrera (p = 0,003). Tanto en hombres como en mujeres del grupo de 9 a 11 años se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las variables antropométricas con pruebas de salto horizontal y capacidad de carrera (p = 0,03, r = -0,42 - 0,83, moderado a muy fuerte). En este mismo grupo solo las mujeres presentaron una correlación significativa entre parámetros antropométricos y la prueba de resistencia muscular en flexo extensiones de codo (p < 0,05, r = -0,42 - -0,52, moderado a fuerte) y abdominales (p < 0,05, r = -0,57 - -0,60, fuerte). Para el grupo entre 12 y 14 años se obtuvieron correlaciones negativas entre el ICE y la prueba de carrera en hombres (p < 0,016, r = -0,48, moderado), PC y la prueba de carrera en mujeres (p < 0,011, r = -0,41, moderado). Sólo en mujeres fue posible encontrar correlaciones significativas entre PC, IMC e ICE con salto horizontal (p < 0,05, r = 0,38 - 0,48, moderado). Los resultados sugieren una correlación negativa entre parámetros antropométricos de exceso de peso corporal y el rendimiento en pruebas físicas, siendo en el grupo de mayor edad las mujeres quienes presentan mayor cantidad de correlaciones significativas entre variables. Estos datos refuerzan la importancia de incluir abordajes integrales en las clases de educación física considerando estilos de vida activos y saludables en conjunto con la promoción de la actividad física.

SUMMARY: The objectives of this study were 1) to describe anthropometric factors associated with obesity and physical fitness tests and 2) to determine the correlation between these variables in a group of schoolchildren from the Valparaíso region. A total of 109 schoolchildren divided by sex and age groups participated. The schoolchildren were divided into two groups between 9 to 11 years (24 males = 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 females = 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) and between 12 to 14 years (24 males = 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 females = 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Physical fitness assessments used by the Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) evaluation process for physical education for Chilean schoolchildren were performed. These assessments included flexibility, sprint capacity, horizontal jump, and muscular endurance parameters. In addition, anthropometric variables such as weight, height and waist circumference were evaluated to establish anthropometric indices of obesity such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-height index (WHI). Significant differences were found between the groups of men in the different age groups in the physical fitness tests, abdominal muscular endurance (p = 0.001), horizontal jump (p = 0.002), sprint test (p = 0.003) and the anthropometric index BMI (p = 0.048). Among the female groups, significant differences were only found in the physical condition variables, horizontal jump (p = 0.002) and sprint (p = 0.003). In both males and females in the 9- to 11- year-old group, significant correlations were found between anthropometric variables and tests of horizontal jumping and sprint ability (p = 0.03, r = -0.42 - 0.83, moderate to very high). In this same group, only females presented a significant correlation between anthropometric parameters and muscular endurance tests in elbow flexion (p < 0.05, r = -0.42 - -0.52, moderate to high) and abdominals (p < 0.05, r = -0.57 - -0.60, high). For the group between 12 and 14 years, negative correlations were obtained between WHI and the sprint test in males (p < 0.016, r = -0.48, moderate), WC and the sprint test in females (p < 0.011, r = -0.41, moderate). Only in women was it possible to find significant correlations between WC, BMI and ICE with a horizontal jump (p < 0.05, r = 0.38 - 0.48, moderate). The results suggest a negative correlation between anthropometric parameters of excess body weight and performance on physical tests, with women in the older age group presenting the highest number of significant correlations between variables. These data reinforce the importance of including integral approaches in physical education classes that consider active and healthy lifestyles together with the promotion of physical activity.

Comparación del crecimiento físico de niños y adolescentes que viven a moderada y elevada altitud del Perú / Comparison of physical growth of children and adolescents living at moderate and high altitude in Peru

Introducción: El crecimiento físico (CF) está determinado por factores genéticos y ambientales que producen variaciones en la población de las diferentes regiones del mundo. Objetivo: Comparar el CF lineal de niños y adolescentes que viven a moderada y elevada altitud del Perú. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio trasversal (compara-tivo) en niños y adolescentes que viven a moderada (2.178metros) y elevada altitud (4.349 metros) del Perú. Se estudió a 563 escolares (276 niños y 287 niñas) de dos regiones geográficas de Puno (Perú). Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y circunferencia del brazo derecho. Se utilizó la referencia de la organización mundial de la salud (OMS) para categorizar el Z-Score por sexo y edad especifica. Resultados: Los niños de moderada altitud presentaron mayor peso corporal en todas las edades (p<0,05), sin em-bargo, en la estatura, a edades iniciales hubo diferencias en-tre ambas altitudes y en durante la adolescencia hubo valo-res similares. En la circunferencia del brazo no se observódiferencias significativas (p>0,05) entre los niños de ambasaltitudes en todas las edades. La estatura de los niños y ni-ñas de ambas altitudes presentaron Z-Score negativas,siendo más profundas en los niños de elevada altitud (niños-0.38 a -1.41 y niñas -0.77 a -1.80 Z-Score) en relación a lasque viven en moderada altitud (niños –0.05 a -1.30 y niñas-0.06 a -1.40 Z-Score). Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que los niños de am-bos sexos de 5 a los 16 años que viven a elevadas y modera-das altitudes del Perú, presentaron patrones de crecimiento li-neal disminuidos en relación a la referencia de la OMS,además, los niños que viven a elevada altitud presentaron es-taturas inferiores durante la niñez cuando fueron comparadoscon los de moderada altitud, sin embargo, durante la adoles-cencia evidenciaron un rápido crecimiento, nivelándose consus similares de moderada altitud (AU)

Introduction: Physical growth (FC) is determined by genetic and environmental factors that produce variations in the population in different regions of the world. Objective: To compare the linear FC of children and adolescents living at moderate and high altitude in Peru. Methodology: A cross-sectional (comparative) study wascarried out in children and adolescents living at moderate(2,178 meters) and high altitude (4,349 meters) in Peru. A total of 563 school children (276 boys and 287 girls) from two geographical regions of Puno (Peru) were studied. Weight, height and right arm circumference were evaluated. The reference of the World Health Organization (WHO) was used to categorize the Z-Score by sex and specific age.Results: Children of moderate altitude presented higherbody weight at all ages, however, in height, at initial agesthere were differences between both altitudes and duringadolescence there were similar values. In arm circumference,no significant differences were observed between children ofboth altitudes at all ages. The height of boys and girls of bothaltitudes presented negative Z-Score, being deeper in childrenof high altitude (boys -0.38 to -1.41 and girls -0.77 to -1.80Z-Score) in relation to those living in moderate altitude (boys-0.05 to -1.30 and girls -0.06 to -1.40 Z-Score). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that children of bothsexes from 5 to 16 years of age living at high and moderatealtitudes in Peru, presented diminished linear growth patternsin relation to the WHO reference, in addition, children livingat high altitude presented lower heights during childhoodwhen compared to those at moderate altitude, however, du-ring adolescence they showed rapid growth, leveling withtheir peers at moderate altitude (AU)

Tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento en niños nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional. Experiencia de un centro / Growth hormone treatment in small for gestational age children. A single-center experience

Introducción. Los pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) suelen tener una talla final 1 DE bajo la media. Se diferencian tres grupos según antropometría al nacimiento: de peso reducido (PRN), de longitud reducida (LRN) o ambos. Objetivos. Describir las características de los pacientes PEG atendidos en el Servicio de Endocrinología Pediátrica de un hospital de tercer nivel, y analizar la evolución de niños PEG sin crecimiento recuperador a los 4 años de edad, en tratamiento con hormona del crecimiento (GH), según su diagnóstico. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes PEG atendidos desde 2004 hasta 2021. Resultados. Se estudiaron 89 PEG; 44/89 iniciaron tratamiento con GH (11/44 PRN, 8/44 LRN y 25/44 ambos). La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 3,87 años; la talla media al inicio del tratamiento fue de -2,99 DE en los PEG diagnosticados por PRN, -2,85 DE en aquellos diagnosticados por LRN y -3,17 DE en los diagnosticados por bajo PRN y LRN. La talla final fue de -1,77, -1,52 y -1,23 DE, respectivamente, lo que supone una ganancia total de 1,22, 1,33 y 1,93 DE, respectivamente, alcanzando así su talla diana con una diferencia de 0,36 ± 0,08 DE. Conclusión. Menos de la mitad de los PEG derivados a la consulta precisaron tratamiento con GH, por no tener la edad de 4 años aún, o haber completado el crecimiento recuperador. Aquellos pacientes PEG según peso y longitud al nacimiento presentaron percentiles peores al diagnóstico y una mayor respuesta a GH.

Introduction. Small for gestational age (SGA) children usually have a final height of 1 SD below the mean. Three groups are established based on anthropometric characteristics at birth: low birth weight (LBW), short birth length (SBL), or both. Objectives. To describe the characteristics of SGA patients seen at the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology of a tertiary care hospital and to analyze the course of SGA children without catch-up growth at 4 years of age who were receiving treatment with growth hormone (GH), according to their diagnosis. Methods. Retrospective study of SGA patients seen between 2004 and 2021. Results. A total of 89 SGA children were studied; 44/89 started treatment with GH (11/44 LBW, 8/44 SBL, and 25/44 both). Their mean age at diagnosis was 3.87 years; their mean height at treatment initiation was -2.99 SD in SGA children diagnosed by LBW, -2.85 SD in those with SBL, and -3.17 SD in those with both LBW and SBL. Their final height was -1.77, -1.52, and -1.23 SD, respectively, with a total gain of 1.22, 1.33, and 1.93 SD, respectively, thus reaching their target height with a difference of 0.36 ± 0.08 SD. Conclusion. Less than half of SGA children referred to the clinic required treatment with GH because they were not yet 4 years old or had not completed their catch-up growth. SGA patients according to birth weight and length had worse percentiles at diagnosis and a greater response to GH.

Estimation of Stature Based on Metatarsal Bones in a Thai Population / Estimación de la Estatura Basada en los Huesos Metatarsianos en una Población Tailandesa

SUMMARY: Stature estimation is one of the essential procedures for personal identification in forensic osteology. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to analyze the correlation between length and width of metatarsal measurements and stature, and to develop the regression equations for a Thai population. In this study, the samples were divided into two groups. The first group was called the "training group" for generating stature estimation equations, comprised of 200 skeletons, aged between 19-94 years. The second group was called the "test group" for evaluating the accuracy of generated equations, comprising 40 skeletons. The correlation between metatarsal parameters and stature were moderate to high, and all variables had positive significant correlation with stature. For males, the left ML2 is the length variable that showed the most correlation degree against stature (r=0.702), and the left MSW4 is the width variable that had the most correlation degree against stature (r=0.483). For females, right ML1 is the length variable that had the most correlation degree against stature (r=0.632), and right PW3 is the width stature that had the most correlation degree against stature (r=0.481). For all samples, left ML1 was the length variable that had the most correlation degree against stature (r=0.796) and right PW3 was the width variable that had the most correlation degree against stature (r=0.712). The results of generating multiple regression equations using a stepwise method reveals that the correlation coefficient (R) and standard error of estimate (SEE) were 0.761 and 4.96 cm, respectively, for males, and 0.752 and 4.93 cm for females, with 0.841 and 5.26 cm for all samples, respectively. According to these results, the mean of absolute error from the test group ranged from 3 to 5 cm. Therefore, stature estimation equations using length and width of metatarsals from our study can be applied to estimate stature in the Thai population.

La estimación de la estatura es uno de los procedimientos esenciales para la identificación personal en osteología forense. Por lo tanto, los propósitos de este estudio fueron analizar la correlación entre la longitud y el ancho de las medidas metatarsianas y la estatura, y desarrollar las ecuaciones de regresión para una población tailandesa. Las muestras se dividieron en dos grupos. El primer grupo se denominó "grupo de entrenamiento" para generar ecuaciones de estimación de estatura, compuesto por 200 esqueletos, con edades comprendidas entre los 19 y los 94 años. El segundo grupo se denominó "grupo de prueba" para evaluar la precisión de las ecuaciones generadas, que comprende 40 esqueletos. La correlación entre los parámetros metatarsianos y la estatura fue de moderada a alta, y todas las variables tuvieron una correlación significativa positiva con la estatura. Para el sexo masculino, la variable longitud ML2 izquierda es la que mayor grado de correlación presentó con la estatura (r=0,702), y la izquierda MSW4 fue la variable ancho la que mayor grado de correlación presentó con la estatura (r=0,483). Para el sexo femenino, ML1 derecho fue la variable longitud que tuvo mayor grado de correlación con la estatura (r=0,632), y PW3 derecha fue la variable ancho estatura que tuvo mayor grado de correlación con la estatura (r=0,481). Para todas las muestras, ML1 izquierdo fue la variable longitud que tuvo mayor grado de correlación con la estatura (r=0,796) y PW3 derecha fue la variable ancho que tuvo mayor grado de correlación con la estatura (r=0,712). Los resultados de generar ecuaciones de regresión múltiple usando un método paso a paso revela que el coeficiente de correlación (R) y el error estándar de estimación (SEE) fueron 0,761 y 4,96 cm, respectivamente, para los hombres y 0,752 y 4,93 cm para las mujeres, con 0,841 y 5,26 cm para todas las muestras, respectivamente. De acuerdo con estos resultados, la media del error absoluto del grupo de prueba osciló entre 3 y 5 cm. Por lo tanto, las ecuaciones de estimación de la estatura que utilizan la longitud y el ancho de los metatarsianos de nuestro estudio se pueden aplicar para estimar la estatura en la población tailandesa.

Correlation of body mass index and waist to height ratio with cardiovascular risk factors in Colombian preschool and school children

Objective: To analyze the agreement between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height Ratio (WHtR) to identify preschool and school children with cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs). Methods: Three-hundred-twenty-one kids were divided into preschool (3-5 years) and school children (6-10 years). BMI was used to classify children as overweight or obese. Abdominal obesity was defined with a WHtR ≥0.50. Fasting blood lipids, glucose and insulin were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The presence of CRFs and multiple non-waist circumference (non-WC) metabolic syndrome factors (MetS-Factors) [high HOMA-IR, high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Results: One-hundred-twelve preschool and 209 school children were evaluated. WHtR ≥0.50 classified abdominal obesity in more than half of the preschool children, exceeding those classified with overweight+obesity by BMI (59.5% vs. 9.8%; p0.05). There were similar proportions of school children classified with abdominal obesity by the WHtR and overweight+obesity by the BMI (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). There was substantial agreement between WHtR and BMI to identify school children with high total cholesterol values, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, non-HDL-C, insulin, HOMA-IR, low HDL-C values, and the presence of multiple non-WC MetS-Factors (kappa: 0.616 to 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: In preschool children WHtR ≥0.5 disagree with BMI results, but in school kids, it has good agreement with the BMI to classify the children´s nutritional status and to identify those with CRFs.

Objetivo: Analizar el grado de acuerdo entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la relación/cintura estatura (rCE) para identificar niños con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC). Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico con 112 niños preescolares (3-5 años) y 209 escolares (6-10 años). El sobrepeso y la obesidad se clasificaron con el IMC y la obesidad abdominal con la rCE ≥0.50. Se tomaron muestras sanguíneas en ayuno para análisis de glucosa, insulina, lípidos y cálculo del índice HOMA-IR. Se analizó la presencia de FRC y de múltiples factores del síndrome metabólico (Factores-SinMet) diferentes a la cintura [HOMA-IR elevado, triglicéridos elevados y colesterol de alta densidad (HDL-C) bajo]. Resultados: rCE ≥0.50 clasificó con obesidad abdominal a más de la mitad de los niños preescolares, excediendo el número de niños clasificados con sobrepeso+obesidad por IMC (59.5% vs 9.8%; p0.05). Fueron similares las proporciones de niños escolares clasificados con obesidad abdominal por la rCE o con sobrepeso+obesidad por el IMC (18.7% vs. 24.9%; p>0.05). Hubo acuerdo sustancial entre la rCE y el IMC para identificar niños escolares con valores elevados de colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, triglicéridos, colesterol no-HDL, insulina, HOMA-IR, valores bajos de HDL-C y la presencia de múltiples Factores-SinMet diferentes a la cintura (kappa: 0.616 a 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusión: En niños preescolares la aplicación de rCE ≥0.5 no presenta acuerdo con el IMC, pero en escolares presenta un acuerdo sustancial con el IMC en la clasificación del estado nutricional y en la identificación de niños con FRC.

Appropriate neck circumference and waist-to-height ratio cut-off points as predictors of obesity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents / Pontos de corte da circunferência do pescoço e da relação cintura-estatura como preditores da obesidade e risco cardiovascular em adolescentes

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine neck circumference (NC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) cut-off points as predictors of obesity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional study developed with a subsample of 634 adolescents aged 18 and 19 years belonging to the third phase of the "RPS" cohort (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas and São Luís) carried out in 2016. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was identified to assess the predictive capacity of NC and WHtR in relation to the percentage of body fat (%BF), obtained by air displacement plethysmography (ADP), and the cardiovascular risk estimated by the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY). RESULTS The prevalence of obesity by %BF was 7.6% in males and 39.4% in females (p-value <0.001), and the high PDAY risk was 13.8% and 10.9%, respectively. For males, NC cut-off point was 44.0 cm and the AUCs were 0.70 (95%CI 0.58-0.83) to predict obesity and 0.71 (95%CI 0.62-0.80) to predict high cardiovascular risk; for females, NC cut-off point was 40 cm and the AUCs were 0.75 (95%CI 0.69-0.80) and 0.63 (95%CI 0.53-0.73), respectively. WHtR cut-off point was 0.50 for both sexes; for males, the AUCs to predict obesity and high risk according to PDAY were 0.90 (95%CI 0.80-0.99) and 0.73 (95%CI 0.63-0.82), respectively; for females, they were 0.87 (95%CI 0.83-0.90) and 0.55 (95%CI 0.45-0.65), respectively. CONCLUSION WHtR and NC are good discriminators to assess obesity and cardiovascular risk in adolescents, especially in males.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar os pontos de corte da circunferência do pescoço (CP) e da relação cintura-estatura (RCEst) para a predição da obesidade e do risco cardiovascular em adolescentes. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal desenvolvido com uma subamostra de 634 adolescentes de 18 e 19 anos de idade pertencentes à terceira fase da coorte "RPS" (Ribeirão Preto, Pelotas e São Luís) realizada em 2016. Identificou-se a área sob a curva ROC (AUC) para avaliar a capacidade preditiva da CP e RCE em relação ao percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), obtido pela pletismografia por deslocamento de ar (PDA), e do risco cardiovascular estimado pelo Phatobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY). RESULTADOS A prevalência de obesidade pelo %GC foi de 7,6% no sexo masculino e 39,4% no sexo feminino (p-valor < 0,001) e o alto risco para PDAY foi de 13,8% e 10,9%, respectivamente. Para a CP, o ponto de corte identificado para o sexo masculino foi de 44,0 cm e as AUC foram de 0,70 (IC95% 0,58-0,83) para predição de obesidade e de 0,71 (IC95% 0,62-0,80) para predição do alto risco cardiovascular; e para o sexo feminino foi de 40 cm e as AUC foram de 0,75 (IC95% 0,69-0,80) e de 0,63 (IC95% 0,53-0,73), respectivamente. Para a RCEst, o ponto de corte identificado foi de 0,50 para ambos os sexos e as AUC para a predição da obesidade e do alto risco segundo o PDAY foram de 0,90 (IC95% 0,80-0,99) e 0,73 (IC95% 0,63-0,82), respectivamente, para o sexo masculino; e de 0,87 (IC95% 0,83-0,90) e 0,55 (IC95% 0,45-0,65), respectivamente, para o sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO RCEst e CP como bons discriminadores para avaliar a obesidade e risco cardiovascular em adolescentes, especialmente no sexo masculino.

Panorama da saúde de um grupo de servidores de uma universidade pública de São Paulo: síndrome metabólica, índices antropométricos e adequação da dieta / Health overview of a group of public university employees in São Paulo: metabolic syndrome, anthropometric indices, and dietary adequacy

A obesidade constatada como um problema de saúde pública está relacionada ao maior risco por doenças cardiovasculares, hipertensão arterial, resistência à insulina, diabetes tipo II, dislipidemia e síndrome metabólica. Aliados ao estilo de vida sedentário e a uma dieta inadequada, elevados índices de massa corporal circunferência cintura e relação cintura e estatura foram constatados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar o quadro de Síndrome Metabólica, em adultos (mulheres 89 e 46 homens) pelos índices antropométricos, dados bioquímicos e a adequação da dieta. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo realizado com 135 servidores não docentes, categoria funcional básico, técnico e superior, de uma universidade pública no Estado de São Paulo. Foram coletados dados sóciodemográficos, inquérito alimentar, de peso, estatura, circunferência da cintura, medidas de pressão arterial e exames bioquímicos: glicemia, triglicérides e HDL-c (High-density lipoprotein-c). Resultados: 36 % dos participantes apresentou sobrepeso e 28% obesidade e 62,0% da amostra apresentou algum dos parâmetros bioquímicos alterados. O percentual de Síndrome Metabólica foi de 13,3% nos homens e 19,2% nas mulheres. Na relação cintura estatura, 81 % apresentaram índices no padrão de risco de doenças cardiovasculares ou metabólicas, a dieta inadequada nos três macronutrientes foi constatada nos participantes em 34,9% com Indice de massa corporal alterado e 37,0% com Circunferência da cintura alterado. Os resultados mostraram que a caracterização da síndrome metabólica com os parâmetros avaliados aliados à análise da dieta estabelece um quadro com informações que direcionam ações para programas até mesmo dentro de Instituições universitárias e ligadas a área da Saúde.

Obesity, recognized as a public health issue, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Coupled with a sedentary lifestyle and inadequate diet, elevated body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio have been observed. This study aimed to characterize the Metabolic Syndrome profile in adults (89 women and 46 men) using anthropometric indices, biochemical data, and dietary adequacy. This descriptive epidemiological study was conducted with 135 non-teaching staff members, including basic, technical, and higher categories, at a public university in Sao Paulo. Sociodemographic data, dietary surveys, weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure measurements, and biochemical tests (glucose, triglycerides, and High-density lipoprotein-c) were collected. Results: 36% of participants were overweight, 28% were obese, with 62.0% of the sample showing altered biochemical parameters. The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome was 13.3% in men and 19.2% in women. In the waist-to-height ratio, 81% had cardiovascular or metabolic disease risk range indices. An inadequate diet across all three macronutrients was observed in 34.9% of participants with altered body mass index and 37.0% with altered waist circumference. The results revealed that characterizing metabolic syndrome with the evaluated parameters and dietary analysis provides insights that guide actions for programs, even within university institutions and those connected to the health field.

Trends of height-for-age Z-scores according to age among Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019 / Tendências dos escores Z de estatura por idade entre crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos de 2006 a 2019 / Tendencias de las puntuaciones Z de la talla por edad entre los niños brasileños menores de cinco años de 2006 a 2019

This study compared the distribution of stunting and height-for-age (HAZ) Z-scores among age groups in data from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019). The final sample comprised 4,408 and 14,553 children < 59 months of age in the PNDS 2006 and ENANI-2019, respectively. Children with HAZ scores < -2 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) growth standard were classified as stunted. Prevalence, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), means, and standard deviations were estimated for Brazil and according to age. The distribution of HAZ scores at each age (in months) was estimated using the svysmooth function of the R survey package. Analyses considered the complex sampling design of the studies. Statistical differences were determined by analyzing the 95%CI of the overlap of point estimates. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence of stunting for children < 12 months of age increased from 4.7% to 9%. As expected, the smoothed curves showed a higher mean HAZ score for children < 24 months of age in 2006 than in 2019 with no overlap of 95%CI among children aged 6-12 months. For children ≥ 24 months of age, we observed a higher mean HAZ score in 2019. Although the prevalence of stunting among children < 59 months of age was similar between 2006 and 2019, mean HAZ scores among children ≥ 24 months of age increased, whereas the mean HAZ score among children < 24 months of age decreased. Considering the deterioration in living conditions and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, we expect a greater prevalence of stunting in Brazil in the near future.

Este estudo comparou a distribuição dos escores Z de estatura (ZAI) e déficit de estatura por faixas etárias nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS 2006) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nossa amostra final foi composta por 4.408 e 14.553 crianças < 59 meses de idade da PNDS 2006 e ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Crianças com escores HAZ < -2 de acordo com o padrão de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foram classificadas como tendo déficit de estatura. Prevalências, intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%), médias e desvios padrão foram estimados para o Brasil e de acordo com a idade. A distribuição dos HAZ em cada idade (em meses) foi estimada usando a função svysmooth do pacote R. Nossas análises consideraram o desenho amostral complexo dos estudos. Diferenças estatísticas foram determinadas pela análise da sobreposição pontual dos IC95%. Entre 2006 e 2019, a prevalência de déficit de estatura para crianças < 12 meses de idade aumentou de 4,7% para 9%. Como esperado, as curvas suavizadas revelaram um HAZ médio maior para crianças < 24 meses de idade em 2006 do que em 2019, sem sobreposição de IC95% entre crianças de 6-12 meses. Para crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade, observamos um HAZ médio maior em 2019. Embora a prevalência de déficit de estatura entre crianças < 59 meses de idade tenha sido semelhante entre 2006 e 2019, observamos um aumento no HAZ médio entre crianças ≥ 24 meses de idade e uma diminuição no HAZ médio entre crianças < 24 meses de idade. Considerando a deterioração das condições de vida e o potencial impacto da pandemia de COVID-19, espera-se uma maior prevalência de déficit de estatura no Brasil no futuro próximo.

Este estudio comparó la distribución de las puntuaciones Z de talla (ZTE) y el déficit de estatura por grupos de edad en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del Niño y de la Mujer (PNDS 2006) y la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019). Nuestra muestra final consistió en 4.408 y 14.553 niños < 59 meses de edad de PNDS 2006 y ENANI-2019, respectivamente. Los niños con puntuaciones HAZ < -2 según el patrón de crecimiento de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se clasificaron como con déficit de talla para edad. Las prevalencias, los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95 %), las medias y las desviaciones estándar se estimaron para Brasil y según la edad. La distribución de HAZ para cada edad (en meses) se estimó utilizando la función svysmooth del paquete R. Nuestros análisis tuvieron en cuenta el complejo diseño de muestra de los estudios. Las diferencias estadísticas se determinaron mediante el análisis de la superposición puntual de los IC95 %. Entre 2006 y 2019, la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad en niños < 12 meses de edad aumentó del 4,7 % al 9%. Como se esperaba, las curvas suavizadas revelaron un HAZ promedio mayor para los niños < 24 meses de edad en 2006 que en 2019, sin una superposición del IC95 % entre los niños de 6-12 meses. Para los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad, observamos un HAZ promedio mayor en 2019. Aunque la prevalencia del déficit de talla para edad entre los niños < 59 meses de edad fue similar entre 2006 y 2019, observamos un aumento en el HAZ promedio entre los niños ≥ 24 meses de edad y una disminución en el HAZ promedio entre los niños < 24 meses de edad. Teniendo en cuenta el deterioro de las condiciones de vida y el impacto potencial de la pandemia de COVID-19, se espera una mayor prevalencia de déficit de talla para edad en Brasil en un futuro cercano.

Utilização da Razão Cintura-Estatura na avaliação nutricional na primeira fase da adolescência / The use of Waist-to-Height Ratio for nutritional assessment in the first phase of adolescence

Objetivo: Este estudo visou avaliar o desempenho da razão cintura-estatura (RCE) como indicador complementar do estado nutricional na primeira fase da adolescência. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal com 148 adolescentes (10 a 13 anos de idade) de duas escolas de Macaé, RJ, realizado em 2016/2017. Foram coletadas informações de maturação sexual, peso, estatura e perímetro da cintura (PC). Para verificar como as classificações do índice de massa corporal-para-idade (IMC/I), PC e RCE dialogam em termos de triagem de risco em saúde, foi feito o teste Kappa. Os limites máximos de sensibilidade e especificidade da RCE segundo o IMC/I foram analisados pela curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Resultados: Dentre os avaliados, 51,4% eram meninas e mais de 60% encontravam-se nos dois primeiros estágios de maturação sexual. A prevalência de excesso de peso (sobrepeso+obesidade) foi 31,8%, obesidade 17,6% e RCE elevada 20,3%, sem diferença segundo sexo e maturação sexual. A RCE apresentou boa concordância com excesso de peso (Kappa=0,707) e obesidade (Kappa=0,780). Já a concordância entre IMC/I e PC foi pobre. O valor de 0,45 da RCE foi o ponto de corte mais adequado para identificar os adolescentes com excesso de peso. Conclusões: Este trabalho sugere que a RCE apresenta melhor desempenho que o PC como indicador complementar do estado nutricional no início da adolescência. A RCE agrega informação sobre a gordura central ponderada pela estatura, não requer curva de comparação e apresenta ponto de corte, o que facilita ações de triagem nos serviços de saúde e em estudos epidemiológicos.

Objective: This study evaluated the performance of the Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHR) as an additional indicator of nutritional status in the first phase of adolescence. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, developed in 2016/2017, with 148 adolescents (10 to 13 years old) from two public schools of Macaé, a municipality in Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil. We collected information on sexual maturation, weight, height, and waist circumference (WC). The Kappa Test was performed to verify the accordance among Body Mass Index-for-Age (BMI/A), WC, and WHR in relation to health risk screening. The maximum limits of sensitivity and specificity of WHR according to BMI/A were analyzed by ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristics). Results: Among the participants, 51.4% were girls, and more than 60% were in the first two stages of sexual maturation. The prevalence of excess weight (overweight+obesity) was 31.8%, obesity 17.6%, and high WHR 20.3%, with no difference according to sex and sexual maturation. WHR showed good agreement with excess weight (Kappa=0.707) and obesity (Kappa=0.780). The agreement between BMI/A and WC was poor. The value 0.45 was the most appropriate WHR cutoff point to identify adolescents with excess weight. Conclusions: This study suggests that WHR performs better than WC as an additional indicator of nutritional status in early adolescence. WHR brings information on central adiposity weighted by height, does not require a comparison curve, and has a cutoff point, which may facilitate screening in health services and epidemiological studies.

Corticoides inhalados para el asma: sigue la batalla de la talla baja / Inhaled corticosteroids for asthma: the battle of the smaller height continues

Conclusiones de los autores del estudio: el uso de corticoides inhalados para el tratamiento del asma en los seis primeros años de vida no parece influir en el contenido mineral óseo a esa edad, independientemente de la dosis acumulada administrada. En cambio, los autores han encontrado asociación con una menor talla a los 6 años, pero solo en aquellos pacientes que continúan con tratamiento durante el sexto año de vida y que han tenido una elevada dosis acumulada de corticoides inhalados previamente. Comentario de los revisores: el tratamiento de mantenimiento con corticoides inhalados hasta la edad de 6 años podría disminuir la talla, efecto más acusado cuanto mayor es la dosis total consumida. Aunque no queda claro si esta disminución es transitoria o permanente, parece prudente monitorizar de cerca el pronóstico de talla (AU)

Authors' conclusions: The use of inhaled corticosteroids (IC) for the treatment of asthma from 0 to 6 years of age is associated with shorter height at 6 years of life, but only in patients who continue treatment in the sixth year of life with IC and who have been exposed to a higher cumulative dose of IC.Reviewers' commentary: in children under 6 years of age, the maintenance treatment of choice is IC. Although they offer good clinical control of the disease, they could have an immediate decrease in height, more pronounced in those with a higher dose consumed, without being clear if this effect is transient or permanent. (AU)

Social network of malnourished children and its association with family's food and nutritional security / Rede social de crianças desnutridas e sua relação com a segurança alimentar e nutricional da família

Abstract Objectives: evaluate the relationship between family's food and nutrition insecurity (FNI) and the social network of malnourished children. Methods: cross-sectional study with 92 children, included in the economic class D-E. For the analysis of the children's social network, the mothers answered four simple questions. To investigate the FNI, the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity was used. The association between variables was analyzed by Poisson regression with robust analysis of variances. Results: 56.5% of the children had a weak social network (<10 individuals), and the prevalence of FNI was 72.8%. An inverse association was observed between children of the daily social network and FNI family (OR=0.94; CI95%=0.89-0.99], p=0.03). The number of individuals in the children's daily social network was negatively associated with the likelihood of FNI. The mother's educational level was also related to FNI (OR=2.20 [CI95%=1.11-4.34]; p=0.02), being the child up to 2.2 times more likely to be in FNI when the mother has less than four years of study. Conclusion: these results suggest that social network is associated with the FNI of malnourished children. Interventions designed to strengthen instrumental and other forms of support among small social networks can improve the health/nutrition of malnourished children with FNI.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a relação entre a insegurança alimentar e nutricional (IAN) da família e a rede social de crianças desnutridas. Métodos: estudo transversal com 92 crianças, inseridas na classe econômica D-E. Para a análise da rede social das crianças, as mães responderam quatro perguntas simples. Para investigar a IAN foi utilizada a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. A associação entre as variáveis foi analisada por regressão de Poisson com análise robusta das variâncias. Resultados: 56,5% das crianças apresentaram rede social fraca (<10 indivíduos), e a prevalência de IAN foi de 72,8%. Foi observada uma associação inversa entre rede social diária das crianças e IAN da família (RP=0,94, [IC95%=0,89-0,99]; p=0,03). O número de indivíduos na rede social diária das crianças se associou negativamente com a probabilidade de IAN. O nível de escolaridade materno também estava relacionado com a IAN (RP=2,20 [IC95%=1,11-4,34]; p=0,02), tendo a criança até 2,2 vezes mais probabilidade de estar em IAN quando a mãe apresenta menos de quatro anos de estudo. Conclusão: esses resultados sugerem que a rede social está associada à IAN de crianças desnutridas. Intervenções destinadas a fortalecer maneiras instrumentais e outras formas de apoio entre pequenas redes sociais podem melhorar a saúde/nutrição de crianças desnutridas com IAN.

Biometría histórica de los jóvenes varones castellanos. La incidencia en su estatura de los salarios y la nutrición, 1858-1959 / Historical biometrics of young Castilian males: the impact of income and Nutrition on their height, 1858-1959

Antecedentes: los estudios antropométricos han permitido medir la evolución del bienestar en España y en perspectiva histórica, pero aún no se ha calculado el efecto preciso de los ingresos económicos en la talla. Objetivo: el propósito del este trabajo es identificar los periodos en la trayectoria vital de los jóvenes en los que las disponibilidades alimentación fueron más determinantes en su crecimiento físico. Resultados: el modelo estimado mediante mínimos cuadrados ordinarios demostraría que los ingresos salariales percibidos por sus progenitores por el joven varón en los tres primeros años de vida y los tres inmediatamente anteriores al comienzo de la adolescencia explican hasta un 60 % de su talla al cumplir los 18 años. Todos los coeficientes de los regresores de los modelos planteados son significativos al 0,99 %. Conforme a estos cálculos, el tipo de alimentación del joven en el periodo comprendido entre los 11 y los 14 años fue determinante en su proceso evolutivo. Adicionalmente, los cálculos presentan a las carencias alimentarias como el culpable de los recurrentes periodos de pérdida del bienestar, especialmente en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Conclusión: las carencias nutricionales causadas por los bajos salarios y la nutrición deficiente han obstaculizado secularmente el crecimiento físico de los jóvenes castellanos. (AU)

Background: anthropometric studies have made it possible to measure the evolution of well-being in Spain and under a historical perspective, but the precise effect of income on height has not yet been calculated. Objective: the purpose of this paper is to identify the periods in the life trajectory of young people in which food availability was the most important determinant of their physical growth. Results: the model estimated using ordinary least squares shows that the wage income received by the parents of the young male in the first three years of life and the three years immediately prior to the onset of adolescence explain up to 60 % of his height at the age of 18. All the coefficients of the regressors of the models presented are significant at 0.99 %. According to these calculations, the type of Nutrition received by the young person in the period between 11 to 14 years of age was a determining factor in his or her evolutionary process. In addition, the calculations show that food deficiencies were to blame for recurrent periods of loss of well-being, especially in the second half of the 19th century. Conclusion: Nutritional deficiencies caused by low wages and poor Nutrition have for centuries hampered the physical growth of Castilian youth. (AU)

[Historical biometrics of young Castilian males: the impact of income and nutrition on their height, 1858-1959]. / Biometría histórica de los jóvenes varones castellanos. La incidencia en su estatura de los salarios la nutrición, 1858-1959.

Introduction: Background: anthropometric studies have made it possible to measure the evolution of well-being in Spain and under a historical perspective, but the precise effect of income on height has not yet been calculated. Objective: the purpose of this paper is to identify the periods in the life trajectory of young people in which food availability was the most important determinant of their physical growth. Results: the model estimated using ordinary least squares shows that the wage income received by the parents of the young male in the first three years of life and the three years immediately prior to the onset of adolescence explain up to 60 % of his height at the age of 18. All the coefficients of the regressors of the models presented are significant at 0.99 %. According to these calculations, the type of nutrition received by the young person in the period between 11 to 14 years of age was a determining factor in his or her evolutionary process. In addition, the calculations show that food deficiencies were to blame for recurrent periods of loss of well-being, especially in the second half of the 19th century. Conclusion: nutritional deficiencies caused by low wages and poor nutrition have for centuries hampered the physical growth of Castilian youth.

Introducción: Antecedentes: los estudios antropométricos han permitido medir la evolución del bienestar en España y en perspectiva histórica, pero aún no se ha calculado el efecto preciso de los ingresos económicos en la talla. Objetivo: el propósito del este trabajo es identificar los periodos en la trayectoria vital de los jóvenes en los que las disponibilidades alimentación fueron más determinantes en su crecimiento físico. Resultados: el modelo estimado mediante mínimos cuadrados ordinarios demostraría que los ingresos salariales percibidos por sus progenitores por el joven varón en los tres primeros años de vida y los tres inmediatamente anteriores al comienzo de la adolescencia explican hasta un 60 % de su talla al cumplir los 18 años. Todos los coeficientes de los regresores de los modelos planteados son significativos al 0,99 %. Conforme a estos cálculos, el tipo de alimentación del joven en el periodo comprendido entre los 11 y los 14 años fue determinante en su proceso evolutivo. Adicionalmente, los cálculos presentan a las carencias alimentarias como el culpable de los recurrentes periodos de pérdida del bienestar, especialmente en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Conclusión: las carencias nutricionales causadas por los bajos salarios y la nutrición deficiente han obstaculizado secularmente el crecimiento físico de los jóvenes castellanos.

Relación inversa entre la altitud y el riesgo cardiometabólico en la población peruana: resultados de una encuesta de base poblacional e importancia de la relación cintura-talla como indicador de riesgo cardiometabólico

Presentación: En el presente artículo exponemos nuestra valoración crítica de un estudio observacional publicado en la revista International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health el año 2022. Conclusiones del estudio: Se identificó una asociación inversa entre vivir a mayor altura y el nivel de riesgo cardiometabólico en la población adulta peruana. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de riesgo cardiometabólico en las diferentes categorías altitudinales evaluadas se mantiene por encima del 82% (80.9 - 84.6), lo que representa una gran proporción de la población en riesgo en cada altitud. Comentario crítico: El estudio es relevante por el uso de la relación cintura-talla, considerado como un indicador antropométrico con gran precisión para estimar el riesgo cardiometabólico, ser un estudio de bajo riesgo de sesgo y tener representatividad nacional. Por otro lado, es importante porque la relación cintura-talla es económica y fácil de usar, además de ser superior al IMC, ideal para aplicarlo en Perú. Además la conclusión general del estudio es válida, sin embargo, la falta de evaluación de la temporalidad por la misma característica del estudio (tipo transversal) y el sesgo residual que tiene al no evaluar algunas variables, hace necesario que se realicen estudios longitudinales para poder apoyar los resultados del estudio.La presente revisión crítica encuentra validez interna de los resultados del estudio, pero al momento no serían aplicables para generalizarse en toda la población por el sesgo residual.

Presentation: This article presents our critical appraisal of an observational study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2022. Conclusions of the Study: An inverse association was identified between living at higher altitudes and the level of cardiometabolic risk in the Peruvian adult population. However, the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk in the different altitude categories evaluated remains above 82% (80.9 - 84.6), which represents a large proportion of the population at risk at every altitude. Critical comment: The study is relevant because of the use of the waist-height ratio, considered an anthropometric indicator with greater precision for estimating cardiometabolic risk, being a study with a low risk of bias, and having national representativity. In addition, it is important because the waist-height ratio is inexpensive and easy to use. It is also superior to BMI and ideal for application in Peru. In addition, the general conclusion of the study is valid; however, the lack of evaluation of temporality due to the same characteristic of the study (cross-sectional study) and the residual bias that it has by not evaluating some variables, makes it necessary to carry out a longitudinal study to be able to support the results of the study. The present critical review finds internal validity in the results of the study, but at the moment they would not be applicable to generalize to the entire population due to the residual bias.

Factores relacionados con las características alimentarias de niños de 6 a 36 meses detectadas a través de teleconsulta en Lambayeque- Perú / Factors related to the dietary characteristics of children aged 6 to 36 months detected through teleconsultation in Lambayeque- Peru

Fundamentos: Los primeros años de vida son períodos críticos para el ser humano, necesita de cuidadosbásicos que ayuden a optimizar el crecimiento y desarrollo al máximo. El objetivo fue determinar la relaciónde los factores sociodemográficos maternos y antropométricos de niños de 6 a 36 meses y las característicasalimentarias. Métodos: Estudio correlacional, transversal, con 60 madres de niños de 6 a 36 meses. Los datos serecogieron utilizando el recordatorio de 24 horas. Resultados: Hubo relación significativa moderada entre la edad del niño con el consumo de lácteos (p=0,006,v=0,400), huevo (p=0,009, v=0,362) y lactancia materna continuada (p=0,000, v=0,514), relación significativamoderada entre el P/T y consumo de verduras (p=0.026, v=0,312), relación significativa baja entre residenciade la madre y frecuencia adecuada de comida (f=0,029, v=0,299), relación significativa moderada entre elnivel de instrucción con la cantidad de alimentos ( 2=5.701, p=0,017, v=0, 308). Conclusiones: Los niños consumieron diversos tipos de alimentos: frutas, cereales, carnes, derivados lácteosy lactancia materna continuada, con ingesta de proteínas y lípidos superior a lo recomendado. El grado deinstrucción influye en la calidad de alimentación complementaria. Es indispensable programas de capacitaciónpermanente en alimentación responsiva y saludable utilizando medios informativos virtuales y presenciales. (AU)

Background: The first years of life are considered a critical period for the human being, requiring basic carethat helps optimize growth and development to the maximum. The objective of the study was to determinethe relationship between maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric factors of children aged 6 to 36months and dietary characteristics. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 60 mothers of children aged 6 to 36 months.Data was collected through the 24-hour recall. Results: There was a significant relationship between the age of the child with the consumption of dairyproducts (p=0.006, v=0.400), eggs (p=0.009, v=0.362) and continued breastfeeding (p=0.000, v=0.514),moderate significant relationship between weight/height and vegetable consumption (p=0.026, v=0.312), lowsignificant relationship between mother's residence and adequate meal frequency (f=0.029, v=0.299),significant relationship moderate between the level of instruction with the amount of food (X2=5.701,p=0.017, v=0.308). Conclusions: The mother's residence and educational level seem to be related to the frequency of food, theconsumption of meat and the amount of food. Of the child, age and height with egg consumption; age withdairy consumption, daily feeding frequency, continued breastfeeding, weight/height of the child withvegetable consumption. (AU)