Psychotropic medicine use without current or prior medical advice, storage at home and association with perceived stress in a primary health care setting in Greece / Uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos sin consejo médico actual o previo, almacenamiento en el hogar y asociación con estrés percibido en un entorno de atención primaria en Grecia

Objective: Psychotropic medicines use alters according to socio-economic factors and perceived stress. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of use of psychotropic medicines and supplements (PMS) without medical advice, including storage at home, and its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics and perceived stress in primary care patients. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional sample of adult attendees in an urban primary care unit in Crete, Greece, were surveyed during regularly scheduled appointments during a three-week period in October 2020. A questionnaire was distributed to investigate PMS use during the last 12 months. The validated Greek version of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) was adopted to measure perceived stress. Results: Of 263 respondents (mean age 46.3±14.5 years; 66.5% females), 101 (38.4%; 95%CI 33.1–43.7%) recalled having psychotropic medicines stored at home cabinets and 72 (27.4%; 95%CI 22.4–32.3%) reported using PMS without medical advice in the last 12 months. Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of PMS use without medical advice, including storage at home. People>59 years of age, experiencing irregular sleep and scoring high in PSS, displayed increased prevalence of storing PMS at home or using them without medical advice. The findings could potentially inform primary care providers to focus on patients most likely to be users of PMS without medical advice.(AU)

Objetivo: El uso de medicamentos psicotrópicos cambia según los factores socioeconómicos y el estrés percibido. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de uso de medicamentos y suplementos psicotrópicos (MSP) sin consejo médico, incluido el almacenamiento en el hogar y su relación con las características sociodemográficas y el estrés inferido en pacientes de atención primaria. Materiales y métodos: Se encuestó a una muestra transversal de asistentes adultos en una Unidad de Atención Primaria Urbana en Crete, Grecia, durante citas programadas regularmente durante un periodo de tres semanas en Octubre de 2020. Se distribuyó un cuestionario para investigar el uso de MSP durante los últimos 12 meses. Se adoptó la versión griega validada de la Escala de Estrés Percibido (Perceived Stress Scale 14, PSS-14) para medir el estrés percibido. Resultado: De 263 encuestados (edad media 46,3 ± 14,5 años; 66,5% mujeres), 101 (38,4%; IC 95%; 33,1-43,7%) recordaban tener medicamentos psicotrópicos almacenados en los armarios de sus casas y 72 (27,4%; IC 95%; 22,4-32,3%) informó haber usado MSP sin consejo médico en los últimos 12 meses. Conclusiones: Este estudio reveló una alta prevalencia de uso de MSP sin consejo médico, incluido el almacenamiento en el hogar. Las personas mayores de 59 años, que experimentaron sueño irregular y puntuaron alto en PSS, mostraron una mayor prevalencia de almacenar MSP en casa o usarlos sin consejo médico. Los hallazgos podrían informar potencialmente a los proveedores de atención primaria para que se centren en los pacientes con mayor probabilidad de usar MSP sin consejo médico.(AU)

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress among Romanian young adults: negative affect and avoidant coping as mediators / El impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el estrés percibido por jóvenes rumanos: los afectos negativos y las estrategias evasivas como mediadores

Antecedentes y objetivos: Aunque se consideraba que los jóvenes estaban menos expuestos a contraer una forma severa de la infección, los efectos que ellos más resintieron fueron los psicosociales. El presente artículo se propone comprobar el papel mediador de los afectos negativos y de las estrategias evasivas, primero en la relación entre el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 y el estrés percibido, y luego entre la amenaza percibida y el estrés. Diseño: Se utilizó un diseño transversal. Métodos: Se empleó una muestra de 669 estudiantes de grado (18 - 28 años) durante la cuarta oleada de coronavirus, cuando la variante delta era la dominante. Resultados: Se observaron asociaciones positivas entre el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 y el estrés percibido (r = .485; p<.001), por un lado, y entre la amenaza percibida y el estrés (r = .283; p< .001), por otro lado. Los datos estadísticos demuestran que los afectos negativos y las estrategias evasivas actúan como mediadores seriales (efecto indirecto = .3349, 95% CI, [.2858; .3852] / (efecto indirecto = .2072, 95% CI, [.1515; .2624]). Consecuentemente, el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 (β = .137; 95% CI [.0019; .0045]) y la amenaza percibida (β = .069; 95% CI [.0007; .0046]) aumentan el estrés no sólo de manera directa, sino también indirecta, intensificando los afectos negativos. Esto genera una propensión hacia el uso específico de estrategias evasivas de afrontamiento. Conclusiones: El estudio subraya algunos mecanismos explicativos en cuanto a las relaciones entre variables que afectan la salud mental durante la pandemia COVID-19.(AU)

Background and objectives:Although young adults were considered to face a lower risk of severe coronavirus infection, they were at higher risk for adverse psychosocial effects. The aim of this study was to test the me-diating roles of negative affect and avoidant coping, firstly in the relation-ship between COVID-19 impact and perceived stress, and then in the rela-tionship between perceived coronavirus threat and perceived stress. Design:Cross-sectional design. Methods: We conducted the study on a sample of 669 university students (aged between 18-28), during the critical fourth wave, when the delta variant was the dominant strain. Results: The results indicate significant positive associations between the impact of COVID-19 and perceived stress (r = .485; p<.001), and between perceived corona-virus threat and perceived stress (r= .283; p<.001). Our findings demon-strate that negative affect and avoidant coping serially mediate these rela-tionships (total indirect effect = .3349, 95% CI, [.2858; .3852] / (total indi-rect effect = .2072, 95% CI, [.1515; .2624]). Thus, the impact of COVID-19 (β= .137; 95% CI [.0019; .0045]) and perceived coronavirus threat (β= .069; 95% CI [.0007; .0046]) induce an increase in stress not only directly, but also indirectly, through amplified negative affect, which in turn in-creases the specific-oriented use of avoidant coping strategies. Conclusions:Our results highlighted some new explanatory relationships between varia-bles that affect mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.(AU)

Psychotropic medicine use without current or prior medical advice, storage at home and association with perceived stress in a primary health care setting in Greece.

OBJECTIVE: Psychotropic medicines use alters according to socio-economic factors and perceived stress. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of use of psychotropic medicines and supplements (PMS) without medical advice, including storage at home, and its relationship with socio-demographic characteristics and perceived stress in primary care patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of adult attendees in an urban primary care unit in Crete, Greece, were surveyed during regularly scheduled appointments during a three-week period in October 2020. A questionnaire was distributed to investigate PMS use during the last 12 months. The validated Greek version of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) was adopted to measure perceived stress. RESULTS: Of 263 respondents (mean age 46.3±14.5 years; 66.5% females), 101 (38.4%; 95%CI 33.1-43.7%) recalled having psychotropic medicines stored at home cabinets and 72 (27.4%; 95%CI 22.4-32.3%) reported using PMS without medical advice in the last 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a high prevalence of PMS use without medical advice, including storage at home. People>59 years of age, experiencing irregular sleep and scoring high in PSS, displayed increased prevalence of storing PMS at home or using them without medical advice. The findings could potentially inform primary care providers to focus on patients most likely to be users of PMS without medical advice.

Estrés y cognición: propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Estrés Percibido y asociaciones con el funcionamiento cognitivo, síntomas prefrontales y quejas cognitivas / Stress and cognition: psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale and associations with cognitive functioning, prefrontal symptoms, and cognitive complaints

Introducción: La escala de estrés percibido de Cohen (EEP) es el instrumento más utilizado a nivel mundial para medir estrés percibido, sin embargo, no existen análisis psicométricos en población general venezolana. Además, la teoría sugiere que el estrés podría tener efectos en el funcionamiento cognitivo a través de la sintomatología prefrontal y las quejas cognitivas. Objetivos. Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la EEP y determinar la relación del estrés percibido y el funcionamiento cognitivo mediante los síntomas prefrontales y las quejas cognitivas. Sujetos y métodos. Se aplicaron las pruebas EEP, ISP-18, MFE-30 y MoCA a una muestra de 223 participantes (Medad = 33, D.E. = 12.82; 64% mujeres). Se ejecutaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios para determinar el ajuste de las versiones de la EEP y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para analizar las relaciones entre variables. Resultados. La estructura de la EEP con mejor ajuste se compone de diez ítems y dos factores denominados incontrolabilidad percibida y eficacia percibida. Asimismo, el modelo estructural obtuvo un excelente ajuste a los datos y pone de manifiesto que el efecto del estrés sobre el funcionamiento cognitivo ocurre a través de los síntomas prefrontales y las quejas cognitivas (ß = -.303; EE = .123; p = .013). Discusión. La EEP-10 es una herramienta breve, valida y confiable para ser utilizada en contexto venezolano. Los efectos del estrés percibido sobre el funcionamiento cognitivo ocurren a través de una mediación serial que involucra la percepción de los individuos respecto a su funcionamiento ejecutivo y fallos cognitivos cotidianos.(AU)

Introduction: The Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is the most widely used instrument worldwide to measure perceived stress; however, there are no psychometric analyses in the Venezuelan general population. Moreover, theory suggests that stress could have effects on cognitive functioning through prefrontal symptomatology and cognitive complaints. Aims. To analyze the psychometric properties of the EEP and to determine the relationship of perceived stress and cognitive functioning through prefrontal symptoms and cognitive complaints. Subjects and methods. The EEP, ISP-18, MFE-30, and MoCA tests were administered to a sample of 223 participants (Mage = 33, SD = 12.82; 64% female). Confirmatory factor analyses were run to determine the fit of the EEP versions, and structural equation models were performed to analyze the relationships between variables. Results. The structure of the EEP with the best fit was composed of ten items and two factors called perceived uncontrollability and perceived efficacy. Also, the structural model obtained an excellent fit to the data and highlights that the effect of stress on cognitive functioning occurs through prefrontal symptoms and cognitive complaints (ß = -.303; EE = .123; p = .013). Discussion. The EEP-10 is a brief, valid and reliable tool to be used in a Venezuelan context. The effects of perceived stress on cognitive functioning occur through a serial mediation involving individuals’ perception of their executive functioning and everyday cognitive failures.(AU)

The role of mindfulness and dysexecutive functioning in the association between depression and COVID-19-related stress: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Background: Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the severity of college student's mental health has increased, with depression being the most prominent. This study's primary purpose was to explore (1) whether the perceived stress of COVID-19 was associated with depression through sequential mediation of mindfulness and dysexecutive function and also (2) the temporal association among mindfulness, dysexecutive function and depression.Methods: We performed two studies to evaluate dysexecutive function as a mechanism through which mindfulness impacts depression under the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 1 used a sequential mediation model to test the mediating role of mindfulness and dysexecutive function between the perceived stress of COVID-19 and depression based on 1,665 emerging adults. Study 2 used a random-effect, cross-lagged panel model (RE-CLPM) to test the directionality among mindfulness, dysexecutive function, and depression based on 370 emerging adults.Results: The cross-sectional study showed that perceived stress of COVID-19 was positively associated with depression through the sequential mediation of mindfulness and dysexecutive function (effect: 0.08, 95%CI = [0.07, 0.10]), also through the mediation of mindfulness (effect: 0.05, 95%CI = [0.03, 0.06]) and dysexecutive function (effect: 0.08, 95%CI = [0.06, 0.10]) separately. The RE-CLPM study indicated that dysexecutive function mediates the reciprocal relation between mindfulness and depression at the within-person level.Conclusion: These results suggest that dysexecutive function is an intermediate psychological mechanism that exacerbates depression under pandemic-related stress. Mindfulness can predict dysexecutive function and subsequently improve depression. As depression under pandemic-related stress can weaken the mindful state, long-term mindfulness practices are needed to maintain mental health during COVID-19.

Dysexecutive function is a potential cognitive risk factor of depression under pandemic stress using cross-sectional data.The random effect cross-lagged panel model (RE-CLPM) demonstrated temporal association among mindfulness, dysexecutive functions, and depression.Long-term mindfulness practices are needed to maintain mental health under COVID-19 stress.

Estrés psicológico y sus factores relacionados entre estudiantes de enfermería marroquíes: un estudio transversal / Psychological stress and its related factors among Moroccan nursing students: A cross-sectional study

Objetivo: Este estudio se realizó para evaluar la prevalencia y los factores relacionados con el estrés percibido entre los estudiantes de enfermería del Instituto Superior de Profesiones Enfermeras y Técnicas de la Salud de Fez, en Marruecos. Método: Se realizó un estudio tranvesal, en el que se aplicaron la Perceived Stress Scale 10, el Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale y la escala de Competencia Académica, Competencia en Pruebas, Gestión del Tiempo y Estudio Estratégico, para recopilar datos de estudiantes matriculados en cursos de enfermería. Los análisis univariantes y bivariantes se realizaron con SPSS versión 20. Resultados: De los 437 estudiantes de enfermería, 405 (105 hombres y 300 mujeres) completaron la encuesta. Se encontró una baja prevalencia de estrés percibido (17%; N=69), con una puntuación media (desviación estándar) de estrés de 17,17 (4,15). El nivel de estrés de los estudiantes se asoció significativamente con el curso académico, la práctica de actividades extracurriculares profesionales, el ingreso mensual de la familia y el uso del transporte público. Igualmente, se asoció con la calidad subjetiva del sueño de los estudiantes, la latencia del sueño, la disfunción diurna y la eficiencia habitual del sueño. También se observó una correlación positiva entre las puntuaciones de «gestión del tiempo» y las puntuaciones de «habilidades de adaptación a la prueba». Sin embargo, no se observó asociación significativa entre las puntuaciones de estrés con la edad y el género de los estudiantes. Conclusión: Aunque se ha observado un bajo estrés percibido por los estudiantes de enfermería, hay factores personales, curriculares y relacionados con la calidad del sueño, asociados a su existencia. Las universidades podrían desarrollar, teniendo en cuenta los resultados, intervenciones preventivas para divulgar y controlar los factores asociados al estrés en este subconjunto de la población.(AU)

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and related factors of perceived stress among nursing students at Fez High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technics in Morocco. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out, in which The Perceived Stress Scale 10, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale, and Academic Competence, Test Competence, Time Management, and Strategic Studying scale were used to collect data from students enrolled in nursing courses. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20. Results: Of the 437 nursing students, 405 (105 men and 300 women) completed the survey. A low prevalence of perceived stress (17%; N=69) was found, with a mean (standard deviation) stress score of 17.17 (4.15). The stress level of the students was significantly associated with the academic year, the practice of professional extracurricular activities, the monthly income of the family, and the use of public transportation. In addition, the stress level was associated with the subjective quality of the sleep of the students, sleep latency, diurnal dysfunction, and usual sleep efficiency. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between «time management» scores and «test adaptation skills» scores. However, no significant association was observed between stress scores and the age and gender of the students. Conclusion: Although it was found level levels of perceived stress by the nurse students, there are personal and curricular factors, as well as factors regarding the sleeping quality, which as associated with its presence. Considering these results, universities should employ adequate preventive interventions to disseminating and controlling to this subset of the population.(AU)

Psychological stress and its related factors among Moroccan nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence and related factors of perceived stress among nursing students at Fez High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technics in Morocco. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was used to determine the perceived stress levels and stress-related factors among nursing students enrolled at Fez High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Technics in Morocco. The Perceived Stress Scale 10, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale, and Academic Competence, Test Competence, Time Management, and Strategic Studying scale were used to collect data from 405 students enrolled in nursing courses. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Of the 437 nursing students, 405 (105 men and 300 women) completed the survey. A low prevalence of perceived stress (17%; N = 69) was found, with a mean stress score of 17.174,15. The stress level of the students was significantly associated with the year of study of the students, the practice of professional extracurricular activities, the monthly income of the family, and the use of public transportation. In addition, the stress level was associated with the subjective quality of the sleep of the students, sleep latency, diurnal dysfunction, and usual sleep efficiency. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between "time management" scores and "test adaptation skills" scores. However, no significant association was observed between stress scores with the age and gender of the students. CONCLUSION: Considering these results, national universities should employ preventive interventions by disclosing and controlling the associated factors of stress. Thus, the results of this investigation could be effective to determine stress-related factors to provide adequate intervention to this subset of the population.

Regulación emocional en la relación del mindfulness con el estrés percibido en el personal de salud

Introducción: A pesar de que varias investigaciones han demostrado que el mindfulness o atención plena influye en el estrés percibido, se ha evidenciado la carencia de estudios que hayan probado las relaciones entre la regulación emocional, la atención plena y el estrés percibido, específicamente en el personal de la salud que labora en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Objetivo: Probar la relación entre la atención plena y el estrés percibido en el personal de salud de hospitales públicos y privados de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador, para identificar si esta relación es mediada por la regulación emocional. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de alcance descriptivo correlacional y diseño transversal donde se aplicó un cuestionario conformado por 39 preguntas tomadas de tres escalas psicosomáticas a 382 trabajadores de la salud de unidades de cuidados intensivos de las instituciones antes mencionadas. Se midieron las variables: atención plena, regulación emocional y estrés percibido. Los análisis estadísticos fueron desarrollados a través de Excel y Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21. Resultados: Los análisis estadísticos evidenciaron que la atención plena influyó en el estrés percibido (β=0,428**) y, también, en la regulación emocional (β=0,488**), así mismo la regulación emocional influyó sobre el estrés percibido (β=0,417**). Conclusiones: Se corrobora que la regulación emocional tiene un efecto mediador entre el mindfulness o atención plena y el estrés percibido en los trabajadores de la salud de las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Este personal a menudo desarrolla actividades sin prestar atención plena, sin embargo, tienen control sobre sus actividades laborales y están en la capacidad de regular y ocultar emociones que se les pueda presentar dentro de los contextos laborales de la salud y, de esta manera, disminuir los riesgos de padecer estrés.

Introduction: While a number of research studies have shown that mindfulness influences perceived stress, there is a lack of research that have tested the relationship between emotional regulation, mindfulness and perceived stress, specifically in those health workers who work in intensive care units. Objective: Test relationship between mindfulness and perceived stress in health workers of public and private hospitals in Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador, in order to identify whether this relationship is mediated by emotional regulation. Method: A quantitative study of descriptive correlational scope and cross-sectional design was carried out, where a questionnaire consisting of 39 questions taken from three psychosomatic scales was applied to 382 health care workers in intensive care units of the aforementioned institutions. Variables used were as follow: mindfulness, emotional regulation and perceived stress. Statistical analyses were structured using two specialized softwares Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21. Results: Statistical analyses showed that mindfulness influenced perceived stress (β=0.428**), and also emotional regulation (β=0.488**), at the same time, emotional regulation influenced perceived stress (β=0.417**). Conclusions: It was corroborated that emotional regulation played a mediating effect between mindfulness and perceived stress felt by the health care workers who work in intensive care units. Frequently, these personnel develop activities without mindfulness, however, they have control over their work activities and are able to regulate and hide emotions that may arise in their work environment and, in this way, reduce the risks of suffering stress.

Introdução: Apesar de várias investigações mostrarem que mindfulness ou atenção plena influenciam o estresse percebido, faltam estudos que comprovem as relações entre regulação emocional, mindfulness e estresse percebido, especificamente no pessoal de saúde que trabalha em unidades de terapia intensiva. Objetivo: Testar a relação entre mindfulness e estresse percebido em trabalhadores de saúde de hospitais públicos e privados de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Equador, para identificar se essa relação é mediada pela regulação emocional. Método: Estudo quantitativo, de alcance descritivo correlacional e delineamento transversal, onde foi aplicado um questionário composto por 39 questões extraídas de três escalas psicossomáticas a 382 trabalhadores de saúde de unidades de terapia intensiva das referidas instituições. As variáveis foram medidas: atenção plena, regulação emocional e estresse percebido. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas usando o Excel e o Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21. Resultados: As análises estatísticas mostraram que a atenção plena influenciou o estresse percebido (β=0,428**) e também a regulação emocional (β=0,488**), da mesma forma que a regulação emocional influenciou a percepção tensão (β=0,417**). Conclusões: Corrobora-se que a regulação emocional tem efeito mediador entre mindfulness ou atenção plena e estresse percebido em trabalhadores de saúde em unidades de terapia intensiva. Esses profissionais muitas vezes realizam atividades sem total atenção, porém, possuem controle sobre suas atividades laborais e são capazes de regular e ocultar emoções que possam surgir nos contextos de trabalho em saúde e, assim, reduzir os riscos de estresse.

El efecto de los sucesos vitales, el estrés percibido, la resiliencia y el sexo sobre la calidad de vida de estudiantes universitarios: procesos condicionales / The effect of life events, perceived stress, resilience and sex on the quality of life of university students: conditional processes

Los objetivos del estudio fueron: a) estimar el efecto directo de los sucesos vitales sobre las dimensiones de la calidad de vida (Salud física, Salud psicológica, Relaciones sociales y Entorno), b) estimar el efecto indirecto del estrés percibido sobre la relación entre los sucesos vitales y las dimensiones de la calidad de vida, c) la moderación de la resiliencia y el sexo sobre ambos efectos en estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 327 estudiantes universitarios, 56,9% mujeres, con edades entre 18 y 24 años. Se encontró que el estrés percibido medió la relación entre sucesos vitales y todas las dimensiones de calidad de vida. También se encontró que el sexo y la resiliencia no moderaron el efecto directo e indirecto en ninguna de las dimensiones de la calidad de vida. Este estudio aporta pruebas sobre los mecanismos del estrés percibido, la resiliencia y el sexo sobre la relación entre los sucesos vitales y la calidad de vida de estudiantes universitarios. (AU)

The objectives of the study were: a) to estimate the direct effect of life events on the dimensions of quality of life (Physical Health, Psychological Health, Social Relations and Environment), b) to estimate the indirect effect of perceived stress on the relationship between events vital and the dimensions of quality of life, c) the moderation of resilience and sex on both effects in university students. 327 university students participated, 56,9% women, aged between 18 and 24 years. Perceived stress was found to mediate the relationship between life events and the quality-oflife dimensions. It was also found that sex and resilience did not moderate the direct and indirect effect in any of the dimensions of quality of life. This study provides proof on the mechanisms of perceived stress, resilience and sex on the relationship between life events and the quality of life of university students. (AU)

Validación de la Escala de estrés percibido por COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios peruanos

El objetivo de este estudio fue validar y estudiar el desempeño psicométrico, consistencia interna y dimensionalidad de la Escala de Estrés Percibido relacionada con el COVID-19 (EEP-10-C) con una muestra de un total 343 estudiantes, quienes completaron la encuesta voluntariamente. La validez se determinó mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio y su consistencia interna fue calculada con los coeficientes de alfa de Cronbach (0.859) y omega de McDonald (0.887). Los resultados mostraron que se establecieron dos dimensiones para EEP-10-C: el distrés general explicó el 44.2 % de varianza acumulada y la capacidad de afrontamiento, el 55.8 %. El AFC de la propuesta bidimensional señaló adecuados índices de ajuste (X2/gl = 2.590, GFI = 0.949, TLI = 0.936, CFI = 0.952 el SRMR = 0.0435 y el RMSEA = 0.068). El EEP-10-C tuvo una consistencia interna aceptable y dos dimensiones que desarrollaron el instrumento psicométrico de estrés percibido por COVID-19 aceptables para estudiantes universitarios peruanos.

This study aimed to validate and study the psychometric performance, internal consistency and dimensionality of the Perceived Stress Scale related to COVID-19 (EEP-10-C) with a sample of a total of 343 students, who completed the survey voluntarily. Validity was determined by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and its internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's alpha (0.859) and McDonald's omega (0.887) coefficients. The results showed that two dimensions were established for EEP-10-C: general distress explained 44.2% of cumulative variance and coping ability, 55.8%. The AFC of the two-dimensional approach indicated adequate fit indices (X2/gl= 2.590, GFI=0.949, TLI=0.936, CFI= 0.952 the SRMR=0.0435 and the RMSEA=0.068). The EEP-10-C had an acceptable internal consistency and two dimensions that developed the psychometric instrument of perceived stress by covid-19 acceptable for Peruvian university students.

Asociación entre estrés percibido y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de enfermería en tiempos de COVID-19 / Association between stress perceived and coping strategies among nursing students in times of covid-19

Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre el estrés percibido y las estrategias de afrontamiento utilizadas por los estudiantes de Enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en una universidad de Cartagena, Colombia. Se calculó un tamaño muestral de 302 participantes. Se aplicó una encuesta sobre datos sociodemográficos, un Cuestionario de Afrontamiento del Estrés y la Escala de Estrés Percibido-10. Para calcular la asociación se empleó la t de Student, ANOVA one-way, test de Tukey y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Se dio significancia estadística con p< 0,05. Resultados: participaron 302 estudiantes (100%) de los cuales el 94% era mujer, el 80,1% estaba comprendido entre los 15 y los 24 años, el 82,5% de nivel socioeconómico bajo, el 73,2% de áreas urbanas y el 67,9% tenía familia nuclear. El nivel de estrés en los estudiantes fue moderado, con un promedio de 19,1 (DE: 4,9), siendo mayor entre los 15-19 años (p= 0,01). Las estrategias de afrontamiento fueron significativamente diferentes según el sexo, la edad, el tipo de familia y el entorno (rural/urbano), no se encontraron diferencias según nivel socioeconómico. El estrés percibido se correlacionó directamente con la estrategia de afrontamiento de autofocalización negativa (r= 0,41; p< 0,001) y expresión emocional abierta (r= 0,38; p< 0,001): y correlacionó negativamente con la localización en solución de problemas (r= -0,25; p< 0,001); religión (r= -0,26; p< 0,05) y búsqueda de apoyo social (r= -0,11; p< 0,05). Conclusión: existe una relación entre los niveles de estrés percibido y la utilización de estrategias de afrontamiento en los estudiantes. En general, la búsqueda de apoyo social, la religión y la solución de problemas disminuyen el nivel de estrés percibido de los estudiantes.(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the relationship between the stress perceived and the coping strategies used by Nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at a university in Cartagena, Colombia. The sample size was calculated at 302 participants. A survey was applied regarding demographical data, a Stress Coping Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale-10. The tests used in order to calculate the association were Student’s t, ANOVA one-way, Tukey test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results: the study included 302 participants (100%), out of which 94% were female, 80.1% were 15-to-24 years old, 82.5% had low socioeconomic level, 73.2% came from urban areas, and 67.9% had a nuclear family. The level of stress among students was moderate, with 19.1 (SD: 4.9) as average, and higher for 15-to-19-year old students (p= 0.01). Coping strategies were significantly different according to gender, age, type of family and environment (rural/urban); no differences were found in terms of socioeconomic level. The stress perceived was directly correlated with the coping strategy of negative self-targeting (r= 0.41; p< 0.001) and open emotional expression (r= 0.38; p< 0.001); and it was negatively correlated with localized problem solving (r= -0.25; p< 0.001); religion (r= -0.26; p< 0.05) and search for social support (r= -0.11; p< 0.05). Conclusion: there is a relationship between the levels of stress perceived and the use of coping strategies among students. Overall, the search for social support, religion and problem solving will reduce the level of stress perceived by students.(AU)

Respuestas psicológicas a la cuarentena por pandemia de COVID-19 en población colombiana / Psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine in Colombian population

Resumen Introducción: el presente estudio analiza el estrés percibido, las estrategias de afrontamiento, su regulación emocional, impacto y malestar psicológico, durante la cuarentena por la pandemia de COVID-19 en la población colombiana. Método: muestra no probabilística de 356 adultos que respondieron un cuestionario en línea. Resultados: se encontraron puntuaciones medias y altas en estrategias de afrontamiento y regulación emocional activas y puntuaciones bajas en estrés, malestar psicológico e impacto de la cuarentena. El 38.76 % presentó puntuaciones que indican riesgo de trastorno por estrés postraumático. Las mujeres, los menores de 35 años, los bachilleres, los estudiantes y las personas que viven solas presentan mayores afectaciones. Se encontraron relaciones estadísticamente significativas de estrés con todas las variables, excepto con apoyo social y convivientes durante la cuarentena. Por último, se encontró asociación positiva del estrés con desahogo, supresión expresiva, impacto de la cuarentena y malestar psicológico; y asociación negativa con planificación, aceptación, revaluación cognitiva y edad mayor de 25 años. Conclusiones: los resultados contribuyen a comprender las respuestas ante la cuarentena e identificar factores de vulnerabilidad para diseñar programas de prevención e intervención.

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the perceived stress, coping strategies, emotional regulation, impact of the event, and psychological distress during quarantine due to COVID-19 pandemic in the Colombian population. Method: Non-probabilistic sample made up of 356 adults who answered an online questionnaire. Results: It was found medium and high scores in active coping strategies and emotional regulation, and low scores in stress, psychological distress and impact of quarantine. The 38.76 % presented scores that indicate risk of post-traumatic stress disorder. Women, people under 35 years of age, high school graduates, students, and living alone during the quarantine showed higher affectation. Statistically significant correlations of stress with all variables except with social support and cohabitants during quarantine were found. Finally, it was found a positive association of stress with venting, expressive suppression, the impact of quarantine, and psychological distress, and negative association with planning, acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, and age over 25 years. Conclusions: These results contribute to understanding responses to quarantine and to identify vulnerability factors to design prevention and intervention programs.

Structural analysis and reliability of the Perceived Stress Scale in nursing professionals from Peru.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to provide psychometric evidence of the 14-item and 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale in nursing professionals from Peru. METHOD: Data on 2848 professionals (92.275% women) between 23 and 69 years old (M = 21.876; SD = 10.763) was extracted from ENSUSALUD 2015. An exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) was applied with Mplus 7.0 software to analyse several measurement models in the PSS: unidimensional, bidimensional, models with method factor, and bifactor. Finally, the reliability was analysed. RESULTS: The two-factor structure obtained adequate fit indices, and acceptable factorial loadings (>.50), while the unidimensional model has poor statistical support. The construct and score reliability was also adequate. CONCLUSION: The two-factor model of the PSS-10 and PSS-14 presents adequate psychometric properties to expand its use to empirical research.

Análisis estructural y de fiabilidad de la Escala de estrés percibido (PSS) en profesionales de enfermería del Perú / Structural analysis and reliability of the Perceived Stress Scale in nursing professionals from Peru

Objetivo: El objetivo fue brindar evidencia psicométrica de las versiones de 10 y 14 ítems de la Escala de Estrés Percibido en profesionales de enfermería del Perú. Método: Se obtuvo información de 2.848 profesionales (92,27% mujeres), con edades entre 23 y 69 años (M=43,28; DE=10,76) de la base de datos ENSUSALUD, del Ministerio de Sanidad, 2015. Se aplicó un modelamiento exploratorio de ecuaciones estructurales con el software Mplus v. 7.0, a fin de evaluar diversos modelos de medición en la Escala de Estrés Percibido: unidimensional, bidimensional, modelos con factor de método y bifactor. Finalmente se analizó la fiabilidad. Resultados: La estructura de 2 factores obtuvo índices de ajuste adecuados en la versión de 14 ítems (PSS-14) y de 10 ítems (PSS-10), así como cargas factoriales aceptables (>0,50), mientras que el modelo unidimensional no recibe apoyo estadístico. Adicionalmente, la fiabilidad del constructo y de las puntuaciones fue adecuada. Conclusión: El modelo de 2 factores de la PSS-10 y PSS-14 presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas que le permite ampliar su uso en investigación empírica.(AU)

Objective: The objective was to provide psychometric evidence of the 14-item and 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale in nursing professionals from Peru. Method: Data on 2848 professionals (92.27% women) between 23 and 69 years old (M=21.87; SD=10.76) was extracted from ENSUSALUD 2015. An exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) was applied with Mplus 7.0 software to analyse several measurement models in the PSS: unidimensional, bidimensional, models with method factor, and bifactor. Finally, the reliability was analysed. Results: The two-factor structure obtained adequate fit indices, and acceptable factorial loadings (>.50), while the unidimensional model has poor statistical support. The construct and score reliability was also adequate. Conclusion: The two-factor model of the PSS-10 and PSS-14 presents adequate psychometric properties to expand its use to empirical research.(AU)

Impact of the lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with inflammatory bowel disease / Impacto del confinamiento debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 en pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal

Introduction: The lockdown period due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Spain probably had a significant emotional impact on chronic patients and hence on those who are suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to their high risk of emotional disorders. The aim of this study was to learn how COVID-19 influenced patients suffering from IBD during the quarantine period, focusing in particular on psychological distress through the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and also the impact of the pandemic on therapeutic adherence using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).Patients and methods: A prospective, single-centre and analytical observational study was carried out in the IBD unit in August 2020. Patients were contacted and interviewed by phone. A descriptive analysis was carried out and subsequently the factors associated with the loss of therapeutic adherence and higher-moderate levels of stress were analyzed through logistic regression multivariate analyses.Results: A total of 426 patients were included with a median PSS-10 score of 12 (10–16). A higher level of stress was reported by those who were not married, women and those who experienced an increase in IBD-related symptoms. Adherence to treatment was not associated with stress based on the PSS-10 questionnaire.Conclusions: Although the lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic has probably had a significant emotional impact on Spaniards with IBD, IBD patients in general had lower PSS-10 scores.

Introducción: El confinamiento debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 en España tuvo probablemente un importante impacto emocional en los pacientes crónicos, y por tanto en aquellos que sufren enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) debido a su riesgo incrementado de padecer desórdenes emocionales. El objetivo de este estudio es el de conocer como la COVID-19 ha influido a los pacientes con EII durante el período de cuarentena, haciendo hincapié en el nivel de estrés a través de la Escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS-10) así como en la adherencia a los tratamientos por medio de la escala visual analógica (VAS).Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, unicéntrico y observacional realizado en la Unidad de EII durante el mes de agosto de 2020. Los pacientes fueron entrevistados por teléfono. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo inicial, posteriormente se identificaron los factores relacionados con la pérdida de adherencia, así como con los niveles altos-moderados de estrés a través de análisis de regresión logística multivariante.Resultados: Fueron incluidos un total de 426 pacientes con una puntuación media en la escala PSS-10 de 12 (10-16). Los niveles más altos de estrés se reportaron en aquellos pacientes que no estaban casados, las mujeres o aquellos que habían incrementado sintomatología relacionada con su EII. La adherencia al tratamiento no se asoció con el nivel de estrés basado en el cuestionario PSS-10.Conclusiones: A pesar de que el período de cuarentena por COVID-19 haya podido tener un importante papel en el impacto emocional de la población española con EII, los pacientes con EII tuvieron en general niveles bajos según el cuestionario PSS-10.

Perceived Stress Scale, a tool to explorepsychological stress in Mexican women / Escala de Estrés Percibido, un instrumento para explorar estrés psicológico en mujeres mexicanas

Abstract: Objective: To examine the factor structure of the 4- and 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) among 1 310 Mexican women participating in a prospective cancer cohort study. Materials and methods: We performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in two sub-samples of the Mexican Teachers' Cohort. We evaluated internal consistency, estimated the correlation between PSS-4 and PSS-10, and assessed their correlation with a depressive symptoms scale. Results: Two-factor models were the solutions with the best fit to the data for both PSS-4 and -10, exhibiting strong factor loadings (0.39 to 0.75) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.72 and 0.83). The correlation between PSS-4 and PSS-10 was r=0.91 and the correlations of these two scales with a depressive symptoms scale were r=0.41 and r=0.46, respectively. Conclusions: PSS might be an adequate scale to assess perceived stress in this prospective cancer cohort study. PSS-4 may be advantageous due to its simplicity, low cost, and short application time in multicountry studies on stress and cancer.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la estructura factorial de la Escala de Estrés Percibido (PSS, por sus siglas en inglés) de 4 y 10 ítems en 1 310 mujeres mexicanas que participan en un estudio de cohorte sobre cáncer. Material y métodos: Se realizó análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio en dos submuestras distintas del estudio ESMaestras. También se evaluó la consistencia interna, la correlación entre la PSS-4 y la PSS-10, y la correlación de estas escalas con una escala de síntomas depresivos. Resultados: El modelo de dos factores fue la solución con los mejores índices para ambas escalas, exhibiendo cargas factoriales fuertes (0.39-0.75), y alta consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach=0.72 y 0.83). La correlación entre la PSS-4 y la PSS-10 fue r=0.91 y la correlación de estas escalas con la escala de síntomas depresivos fue r=0.41 y 0.46. Conclusiones: La PSS es una escala adecuada para evaluar el estrés percibido en este estudio de cohorte sobre cáncer. La PSS-4 puede ser ventajosa por su simplicidad, bajo costo y corto tiempo de aplicación en estudios multipaís sobre estrés y cáncer.

Saúde ocupacional dos trabalhadores no contexto das organizações: estresse percebido e estresse avaliado / Occupational health of workers in the context of organizations: perceived stress and assessed stress / Salud ocupacional de los trabajadores en el contexto de las organizaciones: estrés percibido y estrés evaluado

INTRODUÇÃO: Dentre as formas de acometimento do estresse encontra-se o estresse ocupacional, vinculado especificamente ao trabalho. Sabe-se que determinadas amostras da população estão mais propensas a apresentarem este adoecimento, seja pela alta carga de trabalho ou pela pressão psicológica existente na empresa. Além de apresentarem adoecimento no trabalho, há relatos de casos de intenção de desistência da carreira e brigas no âmbito ocupacional em decorrência da alta pressão por resultados e pouca valorização do trabalho realizado. OBJETIVO: Com base em tais dados, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o acometimento de estresse e a saúde ocupacional dos trabalhadores em contextos organizacionais distintos, avaliando o estresse percebido pelos eles e o estresse avaliado por meio de um instrumento que mensurasse esses níveis. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Além de pesquisa bibliográfica, o estudo contou com aplicação de dois instrumentos de coleta de dados, Inventário de Sintomas de Stress para Adultos Lipp (ISSL) e uma ficha de questões, os quais foram respondidos por 38 indivíduos, efetivados em diferentes empresas. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Os resultados foram tabulados e devidamente analisados pela metodologia proposta, demonstrando que na percepção própria dos entrevistados a variação acerca do estresse foi grande, porém após a aplicação do ISSL, obteve-se como resultados que mais de 50% da amostra total se encontravam com estresse e na fase de Resistência, evidenciando dessa forma, a necessidade de maior suporte aos funcionários de empresas. Assim, o presente trabalho pode contribuir para a ampliação da discussão prática desse tema, além de proporcionar maior conhecimento sobre a relevância da temática, apontando que o estresse está mais presente nos trabalhadores do que se supõe. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Maiores estudos na área, especificando as empresas e estratégias utilizadas ou não são fundamentais para promover maior qualidade de vida e saúde aos trabalhadores.

INTRODUCTION: Among the forms of stress involvement is occupational stress, specifically linked to work. It is known that certain samples of the population are more likely to have this illness, either because of the high workload or the psychological pressure involved in the company. In addition to presenting illness at work, there are reports of cases of intention to give up their careers and fights in the occupational sphere due to the high pressure for results and little appreciation of the work performed. OBJECTIVE: Based on such data, the present study aimed to investigate the involvement of stress and the workers' occupational health in different organizational contexts, evaluating the stress perceived by them and the stress evaluated through an instrument that measures the same. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In addition to bibliographic research, the study included the application of two data collection instruments, the Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Lipp Adults (ISSL) and a question sheet, which were answered by 38 individuals, carried out in different companies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results were tabulated and duly analyzed by the proposed methodology, demonstrating that, in the interviewees' own perception, the variation regarding stress was large, but after the application of ISSL, it was obtained as results that more than 50% of the total sample were under stress and in the Resistance phase, thus evidencing the need for greater support for company employees. Thus, the present work can contribute to the expansion of the practical discussion of this theme, in addition to providing greater knowledge about the relevance of the theme, pointing out that stress is more present in workers than is supposed. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: Further studies in the area, specifying the companies and strategies used or not are fundamental to promote a better quality of life and health for workers.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Entre las formas de afectación del estrés se encuentra el estrés laboral, específicamente vinculado al trabajo. Se sabe que ciertas muestras de la población son más propensas a padecer esta enfermedad, ya sea por la alta carga de trabajo o por la presión psicológica que implica la empresa. Además de presentar enfermedad en el trabajo, existen relatos de casos de intención de abandono de la carrera y luchas en el ámbito ocupacional debido a la alta presión por resultados y poca valoración del trabajo realizado. OBJETIVO: Con base en tales datos, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la participación del estrés y la salud ocupacional de los trabajadores en diferentes contextos organizacionales, evaluando el estrés percibido por ellos y el estrés evaluado a través de un instrumento que mide el mismo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Además de una búsqueda bibliográfica, el estudio incluyó la aplicación de dos instrumentos de recolección de datos, el Inventario de Síntomas de Estrés de Lipp para Adultos (ISSL), y una hoja de preguntas, que fueron respondidas por 38 personas, realizadas en diferentes empresas. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados fueron tabulados y debidamente analizados por la metodología propuesta, demostrándose que, en la percepción de los propios entrevistados, la variación respecto al estrés era grande, pero luego de la aplicación del ISSL se obtuvo como resultados que más del 50% de la muestra total se encontraba bajo estrés y en fase de Resistencia, evidenciando así la necesidad de un mayor apoyo a los trabajadores de la empresa. Así, el presente trabajo puede contribuir para la ampliación de la discusión práctica de este tema, además de proporcionar mayor conocimiento sobre la relevancia del tema, apuntando que el estrés está más presente en los trabajadores de lo que se supone. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: Mayores estudios en el área, especificando las empresas y las estrategias utilizadas o no, son fundamentales para promover una mejor calidad de vida y salud de los trabajadores.

Impact of the lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

INTRODUCTION: The lockdown period due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Spain probably had a significant emotional impact on chronic patients and hence on those who are suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to their high risk of emotional disorders. The aim of this study was to learn how COVID-19 influenced patients suffering from IBD during the quarantine period, focusing in particular on psychological distress through the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and also the impact of the pandemic on therapeutic adherence using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, single-centre and analytical observational study was carried out in the IBD unit in August 2020. Patients were contacted and interviewed by phone. A descriptive analysis was carried out and subsequently the factors associated with the loss of therapeutic adherence and higher-moderate levels of stress were analyzed through logistic regression multivariate analyses. RESULTS: A total of 426 patients were included with a median PSS-10 score of 12 (10-16). A higher level of stress was reported by those who were not married, women and those who experienced an increase in IBD-related symptoms. Adherence to treatment was not associated with stress based on the PSS-10 questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Although the lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic has probably had a significant emotional impact on Spaniards with IBD, IBD patients in general had lower PSS-10 scores.

Calidad del Sueño, Estrés Percibido y Desórdenes Temporomandibulares Dolorosos en Adultos Jóvenes de Dos Comunidades Mexicanas

RESUMEN: Una mala calidad del sueño y estrés, pueden ser la génesis de anomalías temporomandibulares que consisten en una familia heterogénea de desórdenes músculoesqueletales que representan la afección de dolor orofacial crónica más común. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relacionar la calidad del sueño, estrés percibido y desórdenes temporomandibulares dolorosos en adultos jóvenes de dos comunidades mexicanas (Puebla y Yucatán). Material y Métodos: estudio de tipo correlacional, analítico, prospectivo, de corte transversal. Se obtuvo consentimiento informado y voluntario por medio de firmas de 552 sujetos adultos jóvenes: 276 de Puebla (P), 53 % (n=147) mujeres, 47 % (n= 129) hombres, con un promedio de 28 años (± 4,5); y 276 sujetos de Yucatán (Y), 58 % (n=161) mujeres, 42 % (n= 115) hombres, con un promedio de 27 años (±4,9). Se les realizó entrevistas con base a tres cuestionarios: Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburg (ICSP), Escala de Estrés Percibido de Cohen (EEP) e Instrumento de Examinación de Desórdenes Temporomandibulares Doloroso de González (IEDTD). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó estadística descriptiva (frecuencias y porcentajes), regresión logística y correlación de Pearson. Puebla presenta un porcentaje mayor de individuos con calidad de sueño pobre 83 %, comparado con Yucatán, 56 %. De la misma forma, Puebla muestra un porcentaje mayor de individuos con estrés alto, 82 %, comparado con Yucatán, 74 %. Por otro lado, Puebla presenta un porcentaje mayor de individuos con DTM dolorosos, 33 %, comparado con Yucatán, 11 %. Asimismo, existe una correlación moderada general entre el estrés percibido y la calidad del sueño en mujeres (0,335) y edades de 30 a 35 años (0,383) ambas con una significancia de p <0,001. La calidad de sueño pobre aumenta 4 veces la posibilidad de padecer un DTM doloroso. Vivir en Puebla aumenta hasta 3.1 veces la posibilidad de un DTM doloroso.

ABSTRACT: Por sleep quality and stress may be the génesis of temporomandibular disorders that consist of a heterogeneous family of musculoskeletal disorders that represent the most common chronic orofacial pain condition. The objective of the study was to relate sleep quality, perceived stress, and painful temporomandibular disorders in Young adults from two Mexican communities (Puebla and Yucatán). a correlational, analytical, prospective, cross- sectional study. Informed and voluntary consent was obtained through the signatures of 552 young adult subjects: 276 from Puebla (P), 53 % (n = 147) women, 47 % (n = 129) men, with an average of 28 years (± 4.5); and 276 subjects from Yucatán (Y), 58 % (n = 161) women, 42 % (n = 115) men, with an average age of 27 years (±4.9). Interviews were conducted based on three questionnaires: Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (ICSP), Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (EEP) and González's Painful Temporomandibular Disorders Examination Instrument (IEDTD). Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages), logistic regression and Pearson's correlation were used for statistical analysis. Puebla has a higher percentage of individuals with por sleep quality, 83 %, compared to Yucatán, 56 %. In the same way, Puebla shows a higher percentage of individuals with high stress, 82 %, compared to Yucatán, 74 %. On the other hand, Puebla has a higher percentage of individuals with painful TMD, 33 %, compared to Yucatán, 11 %. Likewise, there is a general moderate correlation between perceived stress and sleep quality in women (0.335) and ages 30 to 35 years (0.383), both with a significance of p <.001. Poor sleep quality increases the chance of painful TMD by 4 times. Living in Puebla increases the possibility of painful TMD up to 3.1 times.

Niveles de Resiliencia y Estrés Percibido en personal Esencial y No Esencial durante la cuarentena por COVID-19

Resumen Tras la declaración de la Emergencia Sanitaria Argentina por COVID-19 dictaminada los Decretos 260/2020 y 297/2020 y el consiguiente Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio, las personas se vieron expuestas a un estrés generado por una situación única propiciadora de malestar individual y social. Diversas investigaciones de este siglo (Bonanno, 2004; Cyrulnik y Anaut, 2016; García del Castillo Rodriguez et al., 2016; Preuss, 2016; Valdivia Baca, 2018; Werner y Smith, 2001) han puesto cada vez más a menudo el énfasis en la resiliencia como una de las variables clave para sobreponerse a los fenómenos de adversidad. La presente investigación, por consiguiente, se ancló en las siguientes preguntas de base: ¿Cómo es el nivel de Resiliencia y Estrés Percibido en personal esencial y no esencial durante la pandemia por Covid-19? y ¿Cómo es la relación entre los niveles de Resiliencia y el Estrés Percibido en la población encuestada? El diseño adoptado en este trabajo fue de enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo no experimental, de temporalidad transversal y con un alcance descriptivo correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1176 personas, de las cuales 500 pertenecían al personal esencial y 676 al no esencial. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se halló una relación estadísticamente significativa entre Resiliencia y Estrés Percibido. No obstante, no se encontraron diferencias entre los grupos comparados.

Abstract After the declaration of the Argentine Sanitary Emergency by COVID-19, dictated by Decrees 260/2020 and 297/2020 and the subsequent Preventive and Mandatory Social Isolation, people were exposed to stress generated due to a unique situation that is conducive to individual and social discomfort. Various investigations of this century (Bonanno, 2004; Cyrulnik and Anaut, 2016; García del Castillo Rodríguez et al., 2016; Preuss, 2016; Valdivia Baca, 2018; Werner and Smith, 2001) increasingly emphasize resilience as one of the key variables to overcome adversity phenomenos. The present investigation, therefore, was anchored in the following basic questions: How is the level of Resilience and Perceived Stress in essential and non-essential personnel during the Covid-19 Pandemic? and How is the relationship between the levels of Resilience and Perceived Stress in the surveyed population? The design adopted in this work was of a quantitative approach, of a non-experimental type, of transversal temporality and with a correlational descriptive scope. The sample consisted of 1,176 people, of which 500 belonged to essential personnel and 676 to non-essential personnel. From the results obtained, a statistically significant relationship was found between Resilience and Perceived Stress. However, no differences were found between the groups compared.