Ethical Foundations of the Accompanying Patient's Role for an Enhanced Patient Experience: A Scoping Review.

In recent years, recognizing patients' experiential knowledge to improve the quality of care has resulted in the participation of patient advisors at various levels of healthcare systems. Some who are working at the clinical level are called accompanying patients (AP). A PRISMA-ScR exploratory scoping review of the literature was conducted on articles published from 2005 to 2021. Articles not in English or French and grey literature were excluded. The databases searched included Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The data were organized according to the similarities in the ethical foundations of the included papers. Out of 2095 identified papers, 8 met inclusion criteria. Terms used to describe APs included peer support, resource parent, and peer health mediator. The clinical settings included psychiatry/mental health and neonatology. APs, patients, healthcare professionals, managers and policy makers were included in the studies. Three personal ethical foundations describing the foundations of the AP role were found: resilience, listening skills and altruism. The ethical foundations of this role also addressed interpersonal and interprofessional relationships with other actors in the healthcare system. The literature on the ethical foundations of APs is sparse, with heterogeneous methodologies. Further studies mobilizing well-defined methodologies would further validate the current results and deepen our understanding of the ethical foundations of the AP role.

Deontological Feeling: The Tranquil, the Familiar and the Body.

This paper contributes to filling a lacuna in recent research on common normative backgrounds. On the one hand, discussions of common normative backgrounds tend to underexpose the role the feeling body plays in relation to the agent's recognition of deontic powers (obligations, compelling reasons or rights). On the other hand, discussions of bodily background orientations and their role in the agent's sensitivity to practical significance tend to underexpose the recognition of deontic power. In this paper, I argue that bodily background orientations can contribute to an agent's sensitivity to deontic power. Developing further on Ratcliffe's conceptualization of existential feelings, I propose that a person's bodily background orientation implies responsiveness to an ethically significant kind of affordance. In order to flesh out this theoretical claim, I draw on empirical material concerning a specific existential orientation labelled as "quietism." Reconstructing its central patterns, I explicate the bodily dimension involved in the quietist orientation as well as the way in which it shapes the responsiveness to felt demands in terms of preserving tranquillity and protecting the familiar. Finally, I discuss the broader theoretical implications of my claim and suggest to categorize ethically relevant bodily background orientations such as the one implicated in the quietist orientation as deontological feelings.

Fundamentos éticos para justiça tributária – uma reflexão a partir da teoria de justiça de John Rawls

A realização de uma reflexão acerca dos fundamentos éticos que devem servir de sustentáculo de uma tributação que viabilize a efetividade da justiça constitui uma temática de extrema importância na sociedade atual. É sabido que os tributos constituem a principal fonte de arrecadação de receitas para o Estado manter-se e assegurar a fruição, pelos cidadãos, dos direitos sociais que lhes são garantidos, tais como saúde, educação, segurança, lazer, dentre outros. Ocorre que as bases da tributação não possuem qualquer preocupação ética, e consequentemente, são constatadas inúmeras injustiças relacionadas. Importante estabelecer o conceito de justiça, atuação moral, tutela da propriedade individual e obrigação tributária, a fim de se verificar quais os principais elementos que devem ser considerados para a efetivação de adequação do sistema tributário. Desta forma, percebe-se a necessidade de uma análise pormenorizada da teoria de justiça de John Rawls, investigando os aspectos positivos e negativos, bem como as críticas que essa teoria recebe, a fim de se elaborar uma proposta de reforma tributária que, estando fundamentada em critérios morais, possa ensejar uma verdadeira justiça.(AU)

The reflection on the ethical foundations that must sustain a tax system capable of allow the effectiveness of the justice, is a theme of extreme importance in today's society. It is know that taxes are the main source of income to the State, used to offer the citizens access to their social rights, such as health insurance, education, leisure time, among others. But the foundations of the tax system have no ethical concerns, so a number of unjust actions are observed. It is important to establish a concept of justice, moral action, private property tutelage and tax duty, in order to check which are the main elements that must be used to change the tax system. It is noticed the need of a careful analysis of John Rawls' justice theory, investigating negative and positive aspects, as well as criticisms to the theory, in order to elaborate a proposal to the change in the tax system that, based on moral criteria, would give rise to true justice.(AU)

Fundamentos éticos para justiça tributária – uma reflexão a partir da teoria de justiça de John Rawls / Ethical foundations for tax justice - a reflection from the theory of justice of John Rawls

A realização de uma reflexão acerca dos fundamentos éticos que devem servir de sustentáculo de uma tributação que viabilize a efetividade da justiça constitui uma temática de extrema importância na sociedade atual. É sabido que os tributos constituem a principal fonte de arrecadação de receitas para o Estado manter-se e assegurar a fruição, pelos cidadãos, dos direitos sociais que lhes são garantidos, tais como saúde, educação, segurança, lazer, dentre outros. Ocorre que as bases da tributação não possuem qualquer preocupação ética, e consequentemente, são constatadas inúmeras injustiças relacionadas. Importante estabelecer o conceito de justiça, atuação moral, tutela da propriedade individual e obrigação tributária, a fim de se verificar quais os principais elementos que devem ser considerados para a efetivação de adequação do sistema tributário. Desta forma, percebe-se a necessidade de uma análise pormenorizada da teoria de justiça de John Rawls, investigando os aspectos positivos e negativos, bem como as críticas que essa teoria recebe, a fim de se elaborar uma proposta de reforma tributária que, estando fundamentada em critérios morais, possa ensejar uma verdadeira justiça.

The reflection on the ethical foundations that must sustain a tax system capable of allow the effectiveness of the justice, is a theme of extreme importance in today's society. It is know that taxes are the main source of income to the State, used to offer the citizens access to their social rights, such as health insurance, education, leisure time, among others. But the foundations of the tax system have no ethical concerns, so a number of unjust actions are observed. It is important to establish a concept of justice, moral action, private property tutelage and tax duty, in order to check which are the main elements that must be used to change the tax system. It is noticed the need of a careful analysis of John Rawls' justice theory, investigating negative and positive aspects, as well as criticisms to the theory, in order to elaborate a proposal to the change in the tax system that, based on moral criteria, would give rise to true justice.