ABSTRACT
The glass ionomer cements (GICs) is a generic name given to a group of materials widely used in clinical dentistry which if used after the specified expiration date, material properties may be affected. to evaluate the Vick ers microhardness, surface morphology and the energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), of GICs with different expiration dates that were stored at room temperature. specimens of highly viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) (Ketac Cem and Ketac Molar) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) (Vitrebond) with different expiration dates (current, close to their expiration and expired) were prepared for Vickers microhardness test and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) with EDX, measuring 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm length, per the manufacturer's instructions, in standard cylindrical teflon molds. For the comparison of obtained values, the ANOVA test was used, while Tukey test was used for the multiple comparisons. In all the GICs used, the microhardness decreased as the expiration date approached, finding a significant statistical differen ce (P<0.05) in Ketac Molar and Vitrebond. SEM sample analysis revealed similar cohesive cracks in all tested materials. The EDX analysis revealed the presence of the elements F, Al and Si in all GICs and Ca only in Ketac Molar and Ketac Cem. The elements were found in a higher atomic percentage in the GICs with an current date and in a lower percentage in those with an expired date. HVGIC and RMGIC with an expiration date finish and that were stored at room temperature, suffer significant physical and chemical changes, which could put doubts its clinical effectiveness.
El cemento de ionómero de vidrio (CIV) es un nombre genérico que se le da a un grupo de materiales ampliamente utilizados en odontología clínica que si se usan después de la fecha de vencimiento especificada, las propiedades del material pueden verse afectadas. evaluar la microdureza Vickers, la morfología superficial y el microanálisis de energía dispersa de rayos X (EDX), de CIV con diferentes fechas de caducidad almacenados a temperatura ambiente. Muestras de cemento de ionómero de vidrio de alta viscosidad (CIVAV) (Ketac Cem y Ketac Molar) y cemento de ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina (CIVMR) (Vitrebond) con diferentes fechas de vencimiento (vigente, próximo a su vencimiento y vencido) de 5 x 2 mm, fueron preparadas para microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) con EDX y microdureza Vickers, según las instrucciones del fabricante, en moldes de teflón cilíndricos estándar. Para la comparación de los valores obtenidos se utilizó la prueba ANOVA, mientras que para las comparaciones múltiples se utilizó la prueba de Tukey. En todos los CIV utilizados, la microdureza disminuyó a medida que se acercaba la fecha de vencimiento, encontrándose una diferencia estadística significativa (P <0.05) en Ketac Molar y Vitrebond. El análisis de la muestra en MEB reveló grietas cohesivas similares en todos los materiales probados. El análisis EDX reveló la presencia de los elementos F, Al y Si en todos los GIC y Ca solo en Ketac Molar y Ketac Cem. Los elementos se encontraron en mayor porcentaje atómico en los GIC con fecha vigente y en menor porcentaje en aquellos con una fecha vencida. Los CIVAV y CIVMR con fecha de caducidad vencida y que fueron alma- cenados a temperatura ambiente, sufrieron cambios físicos y químicos importantes, lo que podría poner en duda su efectividad clínica.
Subject(s)
Glass Ionomer Cements/standards , Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry , Materials Testing , Microscopy, Electron , Compressive Strength , Date of Validity of Products , Flexural Strength , HardnessABSTRACT
No presente texto, discute-se a atualidade da teoria histórico-cultural elaborada por Lev Semionovitch Vigotski entre, aproximadamente, o final da segunda década e a terceira década dos anos de 1900. Adota-se atitude crítica em relação à ideia de que o conhecimento científico tem prazo de validade, procurando-se mostrar que ela decorre do processo de transformação da ciência em mercadoria. Como um contraponto a essa visão, argumenta-se que todo artifício construído pelo homem apresenta algo de permanente, quando transcende a mera funcionalidade das coisas produzidas para consumo. Ou, dizendo em outros termos, tudo o que é singular, de certa forma, tem permanência no mundo.(AU)
In this paper, we discuss the topicality of the cultural-historical theory developed by Lev Semionovitch Vygotsky approximately between the end of the second decade and the third decade of the 20th century. We adopt a critical attitude towards the idea that scientific knowledge has an expiration date, and we seek to show that this idea emerges from the transformation of science into a commodity. As a counterpoint to this view, we argue that every device built by man presents something permanent which transcends the mere functionality of things produced for consumption. In other words, we argue that anything that is singular, in a way, has permanence in the world.(AU)
Subject(s)
Knowledge , ScienceABSTRACT
No presente texto, discute-se a atualidade da teoria histórico-cultural elaborada por Lev Semionovitch Vigotski entre, aproximadamente, o final da segunda década e a terceira década dos anos de 1900. Adota-se atitude crítica em relação à ideia de que o conhecimento científico tem prazo de validade, procurando-se mostrar que ela decorre do processo de transformação da ciência em mercadoria. Como um contraponto a essa visão, argumenta-se que todo artifício construído pelo homem apresenta algo de permanente, quando transcende a mera funcionalidade das coisas produzidas para consumo. Ou, dizendo em outros termos, tudo o que é singular, de certa forma, tem permanência no mundo
In this paper, we discuss the topicality of the cultural-historical theory developed by Lev Semionovitch Vygotsky approximately between the end of the second decade and the third decade of the 20th century. We adopt a critical attitude towards the idea that scientific knowledge has an expiration date, and we seek to show that this idea emerges from the transformation of science into a commodity. As a counterpoint to this view, we argue that every device built by man presents something permanent which transcends the mere functionality of things produced for consumption. In other words, we argue that anything that is singular, in a way, has permanence in the world
Subject(s)
Humans , Science , KnowledgeABSTRACT
Packaging of industrialized food products must contain diverse information such as ingredients, nutritional composition, and preservation and preparation instruction to help the consumer make suitable choices. Thirty consumers were interviewed at time of purchase in two retail supermarkets. A ten-question survey was used to evaluate consumers behavior related to labels and their perception on different aspects of food product shelf life. It was observed that 66.7% of consumers trust expiration dates printed on food product packaging, but 96.7% are not aware of how this information is setup by the manufacturers.(AU)
As embalagens de produtos industrializadosdevem conter várias informações como ingredientes, composição nutricional e indicar a forma correta de conservação e preparo para que contribuam com o consumidor para uma escolha adequada do produto. Foram entrevistados 30 consumidores no ato da compra, em dois supermercados varejistas e questionados através de formulário próprio contendo dez questões, para avaliação de seu comportamento com relação aos rótulos, considerando a percepção que eles têm frente a diversas situações relacionadas a validade dos alimentos.Nesta pesquisa, foi possível observar que 66,7% dos entrevistados, confiam na data de validade expressa na embalagem dos produtos, embora 96,7% não tenham conhecimento de como esta informação é definida pelos fabricantes.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Date of Validity of Products , Food Packaging , Food Labeling , Social Perception , Consumer Behavior , Products of Consumer Direct Sale , Product Packaging , Product LabelingABSTRACT
Packaging of industrialized food products must contain diverse information such as ingredients, nutritional composition, and preservation and preparation instruction to help the consumer make suitable choices. Thirty consumers were interviewed at time of purchase in two retail supermarkets. A ten-question survey was used to evaluate consumers behavior related to labels and their perception on different aspects of food product shelf life. It was observed that 66.7% of consumers trust expiration dates printed on food product packaging, but 96.7% are not aware of how this information is setup by the manufacturers.
As embalagens de produtos industrializadosdevem conter várias informações como ingredientes, composição nutricional e indicar a forma correta de conservação e preparo para que contribuam com o consumidor para uma escolha adequada do produto. Foram entrevistados 30 consumidores no ato da compra, em dois supermercados varejistas e questionados através de formulário próprio contendo dez questões, para avaliação de seu comportamento com relação aos rótulos, considerando a percepção que eles têm frente a diversas situações relacionadas a validade dos alimentos.Nesta pesquisa, foi possível observar que 66,7% dos entrevistados, confiam na data de validade expressa na embalagem dos produtos, embora 96,7% não tenham conhecimento de como esta informação é definida pelos fabricantes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Consumer Behavior , Food Packaging , Social Perception , Date of Validity of Products , Products of Consumer Direct Sale , Food Labeling , Product Packaging , Product LabelingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the habits of female students regarding make-up use, and quantifies the microbiological contamination of mascaras worn by this population. METHODS: To this end, 44 students answered a structured questionnaire to evaluate the use of expired make-up, shared usage and reports of adverse effects. Subsequently, make-up samples were collected to check the manufacturing registration and the expiration date and its visibility on the label. The total counts of microorganisms and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in mascara samples collected were performed as described in the Brazilian Pharmacopea (4th edition) RESULTS: According to the results obtained, 97.9 % (43/44) of participants reported that they use or have previously used make-up after the expiration date, with mascara being the most frequently mentioned product. It was observed that on the sample collection date, 70.5% (31/44) of the students had some type of expired make-up. The microbiological analysis of 40 mascara samples revealed 2.54 ± 1.76 10(4) UFC mL(-1) bacteria and 2.55 ± 1.54 10(4) UFC mL(-1) fungi. Analysis revealed the presence of S. aureus in 79% of samples and of P. aeruginosa in 13%. CONCLUSION: The results are interesting because they show that women tend to continue to use make-up beyond the expiry date. Frequently, these products have a high level of contamination with pathogenic microorganisms.