MSH-5: malignant knee tumors timely detection index.

BACKGROUND: Bone neoplasms are usually misdiagnosed causing a delay in their treatment. Bone neoplasms are usually confused with tendinitis, 31% of the cases corresponds to osteosarcomas and in 21% to Ewing's sarcomas. OBJECTIVE: To create a clinical-radiographic instrument of high diagnostic suspicion of knee bone neoplasms to prevent a delay in diagnosis. METHOD: A clinimetric study (sensitivity, consistency and validity) was performed in the bone tumor service, Hospital de Ortopedia de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Dr. Victorio de la Fuente Narváez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, in México City. RESULTS: Characteristics of 153 patients were collected. For the sensitivity phase, 3 domains (signs, symptoms, and radiology) and 12 items were included. Consistency was evaluated with ICC (0.944), 95%CI (0.865-0.977), p < 0.001 and a-Cronbach (0.863). Index obtained a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.882 were obtained. The positive predictive value of the test was 66.6% and the negative predictive value was 93.75%. The positive likelihood ratio was 6.8 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.2. Validity was evaluated using r-Pearson (0.894; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A high suspicion clinical-radiographic index was designed to detect malignant knee tumors with adequate sensitivity, specificity, appearance, content, criteria, and construct validity.

ANTECEDENTES: Los tumores óseos suelen ser subdiagnosticados, provocando un retraso en su tratamiento. El diagnóstico erróneo más frecuente es tendinitis, en el cual el 31% corresponden a osteosarcomas y el 21% a sarcomas de Ewing. OBJETIVO: Crear un instrumento clínico-radiográfico de alta sospecha diagnóstica de tumores óseos de rodilla. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio clinimétrico (sensibilidad, consistencia y validez) en el servicio de tumores óseos del Hospital de Ortopedia de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Dr. Victorio de la Fuente Narváez, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, en Ciudad de México. RESULTADOS: El índice se realizó tomando las características de 153 pacientes. Para la fase de sensibilidad se incluyeron tres dominios (signos, síntomas y radiología) y 12 ítems. La consistencia se evaluó con coeficiente de correlación intraclase (0.944), intervalo de confianza del 95% (0.865-0.977), p < 0.001 y α de Cronbach (0.863). Se obtuvo una sensibilidad del instrumento de 0.80 y una especificidad de 0.882. El valor predictivo positivo de la prueba fue del 66.6% y el valor predictivo negativo fue de 93.75%. La razón de verosimilitud positiva fue de 6.8 y la razón de verosimilitud negativa fue de 0.2. La validez se evaluó mediante r-Pearson (0.894; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: Se diseñó un índice clínico-radiográfico de alta sospecha para detectar tumores malignos de rodilla con adecuada sensibilidad, especificidad y validez de apariencia, de contenido, de criterio y de constructo.

Asociación del signo de Moore con la presencia de absceso profundo de cuello de espacio retrofaríngeo.

BACKGROUND: Deep neck abscesses can cause life-threatening complications. They are diagnosed by physical examination, and contrasted tomography as the gold standard. There are no studies about the association of Moore's sign with infections of the retropharyngeal space. OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of Moore's sign in the diagnosis of deep retropharyngeal abscess. METHOD: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional, study of patients with deep neck abscess, from May 1, 2019, to August 30, 2021, with report of Moore's sign. RESULTS: 87 patients were included, 49 (56.3%) males (p = 0.45). Of those who developed complications, 77.8% had a negative Moore's sign (p = 0.001). Of those admitted to the ICU, 72% had a negative Moore's sign (p = 0.001). The sensitivity of the absence of the sign with retropharyngeal involvement was 95.4%, and the specificity was 86.3%. By logistic regression, it was found that those with retropharyngeal involvement are 467 times more likely to present a negative sign (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of abscess in the retropharynx is associated with complications and a worse prognosis. The evaluation of Moore's sign can be a useful tool to suspect compromise of this space.

ANTECEDENTES: Los abscesos profundos de cuello pueden ocasionar complicaciones letales. Se diagnostican por exploración física, y la tomografía contrastada es el método de referencia. No existen estudios de asociación del signo de Moore con infecciones del espacio retrofaríngeo. OBJETIVO: Determinar la utilidad del signo de Moore en el diagnóstico de absceso profundo en el espacio retrofaríngeo. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico, de pacientes con absceso profundo de cuello, del 1 de mayo de 2019 al 30 de agosto de 2021, con reporte de signo de Moore. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 87 pacientes, de los cuales 49 (56.3%) eran de sexo masculino (p = 0.45). De los que desarrollaron complicaciones, el 77.8%, tenían el signo de Moore negativo (p = 0.001). De los que ingresaron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, el 72% tenían negativo el signo de Moore (p = 0.001). La sensibilidad de la ausencia del signo con afección del espacio retrofaríngeo fue del 95.4%, y la especificidad del 86.3%. Por regresión logística se encontró que aquellos con afección del espacio retrofaríngeo tienen 467 veces más posibilidades de presentar signo negativo (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de un absceso en el espacio retrofaríngeo se asocia a complicaciones y peor pronóstico. La evaluación del signo de Moore puede ser una herramienta útil para sospechar compromiso de ese espacio.

Physical exam in the evaluation of bladder pain syndrome (BPS): A key component for differential diagnosis. / La exploración física en la evaluación del síndrome de dolor vesical (SDV): un importante elemento para la orientación terapéutica.

OBJECTIVES: To describe in more detail the usual clinical practice regarding physical examination (PE) in Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS) and to evaluate if the performance of PE relates to changes in severity of symptoms and in Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Epidemiological, observational, national and multicentric study that included 319 patients with BPS (79 of new diagnosis and 240 in follow-up). Demographic and clinical data were collected. The diagnostic study was performed according to the usual clinical practice, including as the case: PE and biopsy. The patients completed the "Bladder Pain/Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Score" (BPIC-SS) and "EuroQoL-5D-5L" (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaires. To describe the continuous variables, the mean, standard deviation (SD) and quartiles analyzed were used, and for categorical variables, number and percentage of patients by response category. The questionnaires' results were described according to the visual analog scale (VAS). Health status was evaluated in patients with myofascial pain. RESULTS: PE was performed in 296 cases. 28.4% of the patients presented pelvic myofascial pain. The variation of the BPIC-SS score in the explored patients was 7.77 points, compared to 1.73 in the unexplored ones. The variations in EQ-5D-5L were 0.13 and 0.04 points, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Myofascial involvement was observed in 28.4% of the 296 cases of BPS who receiveda PE. It is important to implement a systematic, comprehensive method of PE at the national level in order to achieve a more precise characterization of BPS and a better evolution of the patient's symptoms and HRQoL.

OBJETIVOS: Conocer en mayor detalle la práctica clínica habitual de la exploración física (EF) del Síndrome de Dolor Vesical (SDV) y evaluar los cambios en síntomas y Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) según los resultados de la EF.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico, observacional, nacional y multicéntrico que incluyó 319 pacientes con SDV (79 de nuevo diagnóstico y 240 en seguimiento). Se recogieron datos demográficos y clínicos. El estudio diagnóstico se realizó según práctica  clínica habitual, incluyendo según el caso: EF y biopsia. Las pacientes cumplimentaron los cuestionarios "BladderPain/Interstitial Cystitis-Symptom Score" (BPIC-SS) y "EuroQoL-5D-5L" (EQ-5D-5L). Para describir las variables continuas se utilizaron la media, desviación estándar (DE) y cuartiles analizados y para las cualitativas, el número y porcentaje de pacientes por categoría de respuesta. Los resultados de los cuestionarios se describieron según la escala visual analógica (EVA). Se evaluó el estado de salud en pacientes con dolor miofascial. RESULTADOS: Se realizó EF en 296 casos. El 28,4% de los pacientes presentaban dolor miofascial. La variación de la puntuación BPIC-SS en los pacientes explorados fue de 7,77 puntos, en comparación con los 1,73 en los no explorados. Las variaciones en EQ-5D-5L fueron 0,13 y 0,04 puntos, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: La implicación miofascial se observó en el 28,4% de los 296 casos de SDV sometidos a EF. Es importante implementar un método sistemático e integral de EF a nivel nacional para lograr una caracterización más precisa del SDV y una mejor evolución de los síntomas y CVRS del paciente.

Practical ultrasound workshops to teach medical students basic concepts of ultrasound semiology. / Talleres prácticos de ecografía para estudiantes de Medicina como método de enseñanza de conceptos básicos de semiología ecográfica.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of practical ultrasound workshops for the acquisition and consolidation of conceptual learning about the basic physics and semiology of ultrasonography aimed at third-year medical school students doing the physical examination module of their studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out practical ultrasound workshops with two groups of 177 and 175 students in two consecutive academic years. All students had taken a class in basic radiology in the previous year. Students examined each other with ultrasonography under instructors' supervision in a two-hour session. Before and after the workshop, students did a seven-question multiple-choice test about basic semiology and answered two questions evaluating their degree of confidence in interpreting ultrasonographic images and handling the ultrasound scanner on a scale from 1 to 10. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the scores obtained in the two groups. Overall, the mean score on the multiple-choice test improved from 59.71% on the initial assessment to 88.29% on the post-workshop assessment (p <0.01). Confidence in interpreting images improved from 3.39/10 to 6.28/10 (p <0.01), and confidence in handling the equipment improved from 3.73/10 to 6.51/10 (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: Practical workshops were useful for learning basic concepts about ultrasound imaging, allowing students to significantly improve their scores on the multiple-choice test. Students had a low level of confidence in their ability to interpret ultrasound images and handle the equipment before starting the workshop, but their confidence improved significantly after completing the workshop.

Clinical Practice Guideline recommendations on examination of the upper airway for adults with suspected obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome. / Recomendaciones de la Guía de Práctica Clínica de la exploración de la vía aérea superior para pacientes adultos con sospecha de síndrome de apnea-hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño (versión reducida).

In November 2014 the Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, the Spanish Sleep Society and the Spanish Society of Maxillofacial Surgery proposed and endorsed the development of a Clinical Practice Guideline on the physical examination of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. The Guideline strictly followed the recommendations of the manual for the preparation of clinical practice guidelines of the National Health System 2007 and 2009 and the manual of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 2015. The final document could be highly useful for the purposes that were originally proposed: to act as a reference to unify the regions that should be explored in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome, the type of examination and how to grade it, and specific to all the care areas to which these patients have access. The conclusions and recommendations are based on a thorough and up-to-date review of the literature with a high level of evidence, as well as the experience and knowledge demonstrated by all the members of the drafting group. This group was formed bearing in mind at all times the transversality of the project, and, therefore, specialists from all the involved areas participated (maxillofacial surgery, family medicine, pneumology, clinical neurophysiology, odontology and otolaryngology). The external reviewers of the final text were selected along the same lines.

Determinación médico legal de la capacidad eréctil / Legal medical determination of erectile capacity

Resumen:En este artículo se describe la anatomía del pene, la fisiología de la erección, y los factores de riesgo que inciden en una disfunción eréctil, así como una guía de abordaje médico forense que incluye una historia médico legal completa y una exploración física dirigida,con el fin de orientar al médico forense o residente en la elaboración y conclusión de las pericias para la determinación de la capacidad eréctil de un individuo por parte de la Autoridad Judicial en el contexto de delitos sexuales.

Abstract:This article describes penile anatomy, physiology of erection, and the risk factors affecting erectile, as well as a guide to forensic medical approach that includes a complete legal medical history and physical examination directed to guide the coroner or resident in the elaboration and conclusion of the skills of determination of erectile ability of an individual by the judicial authority in the context of sexua.l offenses.

Correlation between physical examination and intraoperative findings in shoulder disease treated by arthroscopy. Statistical analysis of 150 patients. / Correlación entre la exploración física y los hallazgos intraoperatorios de patología de hombro tratada mediante artroscopia. Análisis estadístico de 150 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Only a few clinical exploratory manoeuvres are truly discriminatory and useful in shoulder disease. The aim of this study is to correlate the physical examination results of the shoulder with the true diagnosis found by arthroscopy. METHODS: A retrospective case series of 150 patients with the most common surgical conditions of the shoulder. Data were collected on the suspicion of each pathology, the physical examination of the patient, and the actual discovery of the disease during arthroscopic surgery. RESULTS: The Bankart examination manoeuvres of the lesion show the best results, with a 92.1% positive prediction value (PPV), a 99.1% negative predictive value (NPV), followed by the impingement syndrome, with a PPV of 94.4%, and total cuff rupture with a PPV of 92.3%.Exploration of the superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion had an NPV of 99.1%. CONCLUSION: Physical examination is sufficient to diagnose or rule out Bankart. A positive physical examination provides the complete rupture of the rotator cuff, and requires further studies. The patients suspected of subacromial syndrome only need an NMR if the physical tests are negative. The conclusions drawn from this work can have a significant impact on both cost savings (by reducing forward tests), and saving time in certain cases in which, after appropriate physical examination, surgery may be indicated without losing time in intermediate steps.

Reflexiones sobre la consulta diaria / Reflections on the daily practice

Se realizan algunas reflexiones sobre el ejercicio diario de la medicina, especialmente en cuanto a ciertos tópicos de la consulta diaria en los que se piensa pocas veces, pero que merecen que se haga una pausa para reconsiderar y mejorar, como la comunicación médico-paciente, la realización de una buena exploración física, la repertorización y el uso de métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico, los cuales, aunque no se incluyen en la semiología clásica homeopática, son en la actualidad de gran ayuda para el médico. Además, se habla de la necesidad de mantenerse al tanto de la evolución de los pacientes, reconociendo la modificación de la sintomatología después de la prescripción, las limitaciones propias del médico y la posibilidad de apoyarse en el especialista; asimismo, se expone la importancia de admitir que en muchas ocasiones la apuesta para la curación, tanto del médico como del paciente, se dirige únicamente a encontrar el simillimum, olvidándose de todos los obstáculos que impiden la curación y de la enorme variabilidad en la sensibilidad de cada paciente al medicamento homeopático. Finalmente, se mencionan aspectos pocas veces tratados en el ejercicio profesional, como el desgaste que produce en los médicos la atención de los pacientes, la educación médica continua y la importancia del consultorio como un elemento más para una consulta adecuada. (AU)

Some reflections are often made of the practice of medicine, specially on certain topics like the daily consultation and for which we need to pause and reconsider, as the doctor-patient communication, the performing of a good physical examination, making a fine repertorization and the fact of using auxiliary diagnostic methods, which although these are not included in classical homeopathic semiology, nowadays the methods are of great support to the physician. Also we talk about the need to keep abreast of the progress of patients, recognizing that they modify their symptoms after prescription, the limitations that a doctor may have and the need to rely on the specialist. Recognizing that many. (AU)

Reflexiones sobre la consulta diaria / Reflections on the daily practice

Se realizan algunas reflexiones sobre el ejercicio diario de la medicina, especialmente en cuanto a ciertos tópicos de la consulta diaria en los que se piensa pocas veces, pero que merecen que se haga una pausa para reconsiderar y mejorar, como la comunicación médico-paciente, la realización de una buena exploración física, la repertorización y el uso de métodos auxiliares de diagnóstico, los cuales, aunque no se incluyen en la semiología clásica homeopática, son en la actualidad de gran ayuda para el médico. Además, se habla de la necesidad de mantenerse al tanto de la evolución de los pacientes, reconociendo la modificación de la sintomatología después de la prescripción, las limitaciones propias del médico y la posibilidad de apoyarse en el especialista; asimismo, se expone la importancia de admitir que en muchas ocasiones la apuesta para la curación, tanto del médico como del paciente, se dirige únicamente a encontrar el simillimum, olvidándose de todos los obstáculos que impiden la curación y de la enorme variabilidad en la sensibilidad de cada paciente al medicamento homeopático. Finalmente, se mencionan aspectos pocas veces tratados en el ejercicio profesional, como el desgaste que produce en los médicos la atención de los pacientes, la educación médica continua y la importancia del consultorio como un elemento más para una consulta adecuada...

Some reflections are often made of the practice of medicine, specially on certain topics like the daily consultation and for which we need to pause and reconsider, as the doctor-patient communication, the performing of a good physical examination, making a fine repertorization and the fact of using auxiliary diagnostic methods, which although these are not included in classical homeopathic semiology, nowadays the methods are of great support to the physician. Also we talk about the need to keep abreast of the progress of patients, recognizing that they modify their symptoms after prescription, the limitations that a doctor may have and the need to rely on the specialist. Recognizing that many...

Medical diagnosis in resource-poor tropical countries. / El diagnóstico en medicina tropical en países con pocos recursos.

When working in healthcare centers in developing countries where diagnostic resources are limited, clinical skills are of considerable importance. This study presents the diagnostic tools available in resource-poor areas. Anamnesis and physical examination are key components for reaching a correct diagnosis. The laboratory has at its disposal hemograms, basic blood chemistry and urinalysis. The available basic microbiological tests are the study of fresh feces, smears for malaria, direct smears for bacilli in sputum and Gram staining of clinical exudates. Basic radiography of the chest, abdomen, bones and soft tissues are of considerable usefulness but are not available in all centers. Ultrasonography can be of considerable usefulness due to its simplicity and versatility. The diagnosis in low resource conditions should sharpen our clinical skills and should be supported by the use of additional basic tests.

The Sherlock Holmes method in clinical practice.

This article lists the integral elements of the Sherlock Holmes method, which is based on the intelligent collection of information through detailed observation, careful listening and thorough examination. The information thus obtained is analyzed to develop the main and alternative hypotheses, which are shaped during the deductive process until the key leading to the solution is revealed. The Holmes investigative method applied to clinical practice highlights the advisability of having physicians reason through and seek out the causes of the disease with the data obtained from acute observation, a detailed review of the medical history and careful physical examination.

Abdominal ultrasound and medical education.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound is a very versatile diagnostic modality that permits real-time visualization of multiple internal organs. It is of invaluable help for the physical examination of the patients. AIM: To assess if ultrasound can be incorporated into medical education and if the students can perform a basic abdominal ultrasound examination without the necessity of a long period of training. METHODOLOGY: Twelve medical students were trained in basic abdominal ultrasound during a 15-h training program including a 5-h theoretical and practical course and supervised practice in 20 selected patients. Subsequently, we conducted an evaluation test that assessed the ability of students to obtain the ultrasound views and to detect various pathologies in five different patients. RESULTS: The students were able to correctly identify the abdominal views more than 90% of the times. This percentage was only lower (80%) in the right subcostal view to locate the gallbladder. The accuracy or global efficiency of the ultrasound for the diagnosis of relevant pathological findings of the patients was greater than 90% (91.1% gallstones, abdominal aortic aneurysm 100%; splenomegaly 98.3%, ascites 100%; dilated inferior vena cava 100%; acute urinary retention 100%). CONCLUSION: The ultrasound may be a feasible learning tool in medical education. Ultrasound can help students to improve the physical examination.

La maniobra de Valsalva: Una herramienta para la clínica / The Valsalva maneuver: A clinical tool

Este artículo pretende recordar la maniobra de Valsalva, una herramienta de naturaleza no invasiva y sin costo, pero olvidada y desperdiciada, capaz de proporcionar información transcendente sobre la causa de síntomas como la disnea o como un método de valoración hemodinámica de aplicación clínica, pero igual de confiable que los procedimientos invasivos. Descrita en 1704 por Antonio María Valsalva como un procedimiento de las vías auditivas, ha tenido un alcance no sólo en el tiempo, sino en diversas especialidades médicas, donde es una herramienta para el diagnóstico diferencial, monitoreo y pronóstico. Lamentablemente, a pesar de su gran utilidad, no ha logrado establecerse como un procedimiento rutinario en la exploración física. En áreas u hospitales donde no se cuenta con tecnología por el gran costo que representa, la maniobra de Valsalva puede ser el elemento que permita a los médicos y los profesionales de la salud mejorar la atención de pacientes y orientar el diagnóstico para administrar los recursos disponibles. Describiremos esta técnica en un contexto cardiológico, con el propósito de difundirla, esperando ampliar su utilidad entre las nuevas generaciones.

This article try to remember the Valsalva maneuver, a tool for non-invasive nature and without cost, but forgotten and wasted, able to provide information on the transcendent cause of symptoms such as dyspnea or being a method of hemodynamic assessment of clinical but just as reliable than invasive procedures. Described in 1704 by Antonio Maria Valsalva, as a method of auditory pathways, has had a scope not only in time but in different medical specialties where the maneuver is a tool for the differential diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis. Unfortunately, despite their usefulness, has not become established as a routine procedure in the physical examination. In areas or hospitals where there is no technology for the large costs involved, the Valsalva maneuver may be the factor enabling physicians and health professionals to improve patient care, and thus guide the diagnosis, manage resources available. Describe this technique in a cardiac context, in order to share it, hoping to expand its utility among new generations.

Anatomía y exploración física de la columna cervical y torácica / Anatomy and physical examination of the cervical and thoracic

La presente revisión brinda una pincelada sobre la anatomía cervical y torácica para introducir una metódica, adecuada y completa exploración física orientada tanto en el diagnóstico de las patologías más comunes, así como la detección de simuladores y otros casos de importancia médico legal...