Usefulness of magnifying endoscopy for diagnosis of sessile serrated lesion with dysplasia or carcinoma: Large retrospective study.

Background and study aims Sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) are precursor lesions in the serrated neoplasia pathway that lead to invasive carcinoma from dysplasia arising from SSLs. This study aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological and endoscopic features of SSLs with and without dysplasia or carcinoma. Patients and methods We reviewed the clinicopathological and endoscopic data from all colorectal lesions pathologically diagnosed as SSLs at Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between 2011 and 2022. In addition to conventional endoscopic findings, we retrospectively evaluated magnifying endoscopic findings with narrow-band imaging (NBI) or blue laser imaging (BLI) using the Japan NBI Expert Team system and analyzed pit patterns using magnified chromoendoscopic images. Results Of the 2,132 SSLs, 92.5%, 4.7%, 1.8%, and 0.9% had no dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and submucosal invasive carcinoma, respectively. Older age, the proximal colon, and larger lesions were more frequently associated with SSLs with dysplasia or carcinoma. However, 41.3% of the SSLs with dysplasia or carcinoma were ≤ 10 mm in size. Endoscopic findings, such as (semi)pedunculated morphology, double elevation, central depression, and reddishness, were frequently found in SSLs with dysplasia or carcinoma. Furthermore, magnifying endoscopy using NBI or BLI and magnifying chromoendoscopy showed high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosing dysplasia or carcinoma within SSLs. Conclusions SSLs with and without dysplasia or carcinoma exhibit distinct clinicopathological and endoscopic features. In an SSL series, conventional endoscopic characteristics in addition to use of magnifying endoscopy may be useful for accurately diagnosing advanced histology within an SSL.

Prognostic impact of deprivation on esophagogastroduodenoscopy outcome.

Background and study aims Socioeconomic deprivation has long been associated with many gastrointestinal diseases, yet its influence on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) diagnosis has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of deprivation on outcomes of EGD irrespective of referral reason. Patients and methods Two thousand consecutive patients presenting to four Health Boards in Wales beginning in June 2019 were studied retrospectively with deprivation scores calculated using the Wales Indices of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD). Patients were subclassified into quintiles for analysis (Q1 most, Q5 least deprived). Results Inhabitants of the most deprived areas were more likely to be diagnosed with peptic ulcer (Q1 7.9%, Q5 4.7%; odds ratio [OR] 0.498, P =0.018), severe esophagitis (LA4, Q1 2.7% v Q5 0%, OR 0.089, P 0.002), Helicobacter pylori infection (Q1 5.4%, Q5 1.7%; OR 0.284, P =0.002), but less likely to be diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus (Q1 6.3% v Q5 12.3%, OR 2.146, P =0.004) than those from the least deprived areas. New cancer diagnoses numbered 53 and were proportionately higher after presentation for urgent suspected cancer (USC, n=35, 4.6%) than for routine referrals (n=3, 0.6%, P < 0.001). Deprivation was associated with more advanced stage cancer (stage III Q1 16.7% v Q5 5.6%, OR 0.997, P =0.006: stage IV Q1 16.7% v Q2 38.9% v Q5 22.2%, OR 0.998, P =0.049). Conclusions Deprivation was associated with two-fold more peptic ulcer disease, three-fold more H. pylori infection, and 12-fold more severe esophagitis, and more advanced cancer stage.

Novel physiological analysis using blood flow velocity for colonic polyps: Pilot study.

Real-time visualization of red blood cell flow inside subepithelial microvessels is performed with magnifying endoscopy. However, microvascular blood flow velocity in the colorectum has not been investigated. Here, we aimed to evaluate the blood flow velocity of microvessels of colonic polyps and to compare it with that of surrounding mucosa. We examined 50 lesions, including 30 adenomas (ADs) and 20 hyperplastic polyps (HPs). Blood flow velocities of lesions and their surrounding mucosa were evaluated using magnifying blue laser imaging (BLI) prior to endoscopic resection. Calculation of mean blood flow velocities was based on mean movement distance of one tagged red blood cell using split video images of magnifying BLI. Mean microvascular blood flow velocity was significantly lower in ADs (1.65±0.66 mm/sec; range 0.46-2.90) than in HPs (2.83±1.10 mm/sec; 1.07-4.50) or the surrounding mucosa (3.73±1.11 mm/sec; 1.80-6.20; P <0.001). The blood flow velocity rate compared with the surrounding mucosa was significantly lower in ADs (0.41±0.16; 0.10-0.82) than in HPs (0.89±0.25; 0.46-1.51; P <0.001). We found that mean microvascular blood flow velocity was significantly lower in ADs than in HPs and the surrounding non-neoplastic mucosa. These findings indicate that a novel dynamic approach with microvascular blood flow velocity using magnifying endoscopy may be useful in assessing physiological differences between ADs and HPs.

The white ring sign is useful for differentiating between fundic gland polyps and gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type.

Background and study aims Gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type (GA-FG) is characterized by an elevated lesion with vessel dilation exhibiting branching architecture (DVBA). However, this feature is also found in fundic gland polyps (FGPs), posing a challenge in their differentiation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features of gastric elevated lesions with DVBA and assess the efficacy of the white ring sign (WRS) as a novel marker for distinguishing between FGPs and GA-FGs. Methods We analyzed 159 gastric elevated lesions without DVBA and 51 gastric elevated lesions with DVBA, further dividing the latter into 39 in the WRS-positive group and 12 in the WRS-negative group. The clinicopathological features, diagnostic accuracy, and inter-rater reliability were analyzed. Results Univariate and multivariate analyses for gastric elevated lesions with DVBA identified the histological type consistent with FGPs and GA-FGs, along with the presence of round pits in the background gastric mucosa, as independent predictors. FGPs were present in 92.3% (36/39) of the WRS-positive group and GA-FGs were observed in 50.0% (6/12) of the WRS-negative group. WRS positivity and negativity exhibited high diagnostic accuracy, with 100% sensitivity, 80.0% specificity, and 94.1% accuracy for FGPs, and 100% sensitivity, 86.7% specificity, and 88.2% accuracy for GA-FGs. Kappa values for WRS between experts and nonexperts were 0.891 and 0.841, respectively, indicating excellent agreement. Conclusions WRS positivity and negativity demonstrate high diagnostic accuracy and inter-rater reliability for FGPs and GA-FGs, respectively, suggesting that WRS is a useful novel marker for distinguishing between FGPs and GA-FGs.

Outcomes in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection for large protruded lesions: A retrospective multicenter study.

Background and study aims Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is increasingly used for treating early-stage colorectal cancer, including large, protruded lesions (LPL). However, the challenges posed by LPLs, especially those accompanied by severe fibrosis or muscle-retracting sign (MRS), remain unclear. This study aims to investigate ESD outcomes for LPL, focusing on factors such as tumor size and, submucosal fibrosis. Patients and methods In a multicenter retrospective study (June 2012 to May 2023), data from 526 patients with 542 LPL lesions (≥ 2 cm) were analyzed. Parameters included lesion size, procedure time, dissection speed, physician experience, submucosal fibrosis, and adverse events. The tunnel method, including the double tunnel method, was used for cases with severe fibrosis or MRS. Multivariate analysis assessed factors affecting procedure difficulty, particularly LPLs ≥ 4 cm. Results The study revealed an impressive en bloc resection rate of 97.8% and a curative resection rate of 78.6% for LPLs. Notably, fibrosis and MRS were present in 25% and 18% of 4-cm LPLs, respectively, and their frequency tended to increase as the tumor diameter increased. One treatment strategy for LPLs was the tunneling method, which was used most frequently (41 cases, 7.6%). Factors affecting dissection speed included larger tumor size, submucosal fibrosis, MRS, and physician experience. Conclusions Treating LPLs through colorectal ESD presents significant challenges, especially in patients with fibrosis and MRS. This study highlights the importance of recognizing these complexities, and that more reliable resection strategy must be established for accurate pathological evaluation.

White light computer-aided optical diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps in routine clinical practice.

Background and study aims Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems could make the optical diagnosis (OD) of diminutive colorectal polyps (DCPs) more reliable and objective. This study was aimed at prospectively evaluating feasibility and diagnostic performance of AI-standalone and AI-assisted OD of DCPs in a real-life setting by using a white light-based system (GI Genius, Medtronic Co, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States). Patients and methods Consecutive colonoscopy outpatients with at least one DCP were evaluated by 11 endoscopists (5 experts and 6 non-experts in OD). DCPs were classified in real time by AI (AI-standalone OD) and by the endoscopist with the assistance of AI (AI-assisted OD), with histopathology as the reference standard. Results Of the 480 DCPs, AI provided the outcome "adenoma" or "non-adenoma" in 81.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.5-84.6). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of AI-standalone OD were 97.0% (95% CI 94.0-98.6), 38.1% (95% CI 28.9-48.1), 80.1% (95% CI 75.2-84.2), 83.3% (95% CI 69.2-92.0), and 80.5% (95% CI 68.7-82.8%), respectively. Compared with AI-standalone, the specificity of AI-assisted OD was significantly higher (58.9%, 95% CI 49.7-67.5) and a trend toward an increase was observed for other diagnostic performance measures. Overall accuracy and negative predictive value of AI-assisted OD for experts and non-experts were 85.8% (95% CI 80.0-90.4) vs. 80.1% (95% CI 73.6-85.6) and 89.1% (95% CI 75.6-95.9) vs. 80.0% (95% CI 63.9-90.4), respectively. Conclusions Standalone AI is able to provide an OD of adenoma/non-adenoma in more than 80% of DCPs, with a high sensitivity but low specificity. The human-machine interaction improved diagnostic performance, especially when experts were involved.

Low-dose pulsed vs standard pulsed fluoroscopy during ERCP to reduce radiation without change in image quality: Prospective randomized study.

Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) poses the risk of radiation exposure (RE) to patients and staff and increases the risk of adverse biological effects such as cataracts, sterility, and cancer. Newer fluoroscopy equipment (C-Arm) provides options to limit radiation in the form of lower radiation dose and frame rate or time-limited "pulsed" settings. However, the impact of lower settings on image quality has not been assessed, and no standard protocol exists for fluoroscopy settings used during ERCP. Patients and methods This was a single-center, double-blind, prospective randomized study of consecutive adult patients undergoing standard-of-care ERCP at a tertiary academic medical center. Patients were randomized into two groups: 1) standard-dose pulsed and 2) low-dose pulsed. Pulsed mode (8 fps) was defined as x-ray exposure either in the manufacturer standard-dose or low-dose settings limited to 3 seconds each time the foot-operated switch was depressed. Results Seventy-eight patients undergoing ERCP were enrolled and randomized. No difference in age, gender, or body mass index was found between the two groups. No significant difference in image quality was found between standard-dose and low-dose fluoroscopy P = 0.925). The low-dose group was exposed to significantly less radiation when compared with standard-dose P < 0.05). Fluoroscopy time (minutes) was similar in both groups (2.0 vs 1.9), further suggesting that group assignment had no impact on image quality or procedure time. Conclusions Low-dose pulsed fluoroscopy is a reliable method that substantially reduces radiation without compromising image quality or affecting procedure or fluoroscopy times. This underscores the need for standardization in ERCP fluoroscopy settings to limit radiation exposure.

Efficacy and safety of the water pressure method for endoscopic submucosal dissection in superficial pharyngeal cancer.

Background and study aims Superficial pharyngeal cancers can be cured with transoral surgery (TOS), which preserves organ function and quality of life. Pharyngeal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is challenging to perform because of limited maneuverability and complex anatomical features. The water pressure method (WPM) is useful for natural traction techniques during ESD and is potentially useful for pharyngeal ESD. This study aimed to investigate the short-term outcomes of WPM-ESD for pharyngeal lesions. Patients and methods Therapeutic outcomes of patients who underwent WPM-ESD for pharyngeal lesions at Keio University between May 2019 and February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Twenty-one pharyngeal lesions treated with WPM-ESD were analyzed. Three lesions were located in the oropharynx and 18 in the hypopharynx. All ESD procedures were performed under general anesthesia. The endoscopic en bloc resection rate was 100%. The median procedure time was 15 minutes (range 4-45 minutes). All patients were successfully extubated on the day of ESD. No serious adverse events (AEs) related to WPM-ESDs were observed. None of the patients required nasogastric intubation, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, or tracheotomy. The median fasting time and hospital stay were 2 days (range 2-5 days) and 6 days (range 6-10 days), respectively. All the histological results indicated squamous cell carcinoma. The complete histologic resection rate was 76.2%. Conclusions WPM-ESD achieved a high en bloc resection rate and short procedure time without serious AEs. Thus, it may be a useful treatment for pharyngeal lesions.

Standard screening high-definition colonoscopy without any optimization device is no longer relevant: Time to move to optimized screening colonoscopy.

Optimizing the adenoma detection rate (ADR) is a major goal in colorectal cancer (CCR) screening, as it has long been established that ADR is inversely proportional to the risk of post-colonoscopy CRC occurrence. To achieve this goal, many optimization devices have been developed, and numerous randomized controlled trials have been conducted to evaluate the benefits of these devices compared with a "standard arm," which corresponds to date to high-definition white light (HD-WLI) colonoscopy. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive impact of various optimization devices, such as caps, computer-aided detection, and contrast-enhanced technologies. Moreover, the different ways in which the devices can impact ADR make them complementary. However, despite substantial and consistent data, practices remain unchanged, and HD-WLI colonoscopy, considered the "standard," is still routinely performed without any optimization devices. The objective of this viewpoint is to understand the barriers to change and to show why standard screening colonoscopy without the use of any optimization devices should no longer be considered relevant in 2024.

Measuring the concordance between endoscopic and histologic inflammation and its effect on IBD-associated dysplasia.

Background and study aims Chronically inflamed colonic mucosa is primed to develop dysplasia identified at surveillance colonoscopy by targeted or random biopsies. We aimed to explore the effect of mucosal inflammation on detection of visible and "invisible" dysplasia and the concordance between the degree of endoscopic and histologic inflammation. Patients and methods This was a 6-year cross-sectional analysis of endoscopic and histologic data from IBD. A multinomial model was created to estimate the odds for a specific lesion type as well as the odds of random dysplasia relative to the degree of inflammation. Kappa statistics were used to measure concordance between endoscopic and histologic inflammation. Results A total of 3437 IBD surveillance colonoscopies between 2016-2021 were reviewed with 970 procedures from 721 patients containing 1603 visible lesions. Kappa agreement between histologic and endoscopic degree of inflammation was low at 0.4. There was a positive association between increased endoscopic inflammation and presence of tubulovillous adenomas (TVAs) (odds ratio [OR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-4.62; P =0.04). Among cases with visible lesions, the yield of concomitant random dysplasia was 2.7% and 1.9% for random indefinite dysplasia. The odds of random dysplasia significantly increased as the degree of endoscopic and histologic inflammation increased (OR 2.18, 95%CI 1.46-3.26; P <0.001 and OR 2.75; 95%CI 1.65-4.57, P <0.001, respectively. The odds of indefinite random dysplasia also significantly increased as endoscopic and histologic inflammation increased (OR 2.90; 95%CI 1.85, 4.55, P <0.001 and OR 1.98; 95%CI 1.08, 3.62, P <0.035, respectively. Conclusions Endoscopic and histologic inflammation are associated with higher odds of finding TVAs and random low-grade, high-grade, and indefinite dysplasia. Concordance between histologic and endoscopic inflammation severity is low.

Adherence to guideline recommendations for Barrett's esophagus (BE) surveillance endoscopies: Effects of dedicated BE endoscopy lists.

Background and study aims For non-dysplastic Barrett's Esophagus (BE) patients, guidelines recommend endoscopic surveillance every 3 to 5 years with four-quadrant random biopsies every 2 cm of BE length. Adherence to these guidelines is low in clinical practice. Pooling BE surveillance endoscopies on dedicated endoscopy lists performed by dedicated endoscopists could possibly enhance guideline adherence, detection of visible lesions, and dysplasia detection rates (DDRs). Patients and methods Data were used from the ACID-study (Netherlands Trial Registry NL8214), a prospective trial of BE surveillance in the Netherlands. BE patients with known or previously treated dysplasia were excluded. Guideline adherence, detection of visible lesions, and DDRs were compared for patients on dedicated and general endoscopy lists. Results A total of 1,244 patients were included, 318 on dedicated lists and 926 on general lists. Endoscopies on dedicated lists showed significantly higher adherence to the random biopsy protocol (85% vs. 66%, P <0.01) and recommended surveillance intervals (60% vs. 47%, P <0.01) compared to general lists. Detection of visible lesions (8.8% vs. 8.1%, P =0.79) and DDRs were not significantly different (6.9% and 6.6%, P =0.94). None (0.0%) of the patients scheduled on dedicated lists and 10 (1.1%) on general lists were diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma ( P =0.07). In multivariable analysis, dedicated lists were significantly associated with biopsy protocol adherence and adherence to surveillance interval recommendations with odds ratios of 4.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07-9.57) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.03-2.61), respectively. Conclusions Dedicated endoscopy lists are associated with better adherence to the random biopsy protocol and surveillance interval recommendations.

Efficacy and safety of cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial duodenal epithelial neoplasia ≤ 10 mm.

Background and study aims Endoscopic treatment strategies for small superficial duodenal epithelial neoplasia (SDET) have not been established, and the R0 resection rates of all previously reported endoscopic techniques are somewhat low. Furthermore, no reports of cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection (EMRC), which is reportedly associated with a relatively high R0 resection rate, have been evaluated in sufficient numbers of patients. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy and safety of EMRC for SDETs ≤ 10 mm in a retrospective cohort study. Patients and methods We examined a prospectively maintained database and identified 248 consecutive patients (248 lesions) who had undergone endoscopic resection for SDETs ≤ 10 mm between January 2017 and June 2022. Our treatment strategy was consistent, with EMRC indicated for all SDETs ≤ 10 mm without non-lifting signs. The primary endpoint was the R0 resection rate. Results Overall, 20 lesions had non-lifting signs and were selected for endoscopic submucosal dissection, while the remaining 228 lesions were treated with EMRC. As a result of EMRC, the median tumor size was 5 mm, and the mean procedure time was 5 minutes. Most of the lesions (89.2%) were located in the descending part. The R0 resection rate was 97.4% (222/228 cases), and the en bloc resection rate was 99.6%. Only seven patients(3.1%) experienced adverse events (6 patients, delayed bleeding; 1 patient, acute pancreatitis), which were successfully managed without surgical intervention. Furthermore, no recurrences were observed. Conclusions We have demonstrated that EMRC is an effective and safe treatment for SDETs ≤ 10 mm that do not have non-lifting signs.

Optimal timing of simethicone administration prior to upper endoscopy: A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial.

Background and study aims Simethicone is useful as premedication for upper endoscopy because of its antifoaming effects. We aimed to evaluate the effect of timing of simethicone administration on mucosal visibility. Patients and methods In this multicenter, randomized, endoscopist-blinded study, patients scheduled for upper endoscopy were randomized to receive 40 mg simethicone at the following time points prior to the procedure: 20 to 30 minutes (early group), 0 to 10 minutes (late group) or 20 mg simethicone at both time points (split-dose group). Images were taken from nine predefined locations in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum before endoscopic flushing. Each image was scored on mucosal visibility by three independent endoscopists on a 4-point scale (lower scores indicating better visibility), with adequate mucosal visibility defined as a score ≤ 2. Primary outcome was the percentage of patients with adequate total mucosal visibility (TMV), reached if all median subscores for each location were ≤ 2. Results A total of 386 patients were included (early group: 132; late group: 128; split-dose group: 126). Percentages of adequate TMV were 55%, 42%, and 61% in the early, late, and split-dose group, respectively ( P < 0.01). Adequate TMV was significantly higher in the split-dose group compared to the late group ( P < 0.01), but not compared to the early group ( P = 0.29). Differences between groups were largest in the stomach, where percentages of adequate mucosal visibility were higher in the early (68% vs 53%, P = 0.03) and split-dose group (69% vs 53%, P = 0.02) compared to the late group. Conclusions Mucosal visibility can be optimized with early simethicone administration, either as a single administration or in a split-dose regimen.

Endoscopically placed fiducial markers for image-guided radiotherapy in preoperative gastric cancer: Technical feasibility and potential benefit.

Background and study aims Fiducial markers have demonstrated clinical value in radiotherapy in several organs, but little is known about markers in the stomach. Here, we assess the technical feasibility of endoscopic placement of markers in gastric cancer patients and their potential benefit for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Patients and methods In this prospective feasibility study, 14 gastric cancer patients underwent endoscopy-guided gold (all patients) and liquid (7 patients) marker placements distributed throughout the stomach. Technical feasibility, procedure duration, and potential complications were evaluated. Assessed benefit for IGRT comprised marker visibility on acquired imaging (3-4 computed tomography [CT] scans and 19-25 cone-beam CTs [CBCTs] per patient) and lack of migration. Marker visibility was compared per marker type and location (gastroesophageal junction (i.e., junction/cardia), corpus (corpus/antrum/fundus), and pylorus). Results Of the 93 marker implantation attempts, 59 were successful, i.e., marker in stomach wall and present during entire 5-week radiotherapy course (2-6 successfully placed markers per patient), with no significant difference (Fisher's exact test; P >0.05) in success rate between gold (39/66=59%) and liquid (20/27=74%). Average procedure duration was 24.4 min (range 16-38). No procedure-related complications were reported. All successfully placed markers were visible on all CTs, with 81% visible on ≥95% of CBCTs. Five markers were poorly visible (on <75% of CBCTs), possibly due to small marker volume and peristaltic motion since all five were liquid markers located in the corpus. No migration was observed. Conclusions Endoscopic placement of fiducial markers in the stomach is technically feasible and safe. Being well visible and positionally stable, markers provide a potential benefit for IGRT.

Umbrella systematic review of potential quality indicators for the detection of dysplasia and cancer at upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Background and study aims Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy lacks established quality indicators. We conducted an umbrella systematic review of potential quality indicators for the detection of UGI cancer and dysplasia. Methods Bibliographic databases were searched up to December 2021 for systematic reviews and primary studies. Studies reporting diagnostic accuracy, detection rates or the association of endoscopy or endoscopist-related factors with UGI cancer or dysplasia detection were included. AMSTAR2 and JBI checklists were used to assess systematic review and primary study quality. Clinical heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis and findings are summarized narratively. Results Eight systematic reviews and nine primary studies were included. Image enhancement, especially narrow band imaging, had high diagnostic accuracy for dysplasia and early gastric cancer (pooled sensitivity 0.87 (95% CI 0.84-0.89) and specificity 0.97 (0.97-0.98)). Higher detection rates with longer endoscopy examination times were reported in three studies, but no difference was observed in one study. Endoscopist biopsy rate was associated with increased gastric cancer detection (odds ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-2.9). Early esophageal cancer (0.17% vs 0.14%, P =0.04) and gastric cancer (0.16% vs 0.12%, P =0.02) detection rates were higher with propofol sedation compared to no sedation. Endoscopies performed by trained endoscopists on dedicated Barrett's surveillance lists had higher detection rates (8% vs 3%, P <0.001). The neoplasia detection rate during diagnostic endoscopies for Barrett's esophagus was 7% (95% CI 4%-10%). Conclusions Image enhancement use, longer examination times, biopsy rate and propofol sedation are potential quality indicators for UGI endoscopy. Neoplasia detection rate and dedicated endoscopy lists are additional potential quality indicators for Barrett's esophagus.

Endoscopic features of low-grade dysplastic Barrett's.

Background and study aims Barrett's esophagus (BE) with low-grade dysplasia (LGD) is considered usually endoscopically invisible and the endoscopic features are not well described. This study aimed to: 1) evaluate the frequency of visible BE-LGD; 2) compare rates of BE-LGD detection in the community versus a Barrett's referral unit (BRU); and 3) evaluate the endoscopic features of BE-LGD. Patients and methods This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively observed cohort of 497 patients referred to a BRU with dysplastic BE between 2008 and 2022. BE-LGD was defined as confirmation of LGD by expert gastrointestinal pathologist(s). Endoscopy reports, images and histology reports were reviewed to evaluate the frequency of endoscopically identifiable BE-LGD and their endoscopic features. Results A total of 135 patients (27.2%) had confirmed BE-LGD, of whom 15 (11.1%) had visible LGD identified in the community. After BRU assessment, visible LGD was detected in 68 patients (50.4%). Three phenotypes were observed: (A) Non-visible LGD; (B) Elevated (Paris 0-IIa) lesions; and (C) Flat (Paris 0-IIb) lesions with abnormal mucosal and/or vascular patterns with clear demarcation from regular flat BE. The majority (64.7%) of visible LGD was flat lesions with abnormal mucosal and vascular patterns. Endoscopic detection of BE-LGD increased over time (38.7% (2009-2012) vs. 54.3% (2018-2022)). Conclusions In this cohort, 50.4% of true BE-LGD was endoscopically visible, with increased recognition endoscopically over time and a higher rate of visible LGD detected at a BRU when compared with the community. BRU assessment of BE-LGD remains crucial; however, improving endoscopy surveillance quality in the community is equally important.

Long-term follow-up of the red density pilot trial: a basis for long-term prediction of sustained clinical remission in ulcerative colitis?

Red density (RD) technology is an automated operator-independent endoscopic scoring system for disease activity in ulcerative colitis (UC). In this retrospective analysis we aimed to assess the predictive value of the RD sore for sustained clinical remission. All 39 patients from the RD pilot trial were evaluated for clinical outcome in a 5-year period. The highest RD score was considered for Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine the cut-off of the RD for the composite endpoint of treatment failure (defined as mortality, colectomy, hospitalizations, flares and UC therapy changes). Statistical significance was considered P < 0.05. Reassessment of the RD score was possible in 36 patients. The composite endpoint was reached in 17 of 39 patients. ROC analysis for clinical remission showed a RD cut-off of 65, area under the ROC was 0.68, sensitivity of 0.71, and a specificity of 0.63. A RD score of ≥ 65 demonstrated a statistically non-significant increase in composite endpoint (hazard ratio 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.1871-1.280); P = 0.1453). In conclusion, the RD score may be an independent predictor of clinical remission in patients with UC for the disease course up to 5 years, but results of the ongoing PROCEED-UC trial are to awaited for definite conclusions.

Virtual Chromoendoscopy in Capsule Endoscopy: A Narrative Review.

The usefulness of virtual chromoendoscopy (VC) in capsule endoscopy (CE) isa controversial issue, with conflicting studies regarding its efficacy. FICE and a blue filter were embedded in the PillCamTM software, with the aim to assist readers in identifying the source of obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (OGIB), coeliac disease mucosal changes and other small and large bowel lesions, including polyps and tumors. This review aims to summarize the existing evidence on the value of VC in the visualization and identification of different types of pathology. Overall, VC in CE with FICE 1 and 2 can be a useful adjunctive tool and may increase the visibility of pigmented lesions, such as angiectasias and ulcers. However, it does not appear to improve the detection of polyps or tumors. On the other hand, the role of FICE 3 and the blue filter appears to be limited. FICE may also be helpful in differentiating hyperplastic and adenomatous colonic polyps during colon capsule endoscopy, although more evidence is needed.

Electronic chromo-endoscopy: technical details and a clinical perspective.

Precise endoscopic assessment is necessary to detect neoplastic changes in an early stage. Electronic or virtual chromo-endoscopy (ECE) is an alternative to conventional dye-based chromo-endoscopy which markedly improves capillary pattern and hence can detect micro-vessel morphological changes of early neoplasia to target biopsies and aid in diagnosis. The clinical significance increased after the advent of endoscopic treatment modalities like ESD/EMR which requires precise delineation of extent and depth of lesion. Most of the studies have used narrow-band imaging (NBI) (Olympus Medical Systems Tokyo, Japan), although data from i-SCAN (PENTAX Endoscopy, Tokyo, Japan) and flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) (Fujinon, Fujifilm Medical Co, Saitama, Japan) are emerging. Electronic chromo-endoscopy is convenient compared to dye-based chromo-endoscopy in the sense that it is available at the push of a button in endoscope and reduces procedure time substantially with comparable efficacy. Scope of this review is to discuss available electronic chromo-endoscopy modalities and their role in the diagnosis, surveillance, and management of early GI neoplasia.