ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this review is to update and summarise available evidence on environmental risk factors that have been associated with risk of Parkinson disease (PD) or Alzheimer disease (AD) and discuss their potential mechanisms. DEVELOPMENT: Evidence consistently suggests that a higher risk of PD is associated with pesticides and that a higher risk of AD is associated with pesticides, hypertension and high cholesterol levels in middle age, hyperhomocysteinaemia, smoking, traumatic brain injury and depression. There is weak evidence suggesting that higher risk of PD is associated with high milk consumption in men, high iron intake, chronic anaemia and traumatic brain injury. Weak evidence also suggests that a higher risk of AD is associated with high aluminium intake through drinking water, excessive exposure to electromagnetic fields from electrical grids, DM and hyperinsulinaemia, obesity in middle age, excessive alcohol consumption and chronic anaemia. Evidence consistently suggests that a lower risk of PD is associated with hyperuricaemia, tobacco and coffee use, while a lower risk of AD is associated with moderate alcohol consumption, physical exercise, perimenopausal hormone replacement therapy and good cognitive reserve. Weak evidence suggests that lower risk of PD is associated with increased vitamin E intake, alcohol, tea, NSAIDs, and vigorous physical exercise, and that lower risk of AD is associated with the Mediterranean diet, coffee and habitual NSAID consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Several environmental factors contribute significantly to risk of PD and AD. Some may already be active in the early stages of life, and some may interact with other genetic factors. Population-based strategies to modify such factors could potentially result in fewer cases of PD or AD.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/etiology , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Parkinson Disease/etiology , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Risk Factors , Risk Reduction BehaviorABSTRACT
Se presentan por primera vez en una publicación nacional los conceptos y aspectos metodológicos más importantes relacionados con la adecuación del método general para estimar la carga de factores de riesgo, al caso particular de los factores de riesgo ambientales. Los trabajos fundamentales sobre este tema han sido desarrollados desde hace un poco más de 10 años por especialistas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se ilustra el procedimiento con la estimación de la carga atribuible al factor de riesgo ambiental agua y saneamiento en Cuba. El objetivo del trabajo es contribuir a un mayor conocimiento y debate sobre estas técnicas, lo que eventualmente conduciría a su gradual aplicación y al uso inteligente de sus resultados en la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la salud ambiental(AU)
This is the first time that in a national publication to appear the more important methodological concepts and features related to general method adjustment to estimate the risk factors burden, particularly the environmental ones. From approximately 10 years ago the WHO's specialist have made fundamental papers on this subject. Procedure is illustrated with the burden valuation attributable to "water and disinfection" as an environmental risk factor in Cuba. The aim of present paper is to contribute to a greater knowledge and debate on these techniques what possibly could to lead to its gradual application and to wise use of results in the decision-making related to environmental health(AU)
Subject(s)
Environmental Hazards , Impacts of Polution on Health/prevention & control , Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Decision Making , CubaABSTRACT
Se presentan por primera vez en una publicación nacional los conceptos y aspectos metodológicos más importantes relacionados con la adecuación del método general para estimar la carga de factores de riesgo, al caso particular de los factores de riesgo ambientales. Los trabajos fundamentales sobre este tema han sido desarrollados desde hace un poco más de 10 años por especialistas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se ilustra el procedimiento con la estimación de la carga atribuible al factor de riesgo ambiental "agua y saneamiento" en Cuba. El objetivo del trabajo es contribuir a un mayor conocimiento y debate sobre estas técnicas, lo que eventualmente conduciría a su gradual aplicación y al uso inteligente de sus resultados en la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la salud ambiental.
This is the first time that in a national publication to appear the more important methodological concepts and features related to general method adjustment to estimate the risk factors burden, particularly the environmental ones. From approximately 10 years ago the WHO's specialist have made fundamental papers on this subject. Procedure is illustrated with the burden valuation attributable to "water and disinfection" as an environmental risk factor in Cuba. The aim of present paper is to contribute to a greater knowledge and debate on these techniques what possibly could to lead to its gradual application and to wise use of results in the decision-making related to environmental health.
