O fenômeno da transgeracionalidade no ciclo de vida familiar: casal com filhos pequenos / The influence of the transgerational phenomenon on the family life cycle of couples with small children / El fenómeno de la transgeneracionalidad en el ciclo de vida familiar: pareja con hijos pequeños

O presente trabalho investiga a influência do fenômeno da transgeracionalidade no ciclo de vida familiar de casal com filhos pequenos. A partir dos dados levantados por meio de genogramas, foi possível obter uma leitura sistêmica a respeito da família de origem de cada um dos cônjuges, bem como da família nuclear por eles constituída. Durante as sessões de terapia de casal, foi trabalhado, entre outros temas, o conceito de diferenciação do self, possibilitando ao casal o entendimento acerca da origem de seus problemas conjugais, os quais emergiram após o nascimento das filhas. Como consequência, o casal pôde vivenciar mudanças evolutivas na relação conjugal, confirmando o que a terapia boweniana diz sobre o entendimento ser o veículo de cura.

This work investigates the influence of the transgenerational phenomenon on the family life cycle of couples with small children. As of collection of data from genograms, it was possible to obtain a systemic reading on the family origin of each spouse, as well as the nuclear family constituted by them. During the couple’s therapy sessions, they worked on the concept of self-differentiation, allowing the couple to understand the origin of their marital problems, which emerged after the birth of their daughters. As a consequence, the couple may experience evolutionary changes in their marital relationship, confirming what the Bowenian Therapy says about understanding as to the vehicle of healing.

El presente trabajo investiga la influencia del fenómeno de la transgeneracionalidad en el ciclo de vida familiar de pareja con hijos pequeños. A partir de los datos levantados por medio de genogramas, fue posible obtener una lectura sistémica al respecto de la familia de origen de cada uno de los cónyuges, así como de la familia nuclear constituida por ellos. Durante las sesiones de terapia de pareja, fue trabajado, entre otros temas, el concepto de diferenciación del self, posibilitándole a la pareja el entendimiento acerca del origen de sus problemas conyugales, los cuales emergieron después del nacimiento de sus hijas. Como consecuencia, la pareja pudo vivenciar cambios evolutivos en la relación conyugal, confirmando lo que la terapia boweniana dice sobre que el entendimiento es el vehículo de cura.

Social skills, empathy, love, and satisfaction in the family life cycle / Habilidades sociais, empatia, amor e satisfação no ciclo vital familiar

This study verified the predictive relationships between social skills, beliefs about love and marital satisfaction in the family life cycle. The participants of this study were 446 married adults, of both sexes, living in the metropolitan area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The explanatory variables that contributed most to the marital satisfaction of men were passion, proactive self-control, decision/commitment, and for women they were commitment, affective sensitivity, decision/commitment, and passion. It was concluded that the dimensions related to love constructs were more explanatory of marital satisfaction, except at the stage of couples with small children whose social skills were more prominent. These results may contribute to preparatory programs and therapies related to marital life.

Este estudo verificou as relações preditivas entre habilidades sociais, empatia, amor e satisfação conjugal no ciclo vital familiar. Os participantes deste estudo foram 446 adultos casados, de ambos os sexos, residentes na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro/RJ. As variáveis explicativas que mais contribuíram para a Satisfação Conjugal de homens foram a Paixão, o Autocontrole Proativo e a Decisão/Compromisso; e, para as mulheres, o Compromisso, a Sensibilidade Afetiva, a Decisão/Compromisso e a Paixão. Concluiu-se que as dimensões do construto do amor foram mais explicativas da Satisfação Conjugal no ciclo familiar geral, exceto na etapa de casais com filhos pequenos, em que habilidades sociais foram mais proeminentes. Esses resultados podem contribuir para programas preparatórios e terapias relativas à vida conjugal.

A Família no contexto da hospitalização: revisão sistemática / The family in the context of hospitalization: a systematic revision / La familia en el context de hospitalización: revisión sistemática

A pesquisa objetivou apresentar uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos sobre a família no contexto da hospitalização. Nas bases de dados (Lilacs, Medline, IBECS, PsycINFO, Wiley Interscience, Pubmed, Web of Science) buscou-se selecionar os estudos empíricos publicados entre 2007-2012. Foram construídas categorias para analisar estes estudos: família e criança hospitalizada, família e adulto hospitalizado, família e idoso hospitalizado. Estas pesquisas enfatizam a vivência de familiares, avaliação de estresse e estratégias de enfrentamento, e a relação equipe de saúde e família. Foram identificados maior número de publicações sobre família e criança hospitalizada, e estes estudos apresentam as alterações que ocorrem na dinâmica familiar, diante da situação de doença e hospitalização. Existe a necessidade da atenção integral à família do paciente hospitalizado para promover o acolhimento e minimizar o sofrimento ocasionado pelo processo de hospitalização. Estes resultados das pesquisas sobre famílias de pacientes hospitalizados auxiliam a construção de propostas de avaliação e intervenção psicológica. (AU)

The research aimed to present a bibliometric study of scientific articles about the family in the context of hospitalization. From queries in databases (Lilacs, Medline, IBECS, PsycINFO, Wiley Interscience, Pubmed, Web of Science) was able to select the empirical studies published between 2007-2012. Categories were built to analyze these studies: family and child hospitalized, family and adult hospitalized, family and elderly hospitalized. These studies emphasize the family experience, evaluation of the levels of stress and coping strategies, and relationship team of health and family. The studies highlight changes that occur in family dynamics on the disease situation and hospitalization of a member. There is a need for comprehensive care family of hospitalized patients to promote the acceptance and minimize the suffering caused by the process of hospitalization. These results of research on families of hospitalized patients build proposals for evaluation and psychological intervention. (AU)

La investigación pretende presentar un estudio bibliométrico de los artículos científicos sobre la família en el contexto de hospitalización. De las consultas sobre bases de datos (Lilacs, Medline, IBECS, PsycINFO, Wiley Interscience, Pubmed, Web of Science) fue posible seleccionar los estudios empíricos publicados entre 2007-2012. Categorías fueron construidos para analizar estos estudios: familia y niño hospitalizado, familia y adulto hospitalizado, familia y personas de edad avanzada hospitalizados. Estos estudios enfatizan la experiencia de los familiares, la evaluación de estrategias de estrés y afrontamiento y relación equipo de salud y familia. Mayor cantidad de publicaciones sobre la familia y el niño hospitalizado, y estos estudios ponen de relieve los cambios que ocurren en la dinámica familiar ante la situación de enfermedad y hospitalización. Estos resultados de la investigación sobre las familias de los pacientes hospitalizados ayudan a construir propuestas para la evaluación e intervención psicológica. (AU)

Conceptualización de ciclo vital familiar: una mirada a la producción durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2002 a 2015 / Conceptualization of family life cycle: a view of the production during the period between 2002 and 2015

El presente trabajo es el resultado de un proceso de investigación teórico descriptiva de tipo documental, en el cual se rastrearon y analizaron diferentes estudios publicados durante los años 2002 a 2015 en relación con el tema ciclo vital familiar (CVF). Se analizaron 45 artículos y textos teóricos. A partir del proceso de codificación y análisis se derivan tres núcleos temáticos: Definición de CVF; Etapas del CVF y Nuevas apuestas conceptuales en torno a éste. Se presenta al ciclo vital familiar desde dos perspectivas, como teorización que permite discernir el desarrollo de la familia a lo largo de su existencia, a través de etapas, y otra que implica cuestionar la validez contemporánea de esta teoría en la sociedad dados sus cambios sociales, culturales, económicos, entre otros.

This study is the result of a process of theoretical descriptive documentary research, in which different researches published during the years 2002-2015 in relation to the subject family life cycle (FLC) were tracked and analyzed. 45 articles and theoretical texts were analyzed. From the process of coding and analysis three contents have been derived: Definition of FLC, FLC stages and new conceptual challenges on this. The family life cycle is presented from two perspectives, as theorizing that can discern the development of the family throughout its existence, through stages, and another that involves questioning the contemporary validity of this theory in society, taken into account social, cultural, and economic changes, among others.

Relação pais-filhos na transição para a vida adulta, autonomia e relativização da hierarquia / Parent-child relationship in the transition to adulthood, autonomy and relativization of hierarchy

O relacionamento pais-filhos modifica-se ao longo do ciclo de vida familiar. Após a adolescência, continuando a dependência dos filhos, não há uma passagem linear ao mundo adulto. Uma nova fase, a da transição para a vida adulta, é vivenciada pela família. Durante esse período, observa-se a necessidade de os pais continuarem auxiliando o processo de crescimento dos filhos. Compreender a experiência de pais, que vivenciam essa fase, é o objetivo dessa pesquisa. A metodologia qualitativa é a utilizada, entrevistando-se pais e mães de classe média, residentes no Rio de Janeiro, cujos filhos têm entre 15 e 26 anos. Conclui-se que os pais participam, oferecendo suporte à autonomia dos seus filhos jovens, relativizando a diferença hierárquica ao se aproximarem mais deles.(AU)

The relationship between parents and children changes throughout the family life cycle. After adolescence, as children's dependence still remains, there is no linear passage to adulthood. Hence, a new phase of transition to adult life is experienced by the family. During this period, there is the need for parents to keep supporting children's developing process. The goal of the present research is to understand parents' experience in this phase. A qualitative methodology is adopted, through interviews with middle-class mothers and fathers living in Rio de Janeiro whose children are between 15 and 26 years old. We concluded that parents participate by offering support to their young children's autonomy, while they relativize the hierarchical difference when get closer to them.(AU)

Relação pais-filhos na transição para a vida adulta, autonomia e relativização da hierarquia / Parent-child relationship in the transition to adulthood, autonomy and relativization of hierarchy

O relacionamento pais-filhos modifica-se ao longo do ciclo de vida familiar. Após a adolescência, continuando a dependência dos filhos, não há uma passagem linear ao mundo adulto. Uma nova fase, a da transição para a vida adulta, é vivenciada pela família. Durante esse período, observa-se a necessidade de os pais continuarem auxiliando o processo de crescimento dos filhos. Compreender a experiência de pais, que vivenciam essa fase, é o objetivo dessa pesquisa. A metodologia qualitativa é a utilizada, entrevistando-se pais e mães de classe média, residentes no Rio de Janeiro, cujos filhos têm entre 15 e 26 anos. Conclui-se que os pais participam, oferecendo suporte à autonomia dos seus filhos jovens, relativizando a diferença hierárquica ao se aproximarem mais deles.

The relationship between parents and children changes throughout the family life cycle. After adolescence, as children's dependence still remains, there is no linear passage to adulthood. Hence, a new phase of transition to adult life is experienced by the family. During this period, there is the need for parents to keep supporting children's developing process. The goal of the present research is to understand parents' experience in this phase. A qualitative methodology is adopted, through interviews with middle-class mothers and fathers living in Rio de Janeiro whose children are between 15 and 26 years old. We concluded that parents participate by offering support to their young children's autonomy, while they relativize the hierarchical difference when get closer to them.

Agregado familiar de casais idosos: estrutura, dinâmicas e valores / Old age couples household: structure, dynamics and values

Este estudo exploratório analisa agregados familiares de casais idosos, em termos de estrutura, dinâmicas relacionais e valores. Foi aplicado um questionário a 136 casais de idosos Portugueses de classe socioeconómica média. Os resultados sugerem: i) estrutura composta por casais de idosos que vivem predominantemente sós; ii) dinâmica familiar pautada por clima afetuoso, amizade e diálogo constante; iii) baseado em valores assentes no amor, diálogo e convívio familiar.(AU)

This exploratory study examines old age couples household in terms of structure, relational dynamics and values. A questionnaire was applied to 136 old Portuguese couples of middle socio-economic class. Results suggest: i) structure composed by old couples who live mostly alone, ii) family dynamic characterized by affection, friendship and dialogue iii) values based on love, dialogue and family convivial.(AU)

Agregado familiar de casais idosos: estrutura, dinâmicas e valores / Old age couples household: structure, dynamics and values

Este estudo exploratório analisa agregados familiares de casais idosos, em termos de estrutura, dinâmicas relacionais e valores. Foi aplicado um questionário a 136 casais de idosos Portugueses de classe socioeconómica média. Os resultados sugerem: i) estrutura composta por casais de idosos que vivem predominantemente sós; ii) dinâmica familiar pautada por clima afetuoso, amizade e diálogo constante; iii) baseado em valores assentes no amor, diálogo e convívio familiar.

This exploratory study examines old age couples household in terms of structure, relational dynamics and values. A questionnaire was applied to 136 old Portuguese couples of middle socio-economic class. Results suggest: i) structure composed by old couples who live mostly alone, ii) family dynamic characterized by affection, friendship and dialogue iii) values based on love, dialogue and family convivial.

Ciclo vital da família e envelhecimento: contextos e desafios / Family life cycle and aging: contexts and challenges

Os focos dos cuidados de enfermagem têm vindo a apresentar configurações diferentes face às mudanças sociais que exigem novas necessidades de saúde. O ciclo vital da família caracteriza-se por padrões de regularidade funcional, associados às funções, estrutura e processos interacionais. Nesta perspectiva a compreensão destes padrões na última etapa do ciclo vital, que se caracteriza pela adaptação ao envelhecimento, permitirá interacções mais ajustadas à promoção da saúde familiar.(AU)

The focus of nursing care has been presenting different configurations due to the social changes that require new health requirements. The family life cycle is characterized by functional regular patterns, associated to the functions, structure and interactional processes. In this perspective, understanding these patterns in the last stage of the lifecycle, which is characterized by the adaptation to aging, allowing interactions more adjusted to the promotion of family health.(AU)

Ciclo vital da família e envelhecimento: contextos e desafios / Family life cycle and aging: contexts and challenges

Os focos dos cuidados de enfermagem têm vindo a apresentar configurações diferentes face às mudanças sociais que exigem novas necessidades de saúde. O ciclo vital da família caracteriza-se por padrões de regularidade funcional, associados às funções, estrutura e processos interacionais. Nesta perspectiva a compreensão destes padrões na última etapa do ciclo vital, que se caracteriza pela adaptação ao envelhecimento, permitirá interacções mais ajustadas à promoção da saúde familiar...

The focus of nursing care has been presenting different configurations due to the social changes that require new health requirements. The family life cycle is characterized by functional regular patterns, associated to the functions, structure and interactional processes. In this perspective, understanding these patterns in the last stage of the lifecycle, which is characterized by the adaptation to aging, allowing interactions more adjusted to the promotion of family health...

Ninho cheio: uma nova etapa do ciclo vital familiar? / Full nest: a new stage of family life cycle?

O objetivo desse artigo é indicar aspectos que configuram o processo de permanência do filho adulto jovem no lar parental, especificamente no que diz respeito à relação com sua família de origem. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido a partir da revisão de alguns autores a luz da abordagem ecológico-sistêmica. A questão da saída do adulto jovem da casa dos pais, momento crucial no desenvolvimento individual e familiar, vem sofrendo alterações pois observamos que atualmente está ocorrendo, em larga escala o fenômeno inverso, ou seja, a permanência do adulto jovem por mais tempo na casa dos pais. Observamos, hoje, uma variação na fase do ninho vazio, em que os pais costumavam ficar sozinhos no lar, para o “ninho cheio”, em que a família permanece toda residindo conjuntamente.

This article aims to indicate aspects involved in the young adult's process of remaining at their parents' home, specifically in the relationship with this family of origin. This study was developed through the revision of some authors of the ecological-systemic approach. The question of leaving the parent´s home, that is an important moment of familiar and individual development, has been modified because nowadays we observed in large scale the inverse phenomenon, that is the young adult's process of remaining for more time at their parents' home. Today we realize a difference in the empty nest, stage that was the time that parents remained alone at home, for the full nest stage, when the family leaves together.

As particularidades da (in)satisfação conjugalantes e depois da chegada dos filhos / The peculiarities of marital (dis)satisfactionbefore and after the birth of children

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir as particularidades dasatisfação conjugal antes e depois da chegada dos filhos. São analisadas as respostasde 174 sujeitos com e sem filhos - divididos igualmente entre os sexos, casados pelaprimeira vez por um período entre um e dez anos completos, grau de instrução mínimo deensino médio incompleto e não gravidez na esposa. Utilizam-se os seguintes instrumentos:o Formulário do Conceito de Satisfação Conjugal (FCSC), elaborado especialmente paraesse estudo, a Escala de Satisfação Conjugal (ESC) e a Marital Adjustment Test, adaptadoà realidade brasileira (MAT-MARI). A hipótese de que a satisfação conjugal apresenta-sede forma diferente entre grupos, com prejuízo dela nos casos de pessoas com filhos,confirma-se tanto por meio dos resultados quantitativos, quanto nos qualitativos. Taisdados promovem reflexões importantes para profissionais que trabalham com casais elevantam novos questionamentos a serem estudados em futuras oportunidades(AU)

The aim of this article is to present and to discuss the peculiarities of maritalsatisfaction before and after the birth of children. The assessment instruments are: the‘Concept of Marital Satisfaction Form’, especially developed for this study; MaritalSatisfaction Scale (MSS); Marital Adjustment Test adapted to Brazilian context (MATMARI).The answers given by 174 participants, with and without children, are analyzed.Subjects are equally divided in groups of men and women and have all been married forthe first time, for a period of 1-10 years, without occurrence of pregnancy during researchperiod, and also possess a minimum educational level of incomplete high school. Thehypothesis that marital satisfaction appears to be different within groups, presentingreduction in the case of individuals with children is confirmed in this study, in quantitativeas well as in qualitative results. The data obtained points to important reflections forprofessionals in their clinical work with couples and raises new issues to be studied infurther opportunities(AU)

Ninho cheio: a permanência do adulto jovem em sua família de origem / Full nest: the young adult remaining at their parent´s home

Este artigo analisa os aspectos psicológicos e psicossociais envolvidos no processo de permanência em casa do adulto jovem solteiro de ambos os sexos. Participaram deste estudo quatro adultos jovens, sendo dois homens e duas mulheres, na faixa etária dos 27 aos 35 anos. Utilizou-se como instrumento da pesquisa uma entrevista semi-estruturada. O método empregado foi o estudo de casos coletivos e fez-se uma análise de conteúdo das informações. Observa-se que a percepção de dificuldade de insersão no mercado de trabalho e da conquista de salários melhores, aliada à vontade de seguir desfrutando do conforto e da segurança que o lar parental oferece, é o grande motivador da permanência dos filhos na casa dos pais.

The present article was aimed to analyze the psychological and psychosocial aspects involved in the young adult's process of remaining at their parents' home. Four young adults were interviewed, two men and two women, aged from 27 to 35 years old. The method used was Stake's Collective Case Study. Data analysis have been made according to the content analysis method. The difficulty of getting a job and good salaries associated to the wish of continuing enjoying their parents' home comfort and safety is the young adults' main reason to remain at their parents' home.

[Mexican households and family networks in the United States: several life histories, one family history]. / Hogares y fratrias mexicanas en Estados Unidos: varias historias de vida, una historia de familia.

PIP: "The authors analyze the Mexican household in the United States, emphasizing its complexity...as well as...its changes over time. The authors seek to understand the composition of relatives within exiled families, their life-cycle evolution, and the interaction of civil and migratory calendars. They also consider household changes related to the migratory process, changes in marriage and birth civil calendars, changes produced by work or marital events, and the type of migratory decisions developed within families." (EXCERPT)^ieng

[Trajectories of life: support for the interpretation of demographic phenomena]. / Trayectorias de vida: un apoyo para la interpretacion de los fenomenos demograficos.

PIP: The author analyzes demographic phenomena of the life course in Mexico, with a focus on different generations and intergenerational relationships within the family since the 1930s. Aspects considered include education, occupations, marriage patterns, and reproduction.^ieng

Patterns of domestic life in colonial Mexico: views from the households.

The author proposes new directions for the study of family life in colonial Mexico. "The goal was to present an alternative perspective for discussing patterns of domestic life in colonial Latin America and to illustrate how use of the life-course perspective improves on the more static, conventional Laslett approach.... Statistically based examinations of domestic life-course patterns, when combined with information about the economic, legal, and emotive aspects of families, can bring us closer to understanding social dynamics and everyday life in Mexico's past."

Migration and the life cycle of households in southern Peru.

"This paper examines the relationships between migration and the life cyle of households in contexts where the economic activities of peasant families are increasingly diversified and where off-farm labor has come to form a vital part of subsistence strategies. Research from the department of Puno, southern Peru is used to explore the issues this raises including: (a) differences between externally induced economic differentiation and the life cycle dynamics of peasant households; (b) the differing migratory patterns of rich and poor households; and (c) the effects of migration on household labor supply and productive organization. The paper concludes by suggesting that for poor families, who exercise less control over the timing of the migratory process, migration may cause disruptive effects in [production], a reorientation of the household division of labor, and changes in reproductive decision-making."

[Demographic characteristics of domestic groups in Mexico]. / Caracteristicas demograficas de los grupos domesticos en Mexico

PIP: The family life cycle concept developed by Meyer Fortes is tested using data from the 1970 Mexican census. The results indicate that this concept is not wholly applicable because of the wide prevalence of extended family households and because childbearing in Mexico is spread over an extended period, with the result that childbearing periods for mother and older daughters may overlap.^ieng

Female employment and fertility in the Dominican Republic: a dynamic perspective.

PIP: Using a sequential events model, the relationship between female employment and fertility during a 5 year period in the 1970s is analyzed among married women in urban areas of the Dominican Republic. The use of alternative measures and procedures produced a consistent set of results indicating that there exists, at most, a minimal relationship between employment and fertility. While the focus has been on proximate events among stable married women, some evidence is provided of an inverse fertility employment relationship over the long term. The number of surviving children a woman had prior to the interval was negatively associated with interval employment, and the relationship between interval fertility and subsequent employment was negative but insignificant. The cumulation of birth tends to keep married women out of the labor force, but the effect is small. No effect, however, was observed of long or short term employment on interval fertility. Type of work also proved to be essentially unrelated to fertility. Only among white collar women who had recently initiated work did a negative relationship appear. Since employment in white collar professions represents the closest measure of employment in the "modern" sector, this finding indicates that fertility may be postponed over the short term while women develop the job specific skills and relations required to assure job reentry following childbirth. The apparent low degree of incompatibility between the roles of mother and market worker is not totally surprising given social and economic conditions in the Dominican Republic. The employment patterns resulting from general economic conditions may serve to reduce role incompatibility. There appears to be relative ease of market reentry, particularly in low skilled occupations such as domestic service and sales. When stable long term employment is not commonly available to mothers, frequent exits from the labor force to have children may not affect the quality and economic value of future employment, thereby reducing incompatibility between motherhood and employment. A more powerful employment effect on fertility may be occurring during earlier life cycle stages of Dominican women. Rapid social change is reflected in rising age at marriage, increasing proportions of women who never marry, rapid fertility declines, and increasing female employment. Better educated and more economically active women are less likely to be in marital unions. Similarly, employment may be affecting fertility through a delay in 1st marriage. While employment within marriage does not interfere significantly with childbearing, over the long run the effect may be negative. As women become more highly educated and seek employment, they appear less likely to marry or are likely to postpone their 1st marriage. Changes in women's status at earlier life cycle stages need to be examined in future dynamic studies to identify key determinants of subsequent life cycle events.^ieng

Demographic and social differentiation among northern Peruvian peasants.

"In this paper, [the authors] apply the concepts of demographic and social differentiation to the analysis of inequality among rural households in the northern Peruvian department of Cajamarca. While [they] demonstrate that social rather than demographic differentation is the more important process in this area, [they] illustrate the complementarity of Chayanov's methodological analysis of the family life cycle with a Marxist class-theoretical framework. Both enrich the study of patterns in the agricultural sector of household labor use, family structure and composition, and income inequality."