Comparison of isometric handgrip test among pregnant offspring of hypertensive parents and pregnant offspring of non-hypertensive parents.

Context: A family history of hypertension is one of the important risk factors for the development of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). Offspring of hypertensive parents should be screened for PIH. The isometric handgrip (IHG) test is used to assess autonomic function among them. Autonomic function dysregulation can indicate their predisposition to develop PIH later in the course of pregnancy. Aim and Objectives: To compare the IHG among pregnant offspring of hypertensive parents (Group 1) and non-hypertensive parents (Group 2). Methods and Materials: This is a cross-sectional study done among 100 pregnant women in the second trimester (50 participants in each group). Blood pressure responses to sustained hand grip for 2 minutes of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were recorded, immediately at the end of the IHG test and after 5 minutes of the IHG test. Statistical Analysis: Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the responses in two groups. Results: There is no statistical difference in basal blood pressure and heart rate between the two groups. Group 1 exhibited a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to Group 2 immediately after 2 minutes of the IHG test. There is a significant increase in SBP after 5 minutes of the IHG in Group 2. Conclusions: Offspring of hypertensive parents have increased sympathetic reactivity and restoration of the blood pressure is significantly less compared to offspring of normotensive parents, which may predispose them for PIH. IHG can be applied as a convenient tool to screen the population who are at risk of PIH in places like primary health centres or field screenings where IHG is one possible option.

A study of post exercise hypotension in normotensive offspring of hypertensives after acute exercise.

Background & objectives: Post exercise hypotension (PEH) is a well-known entity in hypertensive and borderline hypertensive patients. Since the results are inconsistent in normotensives and there is a genetic predisposition of the individuals to hypertension, we hypothesized that PEH is expected to occur in those normotensives who are offspring of hypertensive parents. In this study, we therefore aimed to compare the magnitude of PEH after an acute bout of moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in the offspring of hypertensives vs. offspring of normotensives. Methods: Sixty normotensive participants of both genders (male and female in equal proportion), aged 18-40 yr, were divided into two groups based on their family history of hypertension. The cases (Group 1, n=30) consisted of the normotensives who were offspring of hypertensive parents while the normotensives who were offspring of normotensive parents were taken as the controls (Group 2, n=30). The hypertensive patients were excluded from the study. The individuals underwent a control session (sitting at rest for 5-10 min), followed by a single acute bout of MICE based on the target heart rate (60-70% of maximum heart rate) on a treadmill at the same time of the day (in the morning). The pre- and post-exercise measurements (after 10 min post exercise) of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were taken in all the participants using mercury sphygmomanometer in sitting position on the left arm. The intergroup and intragroup net effects of exercise on BP were compared with P<0.05 considered significant. Results: The mean SBP was reduced by 5 mmHg than the baseline in the offspring of hypertensives (cases) as compared to the controls after exercise (P=0.01). The fall in mean DBP and MAP was insignificant across both the groups, but the magnitude of PEH measured as delta changes (BP before and after exercise) in SBP (~5 mmHg) and MAP (~4 mmHg) were significantly higher for the cases as compared to the controls (P=0.01). Interpretation & conclusions: PEH occurs in higher magnitude in normotensives who are genetically predisposed to hypertension, such as offspring of hypertensive parents, and may find regular exercise-induced PEH as an important primary preventive tool to prevent or delay the development of hypertension.

Polymorphism of Gene ACE I/D and Family History of Hypertension as Predisposition of Hypertension

@#Introduction: Hypertension is a polygenic disease that caused 45% of deaths. Various genes have been engaged with the pathogenesis of hypertension. One of these genes affects sodium homeostasis in the kidney, including the ACE I/D gene polymorphism. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism with the incidence of hypertension in coastal communities of Kendari City. Methods: The study was conducted using a case-control study design. The case group was hypertensive patients based on medical diagnostic by doctors, while the control group was healthy individuals without any records on hypertension. As many as 70 individuals residing in the coastal area of Kendari City were involved as samples of the study. Both case and control groups consisted of 35 individuals. Data collection techniques were carried out experimentally using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: The prevalence of I allele was found in individuals with a family history of hypertension (72.1%) as compared to the D allele (27.9%). The study also found a significant correlation between the family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism (p-value 0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and the incidence of hypertension in this population (p-value 0.631). Conclusion: Family history of hypertension was a risk factor for the incidence of hypertension. On the other hand, the polymorphism of ACE I/D gene was a protective factor towards the incidence of hypertension.

Polymorphism of Gene ACE I/D and Family History of Hypertension as the predisposition of Hypertension

@#Introduction: Hypertension is a polygenic disease that caused 45% of deaths. Various genes have been engaged with the pathogenesis of hypertension. One of these genes affects sodium homeostasis in the kidney, including the ACE I/D gene polymorphism. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship of family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism with the incidence of hypertension in coastal communities of Kendari City. Methods: The study was conducted using a case-control study design. The case group was hypertensive patients based on medical diagnostic by doctors, while the control group was healthy individuals without any records on hypertension. As many as 70 individuals residing in the coastal area of Kendari City were involved as samples of the study. Both case and control groups consisted of 35 individuals. Data collection techniques were carried out experimentally using the PCR-RFLP method. Results: The prevalence of I allele was found in individuals with a family history of hypertension (72.1%) as compared to the D allele (27.9%). The study also found a significant correlation between the family history of hypertension and ACE I/D gene polymorphism (p-value 0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between ACE I/D gene polymorphism and the incidence of hypertension in this population (p-value 0.631). Conclusion: Family history of hypertension was a risk factor for the incidence of hypertension. On the other hand, the polymorphism of ACE I/D gene was a protective factor towards the incidence of hypertension.

Prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adults in Durame town, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Undiagnosed hypertension is a major public health problem causing severe cardiovascular disorders that are responsible for a high proportion of morbidities and mortalities, especially among adults living in low-income countries. However, there is a paucity of information that describes its epidemiology in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension and associated factors among adults in Durame town, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2022. Data were collected from 526 randomly selected adults aged ≥18 years using a pre-tested questionnaire. The binary logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension. Results: The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension among adults in Durame town, southern Ethiopia, was found to be 14.0% (95% CI: 11.2-17.1). Family history of hypertension [AOR = 6.9, 95% CI: (3.62, 13.27)], drinking too much alcohol [AOR = 5.7, 95% CI: (2.97, 10.75)], physical inactivity [AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: (1.34, 4.73)], consuming street foods regularly [AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: (1.28, 6.01)], and seeking healthcare for hypertensive symptoms without serious illness [AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: (1.28, 4.56)] were significantly associated with developing undiagnosed hypertension. Conclusion: The study has revealed that one in seven adults had undiagnosed hypertension in the study area. Thus, interventions to prevent hypertension should target increasing awareness among people with a family history of hypertension, controlling excessive alcohol consumption, promoting physical exercise, regulating street food markets, and improving the health-seeking behavior of adults in urban settings.

Change in peripapillary and macular choroidal thickness change in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus without visual impairment or diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: To study the characteristics of choroid thickness (CT) of the optic disc and macula in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) without visual impairment and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and analyse associated factors. METHODS: A square area of 6 × 6 mm around the centre of the optic disc and macula was scanned. The indices analysed mainly included CT at the macular centre (1 mm), and temporal, superior, nasal or inferior aspect of the inner ring (1-3 mm) and outer ring of (3-6 mm) optic disc and macula. Independent risk factors were analysed using multifactor linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 44 children with T1DM and 48 healthy subjects were enrolled. The diabetic group showed significant increase in the inferior inner ring of parapapillary CT (100.99 ± 30.42 µm versus 89.41 ± 34.00 µm, p = 0.04) and nasal outer ring of parapapillary CT (157.02 ± 47.35 µm versus 131.15 ± 35.17 µm, p = 0.01) as compared to those values in the healthy controls. Spherical equivalent refraction and family history of hypertension are independent factors of both peripappillary choroid thickness (PPCT) and macular choroid thickness (PMCT). Spherical equivalent refraction (p = 0.01) and serum cholesterol (p = 0.03) were independent factors of the inferior inner ring of parapapillary CT, whereas family history of hypertension was an independent factor of the nasal outer ring of parapapillary CT (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In children with diabetes without DR or visual impairment, the CT increase in nasal outer ring of parapapillary (PPNO) and the inferior inner ring of parapapillary (PPII) may be the characteristic pre-DR alteration at the early stage of DM. For children with higher serum cholesterol and family history of hypertension, the change of the nasal outer ring of parapapillary CT and the inferior inner ring of parapapillary CT may be more advanced.

IGF1 Gene Is Associated With Triglyceride Levels In Subjects With Family History Of Hypertension From The SAPPHIRe And TWB Projects.

Chromosome 12q23-q24 has been linked to triglyceride (TG) levels by previous linkage studies, and it contains the Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene. We investigated the association between IGF1 and TG levels using two independent samples collected in Taiwan. First, based on 954 siblings in 397 families from the Stanford Asian Pacific Program in Hypertension and Insulin Resistance (SAPPHIRe), we found that rs978458 was associated with TG levels (ß = -0.049, p = 0.0043) under a recessive genetic model. Specifically, subjects carrying the homozygous genotype of the minor allele had lower TG levels, compared with other subjects. Then, a series of stratification analyses in a large sample of 13,193 unrelated subjects from the Taiwan biobank (TWB) project showed that this association appeared in subjects with a family history (FH) of hypertension (ß = -0.045, p = 0.0000034), but not in subjects without such an FH. A re-examination of the SAPPHIRe sample confirmed that this association appeared in subjects with an FH of hypertension (ß = -0.068, p = 0.0025), but not in subjects without an FH. The successful replication in two independent samples indicated that IGF1 is associated with TG levels in subjects with an FH of hypertension in Taiwan.

A positive family history of hypertension might be associated with an accelerated onset of type 2 diabetes: Results from the National Center Diabetes Database (NCDD-02).

Type 2 diabetes, which is characterized by a combination of decreased insulin secretion and decreased insulin sensitivity, can be delayed or prevented by healthy lifestyle behaviors. Therefore, it is important that the population in general understands their personal risk at an early age to reduce their chances of ever developing the disease. A family history of hypertension is known to be associated with insulin resistance, but the effect of a family history of hypertension on the onset of type 2 diabetes has not well been examined. We performed a retrospective study examining patient age at the time of the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes by analyzing a dataset of 1,299 patients (1,021 men and 278 women) who had been diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes during a health checkup. The mean ± standard deviation of the patient age at the time of the diagnosis of diabetes was 49.1 ± 10.4 years for patients with a family history of hypertension and 51.8 ± 11.4 years for patients without a family history of hypertension (p < 0.001). A multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant association between a family history of hypertension and a younger age at the time of the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, independent of a family history of diabetes mellitus and a male sex, suggesting that a positive family history of hypertension might be associated with the accelerated onset of type 2 diabetes.

Sympathetic neural reactivity to mental stress in offspring of hypertensive parents: 20 years revisited.

A number of recent studies have highlighted large interindividual variability of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) responsiveness to mental stress in humans. The purpose of this study was to examine blood pressure (BP) and MSNA responsiveness to mental stress in a large and generalizable cohort of young adults with and without family history of hypertension (FHH). We hypothesized that subjects with FHH would demonstrate greater sympathoexcitation to mental stress than subjects without FHH. A total of 87 subjects (55 men and 32 women, 18-40 yr of age) from recently published (n = 45) and ongoing (n = 42) studies were examined; 57 subjects (19 with FHH and 38 without FHH) had complete MSNA recordings at baseline. Heart rate (HR), BP, and MSNA were recorded during 5 min of supine rest and 5 min of mental stress (mental arithmetic). Resting MSNA and HR were not statistically different between subjects with and without FHH (P > 0.05), whereas resting mean arterial pressure was higher in subjects with FHH (86 ± 2 vs. 80 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05). Mental stress increased MSNA in subjects with FHH (Δ5 ± 1 bursts/min), but not in subjects without FHH [Δ1 ± 1 burst/min, P < 0.01 (time × group)]. Mental stress increased mean arterial pressure (Δ12 ± 1 and Δ10 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.001) and HR (Δ19 ± 2 and Δ16 ± 2 beats/min, P < 0.001) in subjects with and without FHH, but these increases were not different between groups [P ≥ 0.05 (time × group)]. MSNA and BP reactivity to mental stress were not correlated in either group. In conclusion, FHH was associated with heightened MSNA reactivity to mental stress, despite a dissociation between MSNA and BP responsiveness.

Impact for Family History of Hypertension on Masked Hypertension Morbidity With Relevant Cardiac Damage / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To investigate the impact for family history of hypertension on masked hypertension (MH) morbidity with relevant cardiac damage. Methods: Our research included in 3 groups: MH group, n=250 consecutive patients treated in our hospital from 2010-01 to 2015-04, Hypertension group, n=250 and Control group, n=250 subjects with normal blood pressure. The family history of hypertension, general clinical information, routine biochemical indexes and the findings of echocardiography were studied and compared among different groups. Results: ① There were 70 (28%) patients with family history of hypertension in MH group, 87 (34.8%) in Hypertension group and 26 (10.4%) in Control group. The ratio of family history of hypertension in MH group was higher than Control group, P0.05. Logistic regression analysis presented that family history of hypertension and body mass index were positively related to the morbidities of MH (r=1.468, r=0.173) and hypertension (r=1.195, r=0.086). ② Compared with Control group, MH group had increased left ventricular mass index (85.64 ± 17.7) g/m2 vs (80.50 ± 15.53) g/m2 and the maximum blood flow velocity of aortic valve (115.74 ± 16.54) cm/s vs (112.40±14.21) cm/s, all P<0.05. In MH group, compared with those without family history of hypertension, the patients with family history had the higher left ventricular mass index (89.22 ± 19.08) g/m2 vs (84.25 ± 16.99) g/m2 and the maximum blood flow velocity of aortic valve (119.19 ± 14.97) g/m2 vs (114.39 ± 16.96) g/m2, all P<0.05. Conclusion: The subjects with family history of hypertension had the higher risk of MH morbidity with more severe cardiac damage.

The A(1166)C polymorphism of the AT1R gene is associated with an early onset of hypertension and high waist circumference in Jordanian males attending the Jordan University Hospital.

There is no agreement on the involvement of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene A(1166)C variant and essential hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene A(1166)C variants with essential hypertension and some related parameters in a sample of Jordanian hypertensive patients. DNA samples from 108 hypertensive individuals and 102 age- and gender-matched non-hypertensive controls of the Jordanian population were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (PCR-RFLP) methods to determine the frequency of A(1166)C variants alleles. No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of alleles and genotypes between hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals, not even after gender segregation. The frequency of the variant allele (C(1166)) was significantly higher in the early-onset compared to the late-onset group of hypertensive males, in subjects with positive family history of hypertension, and in subjects with high waist circumference. In conclusion, the A(1166)C polymorphism is not associated with essential hypertension in Jordanian hypertensive individuals. However, it was associated with an early onset of hypertension in males, with positive family history of hypertension, and with high waist circumference irrespective of blood pressure status.

Factors Related to Increase of Blood Pressure in Obese Children and Adolescents

Background: As obese population is increasing nowadays, research on blood pressure of obese children is being performed more frequently. However, there are only few research related to factors about blood pressure among obese children in Korea. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting blood pressure of obese children and adolescents. Methods: The subjects were elementary and middle school students diagnosed with obesity (n=1716). Height, weight, waist circumstance, body fat percent, blood pressure were measured. Family history and sexual maturity were investigated through the questionnaire. The relationship between the factors and the increase of blood pressure was analyzed. Results: Body weight was the most powerful factor among to factors related to increase of blood pressure (male r=0.45, P<0.05, female r=0.37, P<0.05). Also, height, percentage weight for height (PWH), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference was correlated with the blood pressure. In multiple regression analysis, family history of hypertension and the sexual maturity were significant determinants of blood pressure in males after adjusting for weight. However, body fat percent was a significant determinant in females. Conclusion: Body weight was the most important factor which increased the blood pressure in obese children and adolescents in both sexes. But males and females had different factors related to the increase of blood pressure with the exception of body weight.

The Study on the Impact of Family History of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus on the Genetic Phenotype in Normoglycemic Subjects / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To explore the impact of family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus on the phenotype of insulin resistance and the ?-cell function in normoglycemic subjects. Methods 275 normoglycemic subjects were divided into four groups according to family history of hypertension and diabetes,namely group combined with family history of hypertension and diabetes (H+D+group),group without family history of hypertension and diabetes (H-D-group),group without family history of hypertension but with diabetes (H-D+group),group with family history of hypertension but without diabetes (H+D-group). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMA-IR) and the function of insulin secretion (HOMA-?) was used to estimate insulin resistance and ?-cell function. Results The mean body mass index,waist to hip ratio,blood pressure,triglycerides,cholesterol and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in H+D+group than those in H-D-group,but HDL,HOMA-? were significantly lower in H+D+group than those in H-D-group (all P