ABSTRACT
Feeding abnormalities, swallowing dysfunction, and gastrointestinal issues cause poor weight gain, oral motor dysfunction, and air swallowing in children with Rett syndrome (RTT). Pneumonia is the leading cause of death. Our study describes fiberoptic endoscopic swallowing findings in 11 female RTT children. Each patient was evaluated using the 8-point Penetration/Aspiration Scale (PAS). The average age was 7 years. All patients had tongue dyskinesis and prolonged oral stage. Eight girls exhibited liquid entering the airway without coughing, whereas 6 did well with pureed meal. Three girls had pneumonia. Age was not correlated with pneumonia episodes (P = .18). Pureed material was related with pneumonia (P = .006), whereas liquids were not. Pureed PAS was positively correlated with Liquid PAS (P = .008) and age (P = .004). All aspiration/penetration incidents occurred before the pharyngeal phase. No patient under 7 years experienced pneumonia episodes. Silent aspiration can occur early in infancy, although pneumonia episodes can occur later.
Subject(s)
Deglutition Disorders , Pneumonia , Rett Syndrome , Child , Humans , Female , Deglutition , Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Rett Syndrome/complications , Rett Syndrome/diagnosis , Endoscopy/adverse effects , Respiratory Aspiration/etiology , Respiratory Aspiration/complications , Pneumonia/complicationsABSTRACT
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are closely related to the cases of cardiovascular disease; they are usually regarded as belonging to the adult population but are seen with increasing frequency in children and adolescents. There is evidence that atherosclerotic lesions occur most often in young people with obesity. The factors involved in this pandemic are manifold and range from genetic-biological to cultural changes. The family and the environment in which the child develops play a key role in the adoption of habits related to diet and physical activity. This problem does not respect borders and cultures but all countries are being affected, even more those of middle-income. State and Society as a whole can play a role oriented to modify this environment. The restriction on sales of unhealthy food and the fight against the sedentary lifestyle are urgently needed to be applied. The impact that these disorders will have in terms of cardiovascular disease, has not yet reached its true dimension.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Metabolic Syndrome , Pediatric Obesity , Adolescent , Age Distribution , Argentina/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Child , Feeding Behavior , Female , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/complications , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Sedentary Behavior , Time FactorsABSTRACT
La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico se encuentran íntimamente relacionados con los casos de enfermedad cardiovascular; son considerados habitualmente como propios de la población adulta aunque se observan con una frecuencia creciente en niños y adolescentes. Existe evidencia de que las lesiones ateroescleróticas se presentan con más frecuencia en jóvenes obesos. Los factores involucrados en esta pandemia son múltiples e incluyen desde variables genético-biológicas hasta cambios culturales. La familia y el entorno en el que el niño se desarrolla juegan un papel fundamental en la adopción de los hábitos relacionados con la alimentación y la actividad física. Esta problemática no respeta fronteras ni culturas sino que todos los países están siendo afectados, más aún aquellos de ingresos medios. El papel que le cabe al Estado y a la sociedad en su conjunto se orienta a modificar este medio ambiente. La restricción en las ventas de alimentos poco saludables y la lucha contra el sedentarismo son políticas que urgen ser aplicadas. El impacto que estos trastornos tendrán en términos de enfermedad cardiovascular, no ha cobrado aún su verdadera dimensión.
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are closely related to the cases of cardiovascular disease; they are usually regarded as belonging to the adult population but are seen with increasing frequency in children and adolescents. There is evidence that atherosclerotic lesions occur most often in young people with obesity. The factors involved in this pandemic are manifold and range from genetic-biological to cultural changes. The family and the environment in which the child develops play a key role in the adoption of habits related to diet and physical activity. This problem does not respect borders and cultures but all countries are being affected, even more those of middle-income. State and Society as a whole can play a role oriented to modify this environment. The restriction on sales of unhealthy food and the fight against the sedentary lifestyle are urgently needed to be applied. The impact that these disorders will have in terms of cardiovascular disease, has not yet reached its true dimension.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Cardiovascular Diseases , Metabolic Syndrome , Pediatric Obesity , Age Distribution , Argentina/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Feeding Behavior , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/complications , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Sedentary Behavior , Time FactorsABSTRACT
La obesidad y el síndrome metabólico se encuentran íntimamente relacionados con los casos de enfermedad cardiovascular; son considerados habitualmente como propios de la población adulta aunque se observan con una frecuencia creciente en niños y adolescentes. Existe evidencia de que las lesiones ateroescleróticas se presentan con más frecuencia en jóvenes obesos. Los factores involucrados en esta pandemia son múltiples e incluyen desde variables genético-biológicas hasta cambios culturales. La familia y el entorno en el que el niño se desarrolla juegan un papel fundamental en la adopción de los hábitos relacionados con la alimentación y la actividad física. Esta problemática no respeta fronteras ni culturas sino que todos los países están siendo afectados, más aún aquellos de ingresos medios. El papel que le cabe al Estado y a la sociedad en su conjunto se orienta a modificar este medio ambiente. La restricción en las ventas de alimentos poco saludables y la lucha contra el sedentarismo son políticas que urgen ser aplicadas. El impacto que estos trastornos tendrán en términos de enfermedad cardiovascular, no ha cobrado aún su verdadera dimensión.(AU)
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are closely related to the cases of cardiovascular disease; they are usually regarded as belonging to the adult population but are seen with increasing frequency in children and adolescents. There is evidence that atherosclerotic lesions occur most often in young people with obesity. The factors involved in this pandemic are manifold and range from genetic-biological to cultural changes. The family and the environment in which the child develops play a key role in the adoption of habits related to diet and physical activity. This problem does not respect borders and cultures but all countries are being affected, even more those of middle-income. State and Society as a whole can play a role oriented to modify this environment. The restriction on sales of unhealthy food and the fight against the sedentary lifestyle are urgently needed to be applied. The impact that these disorders will have in terms of cardiovascular disease, has not yet reached its true dimension.(AU)