The relationship between equol production status and normal tension glaucoma.

PURPOSE: Equol is metabolized by intestinal bacteria from soy isoflavones and is chemically similar to estrogen. Dietary habits, such as consumption of soy products, influence equol production. A relationship between glaucoma and estrogen has been identified; here, we investigated the relationship between equol production status and glaucoma in Japan. METHODS: We recruited 68 normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients (male to female ratio 26:42, average age 63.0 ± 7.6 years) and 31 controls (male to female ratio 13:18, average age 66.0 ± 6.3 years) from our hospital. All women included were postmenopausal. Urinary equol concentration was quantified with the ELISA method. MD was calculated based on the Humphrey visual field. The association between MD and equol was analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the equol-producing (> 1 µM) and non-producing (< 1 µM) subjects. We also investigated the association between equol and glaucoma with a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant association between equol and MD (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) in the NTG patients. Glaucoma, represented by MD, was significantly milder in the equol-producing subjects than the non-equol producing subjects (P = 0.03). A multivariate analysis revealed the independent contributions of equol, cpRNFLT, and IOP to MD (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that equol, acting through estrogen receptor-mediated neuroprotective effects, might be involved in suppressing the progression of NTG. This result also adds to evidence that glaucoma may be influenced by lifestyle.

Mitochondrial functioning in Rheumatoid arthritis modulated by estrogen: Evidence-based insight into the sex-based influence on mitochondria and disease.

Alteration of immune response and synovium microvasculature in Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) progression has been suggested to be associated with mitochondrial functioning. Mitochondria, with maternally inherited DNA, exhibit differential response to the female hormone estrogen. Various epidemiological evidence has also shown the prominence of RA in the female population, depicting the role of estrogen in modulating the pathogenesis of RA. As estrogen regulates the expression of differential proteins and associated signaling pathways of RA, its influence on mitochondrial functioning seems evident. Thus, in this review, the studies related to mitochondria and their relation with estrogen and Rheumatoid arthritis were retrieved. We analyzed the different mitochondrial activities that are altered in RA and the possibility of their estrogenic control. The study expands to in silico analysis, revealing the differential mitochondrial proteins expressed in RA and examining these proteins as potential estrogenic targets. It was found that ALDH2, CASP3, and SOD2 are the major mitochondrial proteins involved in RA progression and are also potent estradiol targets. The analysis establishes the role of mitochondrial proteins in RA progression, which were found to be direct or indirect targets of estrogen, depicting its potential for regulating mitochondrial functions in RA.

Clinical and phototrichogrammatic evaluation of estradiol replacement therapy on hair growth in postmenopausal Japanese women with female pattern hair loss: a pilot study.

Background: Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is known to present with characteristic pathological conditions, including reduced overall hair density. Female hormones affect hair condition; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. Furthermore, research on the topic is complicated by the fact that senescent alopecia often occurs concurrently with FPHL. Therefore, we investigated the effect of estradiol, a female hormone, on hair growth by eliminating aging factors and objectively evaluating hair changes caused by female hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Objective: This study was conducted to elucidate the mechanism through which female hormones exert their effects on hair. Methods: The study included 11 female patients undergoing HRT who were evaluated before initiating HRT, 3 months after initiating HRT, and 6 months after initiating HRT. The thinning hair score, hair density, telogen hair rate, telogen plucking strength, hair growth rate, and hair thickness were measured and evaluated. Furthermore, hematological tests were performed to assess the general physical condition of the participants. Results: HRT increased the telogen hair rate (P = .010, paired t test) at 3 months, improved frontal hairline thinning score (P = .008, Wilcoxon test), and increased the plucking strength (P = .013, paired t test) at 6 months. Limitations: The limitation of this study included the relatively small sample size, inability to conduct further long-term tests because of participant burden, and lack of a control group. Conclusion: The results suggested that HRT improved the appearance of the frontal hairline. As few studies have analyzed the effects of female hormones on human hair, a novel finding of this study was the effects of estradiol on the plucking strength after excluding age as a factor. We believe that these findings will contribute to understanding FPHL and developing female hormone-related treatments.

A case of male perineal aggressive angiomyxoma with expressions of female hormone receptors.

Introduction: Aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare mesenchymal tumor in females of reproductive age that occurs in the pelvis and perineal zone with a high risk of local infiltration and recurrence. Male aggressive angiomyxoma in perineal zone is very rare. Case presentation: A 63-year old male presented to our hospital with chief complaint of perineal mass. He was diagnosed with perineal lipoma by needle biopsy 3 years before. Computed tomography revealed a 16 cm perineal tumor without lymph node or distal metastasis. As the tumor had gradually increased, we performed tumor resection. The histological diagnosis of tumor using immunohistochemistry was aggressive angiomyxoma with complete resection. Moreover, expressions of both estrogen and progesterone receptors were recognized. No recurrence was seen 9 months after surgery. Conclusion: Male aggressive angiomyxoma is a very rare tumor, which has expressions of female hormone receptors. Hormonal therapy might be effective for perioperative therapy or recurrence.

Evaluation of possible effects of Persea americana seeds on female reproductive hormonal and toxicity profile.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The seed of Avocado (Persea americana, Lauraceae), non-edible part of the fruit is used as health product. It has been reported as traditional female contraceptive and sterilizer in Peru and some Asian countries and in Nigeria as cardio-protective agent. The present study focused on the effect of hydro-methanolic seed extract of Persea americana on female hormones and toxicity profile using animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone (PROG) concentrations in mature non-pregnant female rats were assayed using hormonal kits. The toxicity profile was assessed using Lorke's acute toxicity model, haemato-biochemical evaluation and histopathological studies of reproductive related organs. Parameters were measured on day-30, 60 and 90. Presence of biomarker flavonoid compounds were confirmed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. RESULTS: The extract at 20, 100 and 500 mg kg -1 altered FSH and PROG hormone profile of the treated groups. The extract initially, dose-dependently decreased FSH level in day-30 (6.95, 3.97, 2.08 IU/L respectively) compared to untreated group before a significant increase was observed for day 60 and 90. Progesterone increased dose-dependently in the treated groups throughout the 90-day treatment duration. This may be Indicating cumulative effect on the hormone. No deleterious or toxicity effect was noticed. CONCLUSIONS: The extract of Persea americana seed affects female hormone activity. This may find application in various hormonal management procedures, maternal and reproductive health and fertility control/help health facilities. However, it should be used with caution in women intending to conceive.

Involvement of the Estrogen and Progesterone Axis in Cancer Stemness: Elucidating Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Significance.

Estrogen and progesterone regulate the growth and development of human tissues, including the reproductive system and breasts, through estrogen and progesterone receptors, respectively. These receptors are also important indicators for the clinical prognosis of breast cancer and various reproductive cancers. Many studies have reported that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and recurrence. Although the role of estrogen and progesterone in human organs and various cancers has been studied, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of these hormones on CSCs remain unclear. Therefore, further elucidation of the effects of estrogen and progesterone on CSCs should provide a new direction for developing pertinent therapies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the estrogen and progesterone axis involved in cancer stemness and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to inhibit CSCs by targeting relevant pathways.

Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with transition from the mesothelium.

INTRODUCTION: Mucinous cystic neoplasms are uncommon among the tumors that develop in the retroperitoneum. We report a case of primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma with pathological considerations. CASE PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old woman complaining of abdominal discomfort presented at our hospital. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a large cystic tumor with small solid nodules located in the right retroperitoneum. The tumor was completely removed and the microscopic findings were consistent with primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Two years after the surgery, the patient is alive without recurrence of the tumor. CONCLUSION: The microscopic findings suggested that the primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma developed from the metaplasia of the remnant coelomic epithelium. A complete tumor resection that includes the adjacent peritoneum is important to prevent local recurrence.

Pregnancy May Affect the Attenuation of an ST Segment Elevation in the Right Precordial Leads: A Female Patient with Brugada Syndrome.

A 30-year-old woman was referred to our hospital to undergo an evaluation for suspected Brugada syndrome. She showed no symptoms, but had a strong family history of sudden cardiac death. During observation, Holter electrocardiography (ECG), which had been performed to investigate her symptoms of occasional dizziness, showed a sinus node dysfunction with an occasional long sinus pause. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was therefore put in place, and bradycardia pacing from the ICD relieved those symptoms during the subsequent 18-month follow-up. The patient completed two pregnancies during the follow-up period. No symptomatic changes occurred during the pregnancies, but ECG indicated that an ST segment elevation in the right precordial leads was attenuated during the second and third trimesters of both pregnancies.

Eye diseases in women.

Although eye diseases are considered to be relatively less affected by patient sex, it is noteworthy that the presence of hormone receptors have been confirmed in various ocular tissues, which were considered to have few sex-based differences. Female hormone levels are known to change because of menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. When female hormone levels markedly fluctuate in such situations, the disease state may change.The fluctuations in the levels of sex hormones affect the corneal thickness conditions of uveitis.Estrogen may be a possible therapeutic option for glaucoma because it protects the eyes from damage caused by glaucoma and reduces intraocular pressure;it is particularly promising in the treatment of postmenopausal women with glaucoma.Estrogen is considered to have a prophylactic effect against eye diseases. However, there is a report that female sex is an independent risk factor for the progression of diabetic retinopathy, so it may not always exert a prophylactic effect. Thus, caution should be exercised.Based on recent progression of studies on this field, the importance of treatment according to gender has been recognized in the treatment of eye diseases.

Endurance training restores spatially distinct cardiac mitochondrial function and myocardial contractility in ovariectomized rats.

We previously demonstrated that the loss of female hormones induces cardiac and mitochondrial dysfunction in the female heart. Here, we show the impact of endurance training for twelve weeks, a nonpharmacological therapy against cardiovascular disease caused by ovariectomy and its contribution to cardiac contractility, mitochondrial quality control, bioenergetics and oxidative damage. We found that ovariectomy induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction by decreasing SERCA2 and increasing phospholamban protein expression. Endurance training restored myocardial contractility, SERCA2 levels, increased calcium transient in ovariectomized rats but did not change phospholamban protein expression or cardiac hypertrophy. Additionally, ovariectomy decreased the amount of intermyofibrillar mitochondria and induced mitochondrial fragmentation that were accompanied by decreased levels of mitofusin 1, PGC-1α, NRF-1, total AMPK-α and mitochondrial Tfam. Endurance training prevented all these features except for mitofusin 1. Ovariectomy reduced O2 consumption, elevated O2.- release and increased Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in both mitochondrial subpopulations. Ovariectomy also increased NOX-4 protein expression in the heart, reduced mitochondrial Mn-SOD, catalase protein expression and increased protein carbonylation in both mitochondrial subpopulations, which were prevented by endurance training. Taken together, our findings show that endurance training prevented cardiac contractile dysfunction and mitochondrial quality control in ovariectomized rats.

Association of oral contraceptive use with suicidal behavior among representative Korean population: Results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2016).

INTRODUCTION: The association of suicide with the use of oral contraceptives (OC) is unknown in the Asian population. We aimed to evaluate the association of OC use and suicidal behavior in a nationally representative population of Korean women. METHOD: Of the 44,501 women who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (2007-2016), 27,067 women aged 20 years or older who had completed information on OC use and suicidal behavior were included. Women with a history of cancer were excluded. Compared to non-users of OC, odds ratios (ORs) for suicide attempt/ideation were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression among OC users, with testing of the interaction term of OC use and history of depression. We also conducted a stratified analysis by history of depression. RESULTS: A total of 4,067 women (14.0%) reported they had suicide ideations or had attempted suicide, respectively. OC use was associated with an increased prevalence of suicidality (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.00-1.24) after adjustments for age, demographic factors, age of menarche, and lifestyle behaviors. When stratified by history of depression diagnosis, ORs linearly increased as the total duration of OC use lengthened among women with a history of depression; however, women without a history of depression showed peaked OR at 4- to 12-month use. CONCLUSION: There is an increased association between OC use and suicidality and the pattern of the relationship differs depending on whether there is a history of depression.

Effect of the menstrual cycle on circulation during combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia.

BACKGROUND: From adolescence to menopause, hormone levels during the menstrual cycle affect various body systems, from the cardiovascular system to the water and electrolyte balance. This study investigated the effect of different phases of the menstrual cycle on circulatory function relative to changes in body position and combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia (CSEA). METHODS: Forty-six women were selected who underwent scheduled gynaecological surgery, were classified as American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I-II, and met the test criteria. The sample was divided into the follicular and corpus luteal groups. Preoperative heart rate and blood pressure measurements were taken from the supine and standing positions. Heart rate measurements as well as systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure measurements were taken upon entering the operating room, at the beginning of the spinal-epidural anaesthesia, and 10, 20, and 30 min after anaesthesia was administered. RESULTS: The heart rates of patients in the corpus luteal group were higher than those of patients in the follicular group both before and after anaesthesia (P <  0.05). Significantly more ephedrine was used during the first 30 min of CSEA in the corpus luteal group than in the follicular group (P <  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although the effect was slight, women in the follicular phase were better able to compensate and tolerate circulatory fluctuations than those in the luteal phase.

Craniotomy for a Large and Aggressive De Novo Cavernous Malformation Resection in the Basal Ganglia Region.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are present in up to 0.5% of the general population. Although CCMs have been considered congenital lesions, numerous reports have observed de novo formations in patients with the familial form of CCM and in patients after cranial radiotherapy. Outside of these circumstances, there is scant evidence as to the potential etiologies of CCM. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present a 48-year-old woman with a medical history of endometrial hyperplasia concomitant endometrial polyps demonstrating a large de novo CCM, which grew to a large size in a period of 20 months. A previous magnetic resonance imaging scan showed no abnormalities. This CCM exhibited aggressive biological behavior characterized by recurrent overt bleeding and seizure. Histopathologic analysis confirmed the diagnosis of CCM. Here, we discuss the growth mechanisms of these lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Given the patient's medical history and imaging findings, we propose that de novo CCMs can arise directly from angiogenic proliferation, secondary to BCL-2 overexpression from underlying causes. We hypothesize that inappropriate secretion of estrogen could have set off a genetic cascade with attendant endothelial proliferation. Thus, female hormones may play an important role in influencing the biological behavior of CCMs. The relationship between estrogen and CCM needs further investigation.

Change in oral health status associated with menopause in Japanese dental hygienists.

OBJECTIVES: Oral symptoms such as xerostomia and burning mouth syndrome have been recognized to increase associated with menopause. The purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in oral health as well as systemic health due to menopause and their relations with hormonal change and mental status. METHODS: Ninety-seven female dental hygienists aged 40-59 years were assigned to premenopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal groups based on self-reported menstrual condition. Subjective health statuses were evaluated by questionnaire, and objective holistic and oral statuses were evaluated by measuring serum 17ß-estradiol (E2), salivary flow rate, α-amylase and secretory IgA (SIgA) and taste sensitivity. RESULTS: A significant difference among the three groups was observed in the self-rating questionnaire of depression (SRQ-D) score and serum E2 level as well as unstimulated salivary flow rate, whereas no significant difference was observed in Simplified menopausal index, Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey, General Oral Health Assessment Index, salivary α-amylase activity, salivary SIgA concentration and taste threshold. Serum E2 levels positively correlated with unstimulated salivary flow rates and negatively correlated with SRQ-D scores and α-amylase activities. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated a negative correlation between E2 levels and SRQ-D scores as well as salivary α-amylase activities, suggesting an influence of E2 on mental condition. Furthermore, E2 decrease may result in reduction of salivary flow which in turn causes various problems of oral health. Since the participants were graduates from several dental hygienist schools and working at various places, these results can be generalized to Japanese dental hygienists to some extent.

Estrogen receptor alpha gene ( ESR1) polymorphism can contribute to clinical findings in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Background Estrogens have a modulatory effect on several immune responses, many of which are correlated to autoimmune diseases. Estrogens act through binding to their receptors, and an overexpression of these receptors has been identified in patients with different autoimmune diseases. Here we analyzed the association of a putative functional genetic variant in the main estrogen receptor (ERα) gene ( ESR1), and the susceptibility to clinical findings and severity of SLE. Methods A total of 426 individuals (266 healthy controls and 160 SLE patients) were genotyped for the polymorphism rs2234693 in the ESR1 gene. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated and analyzed between cases and controls using Unphased software. Results The SNP rs2234693 was not associated with SLE per se but the minor allele rs2234693-C was correlated with the presence of nephritis and discoid skin rash. On the other hand, the rs2234693-CC genotype was correlated with the absence of arthritis as well as anti-ANA and anti-RNP autoantibodies. The comprehensive clinical analysis of these patients revealed a more severe status of the disease, characterized by a younger age of onset and higher number of organs involved when compared to European populations. Conclusions Minor allele rs2234693-C was associated with renal and cutaneous involvement, as well as the absence of arthritis, anti-ANA and anti-RNP autoantibodies.

Significant effect of age on docetaxel pharmacokinetics in Japanese female breast cancer patients by using the population modeling approach.

PURPOSE: Docetaxel is frequently used in the treatment of a wide variety of solid tumors, including breast cancer. The aim of this study is to obtain the population pharmacokinetic parameters of docetaxel in Japanese female patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Blood samples from 24 patients were collected sequentially before and after docetaxel infusion. Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral blood and genotyped for the selected polymorphisms in the candidate genes of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes. The influence of patient characteristics on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel was evaluated using the nonlinear-mixed-effect modeling program, NONMEM. As a basis for comparison, the pharmacokinetics of another taxane paclitaxel in 41 separate female patients with breast cancer was calculated. RESULTS: A two-compartment model adequately described the pharmacokinetic profiles of docetaxel. The population mean estimates of the total body clearance for patients aged 58 years or less and the central volume of distribution for docetaxel were 32.6 L/h and 5.77 L, respectively. In patients over 58 years, the clearance was 24 % higher than that in the younger patients. No influences of the genotypes examined were noted on the clearance of docetaxel. The clearance of paclitaxel was not affected by patient age. CONCLUSIONS: Patients over the age of 58 years showed significantly higher clearance of docetaxel than that in patients aged 58 years or less. Since the clearance of paclitaxel was not affected by the age, it is possible that the pharmacokinetic mechanisms of docetaxel might be specifically affected by age in females.

17α-estradiol is generated locally in the male rat brain and can regulate GAD65 expression and anxiety.

Increasing evidence suggests that 17ß-estradiol, a sex hormone, is synthesized by neurons. In addition, 17α-estradiol, the stereoisomer of 17ß-estradiol, is reported to be the dominant form in the male mouse brain. However, probably because the method to detect these isomers requires unusual and precise experimental design, the presence of this endogenous 17α-estradiol has not been reported subsequently and the actual role is therefore not well elucidated. We first quantified the estradiol level in hippocampal extracts using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As a result, 17α-estradiol was found in all of the male rats tested, while that of 17ß-estradiol was detected only in a certain subset. The estrogen-biosynthesis inhibitor letrozole decreased the expression of the major presynaptic GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD65 in cultured neurons and the effect was abrogated by exogenously supplied 17α-estradiol. Next, injection of the inhibitor into the brain reduced the 17α-estradiol level, indicating its biogenesis in the brain. Under the same conditions, immuno-staining of GAD65 was also decreased. Furthermore, the inhibitor treatment increased anxiety index of rats in the open field and this was ameliorated by the addition of 17α-estradiol. We showed that 17α-estradiol was generated in the brain and acted as a regulator of inhibitory neurotransmission as well as behavior. These results may have implications for a variety of diseases, such as the menopausal depression and Alzheimer's disease that have been reported to be related to estrogen levels.

Effect of Leonuri Herba alkaloids on prostatic hyperplasia in older rats / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanism of Leonuri Herba alkaloids (LHA) on prostate hyperplasia in older rats. Methods: The prostate hyperplasia model in older rats was induced by male and female hormone, the rats were divided into five groups: 50.0, 25.0, 12.5 mg/kg alkaloids dosage group, 30 mg/kg Longbishu Capsule suspension group, and model group given the same volume of saline. Otherwise aged rats and young rats were set as control groups administered with saline, and administered once daily for consecutive 30 d. The wet weight and prostate index in rat prostate were measured, and the expression of E2, DHT, T, bFGF, TGF-β1, EGF, and IGF-1 in serum and prostate tissue were detected after the experiment. The rat prostate tissue morphology changes and rat prostate cells ultrastructural changes were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Compared with the model group, benign prostatic hyperplasia rat model was replicated successfully, low-dose LHA can significantly reduce the rat prostate wet weight and prostate index (P < 0.05), mid-dose LHA can significantly reduce the rat prostate index (P < 0.05). Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce the levels of T and DHT in prostate model rats (P < 0.01). Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce the expression of bFGF, EGF, and IGF-1 in prostate model rats (P < 0.01). Low-dose LHA can significantly increase the expression of TGF-β1 in prostate tissue. Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce the density of prostate model rats (P < 0.05, 0.01), and significantly increase the membrane surface and surface area values (P < 0.01). Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce intracytoplasmic mitochondria in prostate cells caused by model, and relieve the pathological changes of mitochondria cristae. Conclusion: LHA has good therapeutic effect to prostatic hyperplasia model rats induced by male and female hormone.

Evaluation of female hormone-related symptoms in women undergoing carpal tunnel release.

As carpal tunnel syndrome is more common in women, particularly around the menopause, female-related risk factors are suspected to play a role in its pathogenesis. We have assessed whether female hormone-related symptoms are associated with upper extremity disabilities in women undergoing carpal tunnel release. A total of 92 women with a mean age of 53 years scheduled for surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome were assessed preoperatively for female hormone-related symptoms using the menopausal rating scale and other female-related factors such as menopausal status, pregnancy number and serum female hormone levels. Upper extremity disability was evaluated using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. DASH scores had a moderate correlation with total menopausal rating scale scores, but not with other female-related factors assessed. This study suggests that female hormone-related symptoms are associated with subjective upper extremity disabilities in women with carpal tunnel syndrome. This information may be helpful in addressing patients' complex symptoms or interpretation of outcomes in women with carpal tunnel syndrome.

Clinical relationship between interstitial cystitis and female hormone imbalance / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To Investigate the clinical relationship between the interstitial cystitis and female hormone imbalance.Methods A retrospective analysis of 58 cases of IC female patients in our hospital from January 2006 to April 2012.The patients' age ranged from 21 to 76 years,and the average age was 40.2±12.4 years old.The suffering time of disease ranged from 9 to 120 months,and the average duration was 64.3±55.7 months.At the 1st,12th,22th day of the menstrual cycle,the O'Leary-Sant and PUF questionnaires were used to score,in order to analyze the relationship between IC symptoms and the menstrual cycle.The symptoms scores between postmenopausal patients and No menopause patients were compared.At the same time,the medical records and follow-ups were reviewed for all patients.Results 51 cases of IC premenopausal female patients suffered more urinary frequency,urgency,and bladder pain during the menstrual period.The proportion respectively were 54.9 ％ (28/51),60.8％ (31/51).The O'Leary-Sant scores of the 1st day were more significant difference than the12th and the 22th day (P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference between the 12th day and the 22th day (P＞0.05).The PUF scores of the 1st day were significant different than the 12th and the 22th day (P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference between the 12th day and the 22th day (P＞0.05).The average scores of O'Leary-Sant and PUF in 7 postmenopausal patients were statistically significant lower than non-menopausal patients (P＜0.05).The incidence of 58 cases with uterine fibroids,breast hyperplasia,ovarian cysts,endometriosis (48.3％,41.4％,5.2％,13.8％) were higher than the average persons (P=0.001,0.460,0.001,0.048),which were significantly higher than the incidence of the general population (30.0％,40.0％,0.3％,7.0％) excepting breast hyperplasia.Conclusions The symptoms of urinary frequency,urgency,and bladder pain in IC patients were more serious during the menstrual period than the other periods.The symptoms of the non-postmenopausal patients were more serious than the postmenopausal patients.The incidence of IC patients associated with hormone imbalance diseases was higher than the general persons,indicating that the fluctuation of female hormone level was likely to be one cause of IC onset.