Recognition and Awareness of Sepsis by First-Aid Providers in Adults With Suspected Infection: A Scoping Review.

Sepsis accounts for a significant proportion of preventable deaths worldwide and early treatment has been found to be a mainstay of decreasing mortality. Early identification of sepsis in the first-aid setting is critical as this results in a shorter time to hospital presentation and management with antibiotics and initial resuscitation. Our aim was to explore the existing literature related to either sepsis recognition or awareness of sepsis by first-aid providers who are evaluating an adult suspected of an acute infection. Our scoping review was performed as part of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation's (ILCOR) continuous evidence evaluation process to update the 2024 ILCOR Consensus on Science with Treatment Recommendations. We searched Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases from their inception to January 17, 2023, with updated searches performed on November 21, 2023, and December 2, 2023. The gray literature search was conducted on August 29, 2023. The population included adults presenting with an acute illness exhibiting signs and symptoms of a severe infection. Outcomes included sepsis recognition or awareness of sepsis by a lay first-aid provider. After reviewing 4380 potential sources, four reviews (three systematic reviews and one scoping review), 11 observational studies, and 27 websites met the inclusion criteria. No study directly addressed our PICOST (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study Design, and Timeframe) question as none were performed in the first-aid setting. Three systematic reviews and nine observational studies that assessed the ability of early warning scores to detect sepsis and predict adverse outcomes secondary to sepsis had inconsistent results, but many found the screening tools to be useful. One scoping review and one observational study found public knowledge and awareness of sepsis to be variable and dependent upon healthcare employment, location, education level, ethnicity, sex, and age. Signs and symptoms associated with sepsis as listed by gray literature sources fell primarily under nine general categories as a means of educating the public on sepsis recognition. Although this scoping review did not identify any studies that directly addressed our outcomes, it highlights the need for future research to better understand the recognition of sepsis in first-aid settings.

The effect of a single session of psychological first aid in the emergency department on PTSD and depressive symptoms three months post-intervention: results of a randomised controlled trial.

Background: Despite its popularity, evidence of the effectiveness of Psychological First Aid (PFA) is scarce.Objective: To assess whether PFA, compared to psychoeducation (PsyEd), an attention placebo control, reduces PTSD and depressive symptoms three months post-intervention.Methods: In two emergency departments, 166 recent-trauma adult survivors were randomised to a single session of PFA (n = 78) (active listening, breathing retraining, categorisation of needs, assisted referral to social networks, and PsyEd) or stand-alone PsyEd (n = 88). PTSD and depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline (T0), one (T1), and three months post-intervention (T2) with the PTSD Checklist (PCL-C at T0 and PCL-S at T1/T2) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Self-reported side effects, post-trauma increased alcohol/substance consumption and interpersonal conflicts, and use of psychotropics, psychotherapy, sick leave, and complementary/alternative medicine were also explored.Results: 86 participants (51.81% of those randomised) dropped out at T2. A significant proportion of participants in the PsyEd group also received PFA components (i.e. contamination). From T0 to T2, we did not find a significant advantage of PFA in reducing PTSD (p = .148) or depressive symptoms (p = .201). However, we found a significant dose-response effect between the number of delivered components, session duration, and PTSD symptom reduction. No significant difference in self-reported adverse effects was found. At T2, a smaller proportion of participants assigned to PFA reported increased consumption of alcohol/substances (OR = 0.09, p = .003), interpersonal conflicts (OR = 0.27, p = .014), and having used psychotropics (OR = 0.23, p = .013) or sick leave (OR = 0.11, p = .047).Conclusions: Three months post-intervention, we did not find evidence that PFA outperforms PsyEd in reducing PTSD or depressive symptoms. Contamination may have affected our results. PFA, nonetheless, appears to be promising in modifying some post-trauma behaviours. Further research is needed.

Psychological First Aid (PFA) is widely recommended early after trauma.We assessed PFA's effectiveness for decreasing PTSD symptoms and other problems 3 months post-trauma.We didn't find definitive evidence of PFA's effectiveness. Still, it seems to be a safe intervention.

Effectiveness of the Abdominal Thrust Maneuver for Airway Obstruction Removal: Analysis of Data from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System.

BACKGROUND: Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) is a life-threatening emergency. Abdominal thrusts are recommended as first aid, but the success rate for this technique is unclear. Using information from a large database of emergency medical services (EMS) data in the United States, we evaluated the success rate of abdominal thrusts and identified patient characteristics that were associated with the success of the technique. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) to ascertain the success of abdominal thrusts in patients with FBAO from nearly 14,000 EMS agencies. Success was defined by positive evaluations on subjective and objective EMS criteria. RESULTS: Analysis of 1,947 cases yielded a 46.6% success rate for abdominal thrusts in removing obstructions. The age distribution was bimodal, with peaks during infancy and old age. June had the highest incidence of FBAO. Incidents were most frequent during lunch and dinner times, and most cases occurred in private residences. The first-time success rate was 41.5%, and a lower level of impaired consciousness was associated with lower success rates. A lower incidence of cardiac arrest was noted in successful cases. The success rate was high (60.2%) for children (age ≤15 years), with differences in demographic characteristics and a lower rate of impaired consciousness and cardiac arrests, as compared with unsuccessful interventions in the same age group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed a 46.6% success rate for abdominal thrusts in patients with FBAO. The success group had a lower proportion of impaired consciousness and cardiopulmonary arrest than the failure group. Future studies should attempt to identify the most effective maneuvers for clearing airway obstruction.

Assessing the role of sustainability competencies in enhancing psychological first aid effectiveness for disaster responders in Fiji.

Background: Psychological first aid (PFA) is essential for mental health and wellbeing after traumatic events. Integrating competency-based outcomes is crucial with the increasing demand for effective psychological first-aid interventions. This study examines the correlation between sustainability competencies and PFA principles within Fiji's disaster responder's context. Method: The research was guided by a theoretical framework based on a comprehensive review of sustainability competencies and PFA principles. A cross-sectional survey assessed the importance of sustainability competencies in disaster responders to deliver PFA effectively. The survey used a stratified random sampling method to get diverse PFA-trained participants (66%) and non-PFA trained (34%), aiming to understand how these competencies can impact PFA success in various disaster situations. The survey, encompassing various domains of disaster response and a diverse range of respondents age, gender, and years of experience, employed the Likert scale to assess the importance of competencies such as integrated problem-solving, strategic, systems thinking, self-awareness, normative, collaboration, anticipatory, and critical thinking. Results: The study involved 49 PFA-trained participants (55% female, 45% male) and 15 non-PFA-trained participants (53% female, 46% male), excluding 10 responses from the latter group due to ambiguous answers to critical questions. The correlation between age, experience, and the valuation of professional competencies among disaster responders indicates that disaster responders, with extensive experience and PFA training, rated competencies as "important," reflecting a perspective shaped by long-term career development and practical experiences. Equally, younger and early career responders emphasize competencies as "very important," indicating an initial recognition of their significance. The appraisal patterns across different age groups, especially among those with PFA training, suggest a tendency to moderate assessments of competency importance with increasing experience. Statistical analysis, including mean, median, standard deviation, and variance, provided a detailed understanding of the data, underscoring competencies like self-awareness in both data sets and integrated problem-solving and collaboration within PFA-trained responders as the key for effective PFA interventions. Conclusion: The study underlines the critical need to integrate sustainability competencies into the PFA curriculum in Fiji's unique sociocultural context. This interplay between age, experience, and competency assessment stresses the diverse factors influencing perceptions in the disaster response field beyond experience alone. The results show that sustainability competencies are the ultimate to the effectiveness of PFA measurement and interventions. The research lays the foundation for future studies to develop validated tools for assessing sustainable competencies in different cultural contexts, thereby improving the effectiveness of PFA in disaster management. Integrating these competencies into PFA training could significantly strengthen PFA intervention and competency-based evaluation.

A cross-sectional survey of first-aid kit equipment in a family in Sichuan, China.

PURPOSE: To examine residents' first-aid kit preparation and its influencing factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 449 permanent residents in Sichuan Province using convenience sampling. We examined participants' demographic characteristics, self-efficacy, health literacy, and personality. FINDINGS: Of the participants, 111 (24.7%) stocked a home first-aid kit. The most frequent supplies were disinfection supplies (91.9%), common medicines (86.5%), and dressing supplies (76.6%). Family per capita monthly income, medical expenses payment method, chronic diseases, general self-efficacy, and health literacy were influencing factors of family first-aid kit preparedness. CONCLUSION: A multilevel and interactive emergency literacy education system should be established to improve residents' abilities to prevent emergencies.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice toward first aid management of choking hazards among Eastern Province Saudi adults: an observational study.

Background and aim: Childhood choking is a global health concern that mainly affects children under the age of 5 years. The parent's and caretaker's responsibility is critical in the children's lives and can potentially influence the result of at-home injuries such as choking. We aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, practice, and associated factors of first aid management toward choking hazards among Saudi adults from the Eastern Province. Methods: The present analytical study was carried out among 390 Saudi adults attending different primary health centers in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. We used a standard and validated data research topic tool to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice. Spearman's correlation was applied to determine the correlation between each section, while binomial logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the associated factors. Results: We observed knowledge, attitude, and practice scores in 43.3, 38.9, and 36.4% of the participants, respectively. Furthermore, positive correlations between knowledge and attitude (rho = 0.42, p = 0.001), between knowledge and practice (rho = 0.57, p = 0.001), and between attitude and practice (rho = 0.41, p = 0.001) were revealed in our survey. The knowledge of the participants was significantly higher with the age group of 30-40 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.67 (1.94-4.65), p = 0.001] and participants who received training in first aid management [AOR = 1.64 (1.12-2.49), p = 0.037]. This study found that males [AOR = 0.36 (0.21-0.63), p = 0.001] and those working in the private sector [AOR = 0.61 (0.31-0.87), p = 0.018] had significantly lower attitudes. Conclusion: Our results underscore the importance of continuous health education initiatives and training courses at primary health care centers regarding first aid management of choking hazards to improve awareness and practices. Furthermore, we recommend prospective multicenter studies to address region-specific knowledge gaps.

Facilitators and Barriers Perceived by German Teachers Considering Basic Life Support Education in School-A Qualitative Study.

This qualitative study aims to analyse the personal qualification, attitudes and the pedagogical concepts of German teachers as experts in their profession regarding basic life support (BLS) education in secondary schools. Thirteen (n = 13) secondary school teachers participated in semi-structured expert interviews and were interviewed for at least 20 to 60 min regarding BLS student education. Interviews were semi-structured with guiding questions addressing (1) personal experience, (2) teacher qualification for BLS and (3) implementation factors (e.g., personal, material and organisational). Audio-recorded interviews were analysed by content analysis, generating a coding system. School teachers provided a heterogeneous view on implementation-related processes in BLS education. Many teachers were educated in first aid, acknowledge its importance, but had no experience in teaching BLS. They want to assure being competent for teaching BLS and need tailored trainings, materials, pedagogical information and the incorporation into the curriculum. Also, the management of time constraints, unwilling colleagues, or young students being overwhelmed were commonly mentioned considerations. Concluding, teachers reported to be willing to teach BLS but a stepwise implementation framework incorporating practice-oriented qualification and educational goals is missing.

Hot-Water Immersion (HWI) or Ice-Pack Treatment (IPT) as First Aid for Human Envenomation by Marine Animals? Review of Literature.

Envenomation by marine animals poses a significant health concern globally, affecting both local residents and tourists in coastal regions. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the existing scientific literature to determine the most effective first-aid treatment for envenomations caused by marine animals, specifically whether hot-water immersion (HWI) or ice-pack treatment (IPT) provides the best immediate care. This comprehensive review covers a wide range of marine envenomations, from jellyfish stings to stingray injuries. While our focus is primarily on the efficacy of HWI and IPT, we also explore the role of cold-water treatment as a result of its relevance and similarity to ice-pack applications. In addition, we examine other treatments mentioned in the literature, such as medications or vinegar, and highlight their findings where applicable. To provide a clear and structured overview, we summarised the articles in separate tables. These tables categorise the type of research conducted, the marine species studied, the region of origin of the marine species, and the key findings of each study. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates a general consensus in the scientific community on the effectiveness of HWI or IPT for envenomation by marine animals. However, when treating those injuries, it is crucial to consider all factors since there is no universally superior treatment due to the diverse nature of marine habitats.

Exploring the Demographic and Social Correlates of Burn Injuries: A Comprehensive Study From a Regional Burn Center in Pakistan.

Burn injuries pose significant challenges to both patients and healthcare systems globally. This retrospective observational study, conducted at the burn center in a tertiary care hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, aimed to delineate the patterns of burn injuries and correlate them with demographic and clinical presentations. A total of 99 patients were included, with 54 males and 45 females, ranging in age from three months to 70 years. Flame burns were the most common type (n=69), with the majority being accidental (n=87). Limbs were the most frequently affected body parts (n=32), often with lesser-degree burns (n=28). Notably, self-inflicted injuries were predominantly observed in males (n=7), while assault cases were more common in females (n=4). Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between the degree of burn and the body parts affected, as well as between the mode of injury and the affected body parts. Burn injuries due to assault or self-infliction tended to have higher morbidity rates, often resulting in fatalities. Additionally, the cause of burn injury showed significant associations with the affected body parts, with contact and electric burns affecting limbs and chemical burns mainly affecting the head and face. These findings underscore the need for targeted burn prevention programs, emphasizing first aid education and addressing specific risk factors in high-risk groups and settings. By implementing preventive strategies and evaluating their effectiveness, the burden of burn injuries can be reduced, leading to improved patient outcomes and quality of life.

Knowledge and awareness of the Saudi general public toward epistaxis: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Epistaxis is one of the most common ear, nose, and throat (ENT) emergencies that present to the emergency or primary care centers. Study aim: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of the Saudi general public toward epistaxis. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional analytical study design. The questionnaire link was distributed using social media channels. The participants were adult Saudi nationals that live in Saudi Arabia. The data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire that assessed knowledge related to epistaxis. The knowledge score was calculated using the 10 knowledge evaluation questions. Each correct response was assigned a value of "one." The scores ranged from "zero" to "ten," with higher scores signifying greater knowledge. A percentage score was computed, and the participants' knowledge was classified as poor (% score: ≤50%), moderate (% score: 51 to 70%), and good (% score: 71 to 100%). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The study included 452 participants of whom 70.1% were females. Married individuals comprised 60.8% of the sample. The prevalence of self-reported epistaxis was 43.6% in the last 6 months. Among the participants, 42.9%, had "Poor" knowledge score, followed by 39.6% who had "moderate" score, and 17.5% had "Good" score. These results show that most participants had poor to moderate knowledge, with a minority demonstrating a good level of knowledge. All demographic variables have significantly influenced the adequacy of knowledge about epistaxis. Furthermore, participants who believed that the general public has insufficient knowledge on epistaxis had a significantly lower knowledge score (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The present study found a non-satisfactory, low-to-moderate knowledge level of the Saudi general public toward epistaxis. We propose emphasizing public knowledge and education about first aid for epistaxis because proper first aid can minimize significant complications when done properly.

Experience and training needs of nurses in military hospital on emergency rescue at high altitude: a qualitative meta-synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Nurses play an important role in the treatment of war wounds on the plateau, and they face multiple challenges and a variety of needs in their caregiving process. This study aimed to systematically integrate and evaluate qualitative research data to understand the altitude emergency rescue experience and training needs of nurses in military hospitals and provide them with targeted assistance. METHODS: We critically assessed the study using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Assessment Checklist for Qualitative Research. Extraction, summarization and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, FMRS, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database (CECDB), VIP Database, and China Biomedical Database (CBM) were searched for relevant studies published from the establishment of the database to May 2023. Additionally, we conducted a manual search of the references of the identified studies. Registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42024537104). RESULTS: A total of 17 studies, including 428 participants, were included, and 139 research results were extracted, summarized into 10 new categories, and formed 3 meta-themes. Meta-theme 1: mental state of military nurses during deployment. Meta-theme 2: the experience of military nurses during deployment. Meta-theme 3: training needs for emergency care. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency rescue of high-altitude war injuries is a challenging process. Leaders should pay full attention to the feelings and needs of military nurses during the first aid process and provide them with appropriate support.

Effects of the Mental Health Supporter Training Program on mental health-related public stigma among Japanese people: A pretest/posttest study.

Aim: The Mental Health Supporter Training Program is a national project conducted in Japan. This study aimed to determine the effects on mental health-related stigma, mental health literacy, and knowledge about mental health difficulties and support techniques among program participants. Methods: The target population was local residents of a wide range of generations in Japan. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (T1), immediately postintervention (T2), and at the 6-month follow-up (T3). A mixed model for repeated-measures conditional growth model analyses were employed to examine the effects of the intervention over time (T1, T2, T3). We also calculated effect sizes using Cohen's d. Results: The program had a significantly favorable pooled effect on the Japanese version of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale score after adjusting for covariates (reported behavior [t = 3.20, p = 0.001]; intended behavior [t = 8.04, p < 0.001]). However, when compared at each time point, only intended behavior from T1 to T2 showed a significant difference (t = 8.37, p < 0.001). Significant pooled effects were found for mental health literacy (knowledge: t = 19.85, p < 0.001; attitude: t = 15.02, p < 0.001), knowledge of mental health (t = 28.04, p < 0.001), and psychological distress (t = -2.41, p = 0.016). Conclusion: The results suggest that the program might be effective for improving intended, but not reported, behavior in the short term and for improving mental health literacy, knowledge of mental health, and psychological distress.

Epistaxis first-aid: a multi-center knowledge assessment study among medical workers.

PURPOSE: To assess the knowledge and confidence level regarding the basic first-aid for treating epistaxis among medical staff, including nurses and physicians across various medical disciplines. The study focused three aspects of first aid management: location of digital pressure, head position and duration of pressure. METHODS: The study involved 597 participants, categorized into five groups according to their specialties: emergency medicine, internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and community-based healthcare. A paper-based multiple-choice questionnaire assessed knowledge of managing epistaxis. Correct answers were determined from literature review and expert consensus. RESULTS: Most medical staff showed poor knowledge regarding the preferred site for applying digital pressure in epistaxis management. For head position, pediatricians and internal medicine physicians were most accurate (79.4% and 64.8%, respectively, p < 0.01), and nurses from the emergency department outperformed nurses from other disciplines; internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and community-based healthcare (61.1%, 41.5%, 43.5%, 60%, 45.6%, respectively, p < 0.05). While most medical staff were unfamiliar with the recommended duration for applying pressure on the nose, pediatricians and community clinic physicians were most accurate (47.1% and 46.0%, respectively, p < 0.01), while ER physicians were least accurate (14.9%, p < 0.01). Interestingly, a negative correlation was found between years of work experience and reported confidence level in managing epistaxis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate a significant lack of knowledge concerning epistaxis first-aid among medical staff, particularly physicians in emergency departments. This finding highlights the pressing need for education and training to enhance healthcare workers' knowledge in managing epistaxis.

Implementation of a Smart Teaching and Assessment System for High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

The purpose of this study is to develop a smart training and assessment system called SmartCPR, for teaching and training cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), based on human posture estimation techniques. In this system, trainees can automatically recognize and evaluate whether chest compressions during CPR meet the standard of high-quality CPR by simply using a device such as a smart phone. Through the system, trainees are able to obtain real-time feedback on the quality of compressions so that they can adjust the cycle, depth, frequency, and posture of compressions to meet the standard of high-quality CPR. In addition, the SmartCPR system is convenient for CPR trainers. Trainers can instantly and accurately assess whether the trainee's compressions meet the standard of high-quality CPR, which reduces the risk of manual assessment errors and also reduces the trainer's teaching pressures. Therefore, the SmartCPR system developed in this study can be an important tool for CPR teaching and training for physicians, which can provide training and guidance for high-quality CPR maneuvers and enable trainees to become more proficient in CPR and self-training.

Programmatic implementation of depression screening and remote mental health support sessions for persons recently diagnosed with TB in Lima, Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Few studies have explored a stepped care model for delivering mental health care to persons with tuberculosis (TB). Here, we evaluated depression screening and remote low-intensity mental health interventions for persons initiating TB treatment in Lima, Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) to screen participants for depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5). Participants with PHQ-9, 5-14 received remote Psychological First Aid (PFA) or Problem Management Plus (PM+). Participants were reevaluated 6 months after intervention completion. We then compared the change in median PHQ-9 scores before and after intervention completion. Those with PHQ-9 ≥ 15 were referred to higher-level care. Findings: We found that 62 (45.9%) of the 135 participants had PHQ-9 ≥ 5 at baseline. Then, 54 individuals with PHQ-9, 5-9 received PFA, of which 44 (81.5%) were reevaluated. We observed significant reductions in median PHQ-9 scores from 6 to 2 (r = 0.98; p < 0.001). Four participants with PHQ-9, 10-14 received PM+ but were unable to be reevaluated. Four participants with PHQ-9 ≥ 15 were referred to higher-level care. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms were common among persons recently diagnosed with TB. We observed improvements in depressive symptoms 6 months later for most participants who received remote sessions of PFA.

The feasibility of a psychological first aid intervention as a supportive tactic for feelings of psychological distress and mental health recovery outcomes among earthquake survivors in Northern Syria.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of implementing a psychological first aid intervention for psychological distress, resilience capacity, quality and meaning of life among survivors affected by earthquake adversity in Northern Syria. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, pre-posttest, two-group research design was utilized. A convenience sample of 95 survivors (46 in the study group and 49 in the control group) was recruited for the psychological First Aid intervention at a 1:1 ratio. The psychological first aid intervention was delivered in 10 sessions, twice weekly, followed by 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: A statistically significant improvement in the mean scores of resilience capacity, quality and meaning of life among survivors, along with a significant reduction in psychological distress, was registered among the study group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Our work verified the suitability of implementing psychological first aid following the catastrophic temblors which struck Northern Syria. Given that the psychological first aid intervention is grounded in psychological safety, cognitive reframing, mobilization of social support and installation of hope, the feasibility of its path following public health emergency, traumatic events or even a personal crisis can be favourable.

Can video streaming improve first aid for injured patients? A prospective observational study from Norway.

BACKGROUND: Video streaming in emergency medical communication centers (EMCC) from caller to medical dispatcher has recently been introduced in some countries. Death by trauma is a leading cause of death and injuries are a frequent reason to contact EMCC. We aimed to investigate if video streaming is associated with recognition of a need for first aid during calls regarding injured patients and improve quality of bystander first aid. METHODS: A prospective observational study including patients from three health regions in Norway, from November 2021 to February 2023 (registered in clinical trials 10/25/2021, NCT05121649). Cases where video streaming had been used as a supplement during the medical emergency call were compared to cases where video streaming was not used during the call. Patients were included by ambulance personnel on the scene of accident if they met the following criteria: 1. Ambulance personnel arrived at a patient who had an injury, 2. One or more bystanders had been present before their arrival, 3. One or more of the following first aid measures had been performed by bystander or should have been performed: airway management, control of external bleeding, recovery position, and hypothermia prevention. Ambulance personnel assessed quality of first aid performed by bystander, and information concerning use of video streaming and patient need for first aid measures recognized by dispatcher was collected through EMCC audio logs and patient charts. We present descriptive data and results from a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Data was collected on 113 cases, and dispatchers used video streaming in addition to standard telephone communication in 12/113 (10%) of the cases. The odds for the dispatcher to recognize a need for first aid during a medical emergency call were more than five times higher when video streaming was used compared to no use of video streaming (OR 5.30, 95% CI 1.11-25.44). Overall quality of bystander first aid was rated as "high". The odds ratio for the patient receiving first aid of higher quality were 1.82 (p-value 0.46) when video streaming was used by dispatcher during the call. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that video streaming is not frequently used by dispatchers in calls regarding patients with injuries, but that video streaming is associated with improved recognition of patients' first aid needs. We found no statistically significant difference in first aid quality comparing the calls where video streaming as a supplement were used with the calls with audio only.

An Online-Based Survey to Assess Knowledge, Attitudes, and Barriers to Perform First Aid after Road Accidents Conducted among Adult Jordanians.

(1) Background: First aid administered during road accidents can save millions of lives. However, the knowledge and attitudes of the Jordanian population towards first aid are lacking. This study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and barriers to performing first aid among the Jordanian population during road accidents. (2) Methods: An online questionnaire was developed and distributed using various Jordanian social media platforms. The questionnaire collected the participants' sociodemographic details and assessed their first aid knowledge, attitudes toward first aid, and barriers preventing the participants from performing first aid in emergencies. (3) Results: 732 participants participated in this study. The median knowledge score regarding first aid items was 9 (7-10) out of the maximum possible score of 15. The median first aid attitude score was 24 (22-27) out of a maximum possible score of 30. The most commonly reported barrier to performing first aid among the participants was "lack of first aid training" (76.78%), followed by "lack of knowledge about first aid" (75.81%) and "fear of performing first aid" (57.51%). The participants with lower income levels exhibited more negative attitudes towards first aid (4). Conclusions: This study underscores the urgent need for enhanced first aid training and awareness in Jordan. The participants' first-aid knowledge overall was limited, although positive attitudes toward first-aid delivery were observed. The findings emphasize the need for regular and structured first-aid training courses, addressing barriers such as fear and misinformation and ensuring accessibility across all socioeconomic levels to improve preparedness for road traffic accidents and other emergencies. This comprehensive approach can better equip the Jordanian population to effectively manage emergencies and improve public health outcomes.