Effect and mechanism of natural composite hydrogel from fish scale intercellular matrix on diabetic chronic wound repair.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with prolonged low-grade inflammation and impaired cellular function, leading to poor wound healing. The treatment of diabetic wounds remains challenging due to the complex wound microenvironment. In view of the prominence of fish scales in traditional Chinese medicine and their wide application in modern medicine, we isolated the intercellular components in the scales of sea bass, obtained a natural composite hydrogel, fish scales gel (FSG), and applied it to diabetic chronic wounds. FSG was rich in collagen-like proteins, and possessed low-temperature gelation properties. In vitro, FSG was biocompatible and promoted fibroblast proliferation by approximately 40 %, endothelial cell migration by approximately 20 % and activated the M1 macrophages. In addition, FSG restored the function of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells damaged by high glucose. Importantly, FSG normalized the acute inflammatory response to impaired macrophages in a high-glucose microenvironment. Transcriptome analysis implies that this mechanism may involve enhanced cell signaling and cellular communication, improved sensitivity to cytokines, and activation of the TNF signaling pathway. Animal experiments confirmed that FSG significantly improved wound closure by approximately 15 % in diabetic rats, showing similar effects to acute wounds. In conclusion, the regulation of multiple cellular functions by FSG, especially the counterintuitive ability to induce acute inflammation, promoted diabetic wound healing and provides a novel therapeutic strategy for wound repair in diabetic patients.

A semi-automated spectral approach to analyzing cyclical growth patterns using fish scales.

We introduce a new semi-automated approach to analyzing growth patterns recorded on fish scales. After manually specifying the center of the scale, the algorithm radially unwraps the scale patterns along a series of transects from the center to the edge of the scale. A sliding window Fourier transform is used to produce a spectrogram for each sampled transect of the scale image. The maximum frequency over all sampled transects of the average spectrogram yields a well-discriminated peak frequency trace that can then serve as a growth template for that fish. The spectrogram patterns of individual fish scales can be adjusted to a common period accounting for differences in date of return or size of fish at return without biasing the growth profile of the scale. We apply the method to 147 Atlantic salmon scale images sampled from 3 years and contrast the information derived with this automated approach to what is obtained using classical human operator measurements. The spectrogram analysis quantifies growth patterns using the entire scale image rather than just a single transect and provides the possibility of more robustly analyzing individual scale growth patterns. This semi-automated approach that removes essentially all the human operator interventions provides an opportunity to process large datasets of fish scale images and combined with advanced analyses such as deep learning methods could lead to a greater understanding of salmon marine migration patterns and responses to variations in ecosystem conditions.

Microbes as a tool for the bioremediation of fish waste from the environment and the production of value-added compounds: a review.

Fish are the most edible protein source worldwide and generate several remnants such as scales, viscera, head, bone, and skin. Fish wastes are not disposed of properly, which adversely affects the environment, especially the water bodies where fish processing industries dispose of their waste. Fish waste mainly contains nitrogen, oil, fat, salts, heavy metals, and organic compounds, which increase the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Fish waste can degrade in various ways, such as physicochemical or by enzymatic action, but using microbes is an environmentally friendly approach that can provide valuable compounds such as products such as collagen, chitin, minerals, and fish protein concentrates. This review is designed to focus on the suitability of microbes as tools for fish waste degradation and the production of certain associated. This study also provides insight into the production of other compounds such as protease, chitinase, and chitin applicability of these products. After processing, fish waste as a microbial growth media for enzyme production since microorganisms synthesize enzymes such as proteases, protein hydrolysates, lipids, and chitinase, which have broader applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biomedical material, and food processing industries.

Quality of DNA extracted from freshwater fish scales and mucus and its application in genetic diversity studies of Perca fluviatilis and Rutilus rutilus.

Studies on genetic diversity require biological material containing a reliable source of DNA that can be extracted and analyzed. Recently, non-invasive sampling has become a preferred sampling method of biological material. The suitability of a less invasive approach that involves obtaining samples by swabbing the fish skin (including live, non-anesthetized fish) should be considered. In this study, we compared the efficiency of DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing of mtDNA fragments of two fish species Perca fluviatilis and Rutilus rutilus based on DNA collected from the scales and mucus using the modified Aljanabi and Martinez method. The results revealed a higher quality of DNA extracted from the mucus; however, the mean DNA concentration obtained from the scales of both fish species was higher. We verified the method suitable for amplification and sequencing of mtDNA fragments of both fish species using newly designed markers (D-loop, ATP6) and examined the potential risk of intraspecific cross-contamination. The DNA sequence alignment analysis revealed identical sequences attributed to the same individual when DNA, extracted from two different sources (scales and mucus), was used. We demonstrated that the quantity and quality of DNA extracted from the scales and mucus using the proposed method were high enough to carry out genetic diversity studies based on sampling of live fish with the possibility to release it after collecting samples.

Comparative assessment of the remineralization characteristics of nano-hydroxyapatite extracted from fish scales and eggshells.

OBJECTIVES: Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) is a common concern in dentistry that has the potential to restrict daily activities and harm a person's quality of life. In this study, the remineralization characteristics of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) extracted from waste eggshells and fish scales were comparatively assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extraction methods used to obtain nHAp from both fish scales and eggshells are also described. The effect of the extraction process and bio-waste source on the physicochemical characteristics of the nHAp such as Ca/P ratio, functional groups, crystallinity and phase change, and surface morphology are presented in the study. The remineralization properties were evaluated using dentine models (n = 15). A field scanning electron microscope was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the dentine tubules occlusion. The percentage occluded area for all the specimens was evaluated statistically using a one-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that there were variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the nHAp extracted, including the crystallinity, particle size, and surface morphology, and buffering effects against citric acids. The EnHAp extracted from eggshells had higher crystallinity, superior buffering effects, and smaller particle size compared to the nHAp extracted from fish scales, making it a more favourable material for remineralization of teeth. The statistical evidence showed that there were statistically significant differences in the dentine occluding properties measured in the nHAp (p < 0.001). The highest mean % occluded area was measured with the EnHAp group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide insights into the use of bio-waste materials for the development of sustainable and effective products for oral health care.

Preparation and characterization of FsHA/FsCol beads: Cell attachment and cytotoxicity studies.

The present study was conducted to prepare the fish scales' hydroxyapatite/collagen beads (FsHA/FsCol) and characterize their biological, physical, and chemical properties. A new method was used to prepare FsHA/FsCol composite beads by infiltrating the beads of FsHA in the solution of FsCol as a green method. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), used to evaluate the physical-chemical properties of the synthesized samples. Meanwhile, the cytotoxic and attachment studies of the FsHA/FsCol beads were used to investigate the biological features against the MG-63 human cell line. The results specified the efficiency of the new method, functional groups of FsCol were indicated to be present inside the beads of FsHA according to the XRD analysis which shows the functional peaks of FsCol. The SEM image were conformed successfully use starch as a porous agent to increasing the porous of the FsHA beads after adding 20 wt% of it. Alamar Blue assay has been used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of FsHA/FsCol beads the results were shown 87% average cell viability of the MG-63 human cell line on the beads and attached very well to the surface of the composites, indicating no toxicity being exerted by all the composites at high concentrations.

Energy Absorption and Ballistic Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Arapaima Scales.

Arapaima scales possess a hierarchical structure capable of absorbing a considerable amount of energy before fracture. These natural dermal armors present significant potential in the sustainable development of cost-effective composites. This work aimed, for the first time, to analyze the impact resistance and ballistic performance of arapaima scale-reinforced epoxy composites and their potential application in multilayered armor systems (MAS). Composite plates were prepared with 20%, 30%, and 40 vol% of arapaima scales. Composite specimens were subjected to notched Izod impact and residual velocity stand-alone tests and their MAS through backface signature (BFS) tests, with their fracture surfaces studied using SEM. The Izod tests confirmed the effect of scales' volume fraction on the energy absorbed by the composites, showing an increase with volume fraction. Residual velocity tests showed that composites with 30 vol% of scales resulted in the most significant improvement in absorbed energy. All MAS formulations presented BFS depths lower than the trauma limit specified by the NIJ standard. Fractographic analysis showed that the scales' toughening mechanisms improved the composites' energy absorption capacity. The experimental results substantiate the potential use of arapaima scales as a reinforcement agent in polymeric composites, with 30 vol% being the optimal volume fraction for energy-absorbing applications.

Insight into the differences in carbon dots prepared from fish scales using conventional hydrothermal and microwave methods.

The preparation of carbon dots (CDs) from waste fish scales is an attractive and high-value transformation. In this study, fish scales were used as a precursor to prepare CDs, and the effects of hydrothermal and microwave methods on their fluorescence properties and structures were evaluated. The microwave method was more conducive to the self-doping of nitrogen due to rapid and uniform heating. However, the low temperature associated with the microwave method resulted in insufficient dissolution of the organic matter in the fish scales, resulting in incomplete dehydration and condensation and the formation of nanosheet-like CDs, whose emission behavior had no significant correlation with excitation. Although the CDs prepared using the conventional hydrothermal method showed lower nitrogen doping, the relative pyrrolic nitrogen content was higher, which was beneficial in improving their quantum yield. Additionally, the controllable high temperature and sealed environment used in the conventional hydrothermal method promoted dehydration and condensation of the organic matter in the fish scales to form CDs with a higher degree of carbonization, uniform size, and higher C = O/COOH content. CDs prepared using the conventional hydrothermal method exhibited higher quantum yields and excitation wavelength-dependent emission behavior.

Peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate activation by fish scales biochar for antibiotics removal: Synergism of N, P-codoped biochar.

Social development is accompanied by technological progress, which commonly leads to the expansion of pollution As an essential resource of modern medical treatment, antibiotics have become a hot topic in the aspect of environmental pollution. In this study, we first used fish scales to synthesize N, P-codoped biochar catalyst (FS-BC) as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) activator to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). At the same time, peanut shell biochar (PS-BC) and coffee ground biochar (CG-BC) were prepared as reference materials. Among them, FS-BC exhibited the best catalytic performance due to the excellent defect structure (ID/IG = 1.225) and the synergism of N, P heteroatoms. PS-BC, FS-BC and CG-BC achieved degradation efficiencies of 86.26%, 99.71% and 84.41% for TC during PMS activation and 56.79%, 93.99% and 49.12% during PDS, respectively. In both FS-BC/PMS and FS-BC/PDS systems, non-free radical pathways involved singlet oxygen (1O2), surface-bound radicals mechanism and direct electron transfer mechanism. Structural defects, graphitic N and pyridinic N, P-C groups and positively charged sp2 hybridized C adjacent to graphitic N were all critical active sites. FS-BC has the potential for practical applications and development because of its robust adaptation to pH and anions and stable re-usability. This study not only provides a reference for biochar selection, but also suggests a superior strategy for TC degradation in the environment.

Characterization of the structural and mechanical properties of pinecone fish (Monocentris japonica) scales.

In this paper, the microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties (including nano-indentation, tensile, and penetration behaviors) of the scales from pinecone fish (Monocentris japonica) were investigated. The M. japonica scales display a unique hierarchical structure and consist of three layers: an outer bone layer with high mineralization, an intermediate bone layer with obvious pore structures, and an inner collagen layer composed of multiple plies of collagen fibers. The hardness and indentation modulus of the three structural layers exhibit gradient changes, and decrease gradually from the outer layer to the inner layer. Tensile tests show that the tensile response and failure modes of the scales are different under dry and hydrated conditions. The dry scales have higher tensile strength (46.35 MPa) and Young's modulus (0.74 GPa), while the hydrated scales exhibit higher ultimate strain (20.18%) and toughness (4.57 MPa). Penetration tests indicate that the scales have a significantly high resistance to penetration, and increase the penetration force by more than six times compared with the descaled skin. Furthermore, the structure-property relationship of the M. japonica scales was discussed. It is found that the hard outer layer and the porous intermediate layer help to disperse the stress, and the soft inner layer containing collagen fiber plies helps to deflect the crack propagation, which are responsible for the excellent mechanical properties of the scales. The outcome of this study can provide a valuable biomimetic design inspiration for lightweight and high-strength composite materials in engineering fields. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the Monocentris japonica scales were investigated. The M. japonica scales can be divided into three layers rather than two layers. The M. japonica scales exhibited high tensile strength and penetration resistance.

Using fish scales as a new biosorbent for adsorption of nickel and copper ions from wastewater and investigating the effects of electric and magnetic fields on the adsorption process.

In this study, fish scales (Pomadasys kaakan's scales) were used as new biosorbent for removing Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions from wastewater. The effects of electric and magnetic fields on the absorption efficiency were also investigated. The effects of sorbent content, ion concentration, contact time, pH, electric field (EF), and magnetic field (MF) on absorption efficiency were assertained. In addition, the isotherm of absorption was studied in this work. This study revealed that electric field and magnetic field have significant effects on the absorption efficiency of ions from wastewater. An increase in the electric field enhanced the removal percentage of the ions and accelerated the absorption process by up to 40% in comparison with the same condition without an electric field or a magnetic field. By increasing contact time from 10 to 120 min, the removal of Ni2+ ions was increased from 1% to 40% and for Cu2+ ions, the removal increased from 20% to almost 95%, respectively. In addition, increasing pH, ion concentration and scales dose increased removal percentage effectively. The results indicated that using fish scales for Cu2+ ions absorption is ideal due to the very high removal percentage (approximately 95%) without using either an electric or magnetic field.

Nano-calcium silicate mineralized fish scale scaffolds for enhancing tendon-bone healing.

Tendon-bone healing is essential for an effective rotator cuff tendon repair surgery, however, this remains a significant challenge due to the lack of biomaterials with high strength and bioactivity. Inspired by the high-performance exoskeleton of natural organisms, we set out to apply natural fish scale (FS) modified by calcium silicate nanoparticles (CS NPs) as a new biomaterial (CS-FS) to overcome the challenge. Benefit from its "Bouligand" microstructure, such FS-based scaffold maintained excellent tensile strength (125.05 MPa) and toughness (14.16 MJ/m3), which are 1.93 and 2.72 times that of natural tendon respectively, allowing it to well meet the requirements for rotator cuff tendon repair. Additionally, CS-FS showed diverse bioactivities by stimulating the differentiation and phenotypic maintenance of multiple types of cells participated into the composition of tendon-bone junction, (e.g. bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), chondrocyte, and tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs)). In both rat and rabbit rotator cuff tear (RCT) models, CS-FS played a key role in the tendon-bone interface regeneration and biomechanical function, which may be achieved by activating BMP-2/Smad/Runx2 pathway in BMSCs. Therefore, natural fish scale -based biomaterials are the promising candidate for clinical tendon repair due to their outstanding strength and bioactivity.

Eco-friendly preparation and characterization of bioplastic films made from marine fish-scale wastes.

Synthetic plastics are becoming hazardous wastes, posing a threat to environmental sustainable health; hence, they must be replaced with alternatives. This study aimed to prepare corn starch-based bioplastics using fish scale through film casting technique as an alternative to synthetic plastics. In this work, four types of bioplastic films (CSF, CSFSF1, CSFSF2, FSF) containing different percentages of fish-scale powder and corn starch were prepared. Physical and chemical properties such as texture, color, solubility in hot water, tensile strength, functional groups, and morphology of all the four types of the prepared bioplastics were analyzed. The mixture of fish-scale powder and corn starch powder in the ratio of 1:3 (CSFSF1) yielded the best results. Its average thickness is 0.0420 ± 0.001 mm, water absorption range is 55-60%, tensile strength is 6.06 ± 0.05 MPa, and thermal stability is 278.741 °C. In the biodegradability test, degradation was noticed after 7 days of treatment with organic waste. The degradation was confirmed by surface changes in the morphology and the development of Aspergillus sp. Corn starch film (CSF) exhibited the highest degradation (60%), while the fish-scales film (FSF) underwent the least degradation (28%). The produced bioplastics were prepared from eco-friendly, inexpensive, and natural materials. Thus, the present research has provided a viable alternative to synthetic plastics.

Valorization of Fish Waste: Isolation and Characterization of Acid- and Pepsin-Soluble Collagen from the Scales of Mediterranean Fish and Fabrication of Collagen-Based Nanofibrous Scaffolds.

In search of alternative and sustainable sources of collagenous materials for biomedical applications, the scales of five Mediterranean fish species-fished in high tonnage in the Mediterranean region since they represent popular choices for the local diet-as well as those of the Atlantic salmon for comparison purposes, were comparatively studied for their acid- and pepsin-soluble collagen content. Fish scales that currently represent a discarded biomass of no value could be efficiently exploited for the production of a high added-value biomaterial. The isolated collagenous materials, which showed the typical electrophoretic patterns of type I collagen, were morphologically and physicochemically characterized. Using scanning electron microscopy the fibrous morphology of the isolated collagens was confirmed, while the hydroxyproline content, in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies verified the characteristic for collagen amino acid profile and its secondary structure. The acid- and pepsin-soluble collagens isolated from the fish scales were blended with the bioactive sulfated marine polysaccharide ulvan and polyethylene oxide and electrospun to afford nanofibrous scaffolds that could find applications in the biomedical sector.

Nano-Hydroxyapatite from White Seabass Scales as a Bio-Filler in Polylactic Acid Biocomposite: Preparation and Characterization.

Nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) as a bio-filler used in PLA composites was prepared from fish by acid deproteinization (1DP) and a combination of acid-alkali deproteinization (2DP) followed by alkali heat treatment. Moreover, the PLA/nHAp composite films were developed using solution casting method. The mechanical and thermal properties of the PLA composite films with nHAp from different steps deproteinization and contents were compared. The physical properties analysis confirmed that the nHAp can be prepared from fish scales using both steps deproteinization. 1DP-nHAp showed higher surface area and lower crystallinity than 2DP-nHAp. This gave advantage of 1DP-nHAp for use as filler. PLA composite with 1DP-nHAp gave tensile strength of 66.41 ± 3.63 MPa and Young's modulus of 2.65 ± 0.05 GPa which were higher than 2DP-nHAp at the same content. The addition of 5 phr 1DP-nHAp into PLA significantly improved the tensile strength and Young's modulus. PLA composite solution with 1DP-nHAp at 5 phr showed electrospinnability by giving continuous fibers without beads.

Osteoclastic and Osteoblastic Responses to Hypergravity and Microgravity: Analysis Using Goldfish Scales as a Bone Model.

It is known that the bone matrix plays an important role in the response to physical stresses such as hypergravity and microgravity. In order to accurately analyze the response of bone to hypergravity and microgravity, a culture system under the conditions of coexistence of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and bone matrix was earnestly desired. The teleost scale is a unique calcified organ in which osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and the two layers of bone matrix, i.e., a bony layer and a fibrillary layer, coexist. Therefore, we have developed in vitro organ culture systems of osteoclasts and osteoblasts with the intact bone matrix using goldfish scales. Using the scale culture system, we examined the effects of hypergravity with a centrifuge and simulated ground microgravity (g-µG) with a three-dimensional clinostat on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Under 3-gravity (3G) loading for 1 day, osteoclastic marker mRNA expression levels decreased, while the mRNA expression of the osteoblastic marker increased. Upon 1 day of exposure, the simulated g-µG induced remarkable enhancement of osteoclastic marker mRNA expression, whereas the osteoblastic marker mRNA expression decreased. In response to these gravitational stimuli, osteoclasts underwent major morphological changes. By simulated g-µG treatments, morphological osteoclastic activation was induced, while osteoclastic deactivation was observed in the 3G-treated scales. In space experiments, the results that had been obtained with simulated g-µG were reproduced. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that osteoclastic activation was induced by the down-regulation of Wnt signaling under flight-microgravity. Thus, goldfish scales can be utilized as a bone model to analyze the responses of osteoclasts and osteoblasts to gravity.

Biomimetic Mineralization in External Layer of Decalcified Fish Scale.

The mineralization process of the osseous layer, which is highly calcified in vivo, was successfully imitated by the immersion process of the decalcified fish scales in simplified simulated body fluid (SSBF). An alkali treatment was used to modify the native collagen in the decalcified Tilapia fish scale. After the alkali treatment, the mineralization was facilitated in SSBF. The XRD patterns and SEM-EDS observation results demonstrated that the externally-mineralized layers by the immersion process were highly similar to the osseous layer containing lower-crystalline hydroxyapatite, suggesting that the simple biomimetic precipitation process was developed.

Fish scale inspired structures-a review of materials, manufacturing and models.

Fish scale inspired materials and structures can provide advanced mechanical properties and functionalities. These materials, inspired by fish scales, take the form of either composite materials or multi-material discrete exoskeleton type structures. Over the last decade they have been under intense scrutiny for generating tailorable and tunable stiffness, penetration and fracture resistance, buckling prevention, nonlinear damping, hydrodynamic and camouflaging functions. Such programmable behavior emerges from leveraging their unique morphology and structure-property relationships. Several advanced tools for characterization, manufacturing, modeling and computation have been employed to understand and discover their behavior. With the rapid proliferation of additive manufacturing techniques and advances in modeling and computational methods, this field is seeing renewed efforts to realize even more ambitious designs. In this paper we present a review and recapitulation of the state-of-the art of fish scale inspired materials.

Bioremediation potential of Dicentrarchus labrax fish scales for dye-based emerging contaminants by ANN-GA hybrid modeling.

This work investigates the possibility of using scales of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax as a low-cost material for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) cationic dye in aqueous solutions. The physical-chemical characterizations of fish scales in natura (FS-in natura) revealed through thermogravimetry that they are composed of inorganic (hydroxyapatite) and organic (collagen) phases in relatively similar amounts. Spectroscopy analyses show that the interactions of MB with FS-in natura occur mainly in the organic phase layer of the adsorbent. The effects of initial MB concentration (5.0 × 10-4 and 5.0 × 10-3 mol L-1) and temperature (25-55 °C) on the adsorption efficiency of FS-in natura were evaluated. FS-in natura at MB concentration (5.0 × 10-3 and 5.0 × 10-4 mol L-1) exhibited the maximum adsorption capacities of 2.2 × 10-3 mol g-1 at 25 °C and 2.8 × 10-5 mol g-1 at 55 °C, respectively. The pseudo-second-order model represented the adsorption kinetics well, and the equilibrium isotherm data were better correlated using the Langmuir equation. The newly developed neural model demonstrated a high predictive capacity with an R-value greater than 0.99 and reduced values for mean squared error, root mean squared error, and mean absolute error equal to 0.003, 0.055, and 0.0348, respectively. The genetic algorithm was used to optimize the experimental conditions of the process. In conclusion, the sea bass scales have promising prospects as a low-cost alternative material for removing cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.

Investigation of the combustion process of fish scales from Northeast Brazil in a drop tube furnace (DTF).

The waste generated by the global fishing industry, such as fish scales, is mostly considered useless and discarded in a disorderly and/or unplanned way in inappropriate places, posing serious risks to both the environment and human health. This study proposes the use of fish scales in combustion processes as an alternative for such residues and to avoid their exposure in urban areas. Combustion experiments were conducted in a drop tube furnace (DTF), and the factors temperature, residence time, and sample particle size were investigated. The main atmospheric pollutants (CO, NO, CO2, and SO2) and the residues generated from the combustion processes were characterized by FTIR, EDS and ICP-OES analyses, and SEM images. The samples showed better performance at 1100 °C and 500 -ms residence time, when the burnout reached 96%, and particle size greater than 300-µm and 300-ms residence time led to the worst combustion performance (24.45% burnout), with the highest CO and NO peaks, indicating incomplete combustion of the fish scales. The analysis of the residues revealed total decomposition of the organic matter at temperatures above 700 °C and formation of hydroxyapatite. According to the DTF results, the use of fish scales in firing processes is a viable treatment of the residues, generating energy and avoiding environmental problems caused by inadequate disposal.