Description of a new alpheid shrimp, Automate isabelae sp. nov. (Decapoda, Caridea, Alpheidae) found in fish stomach contents of the lane snapper Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758), from the west coast of Florida, Gulf of Mexico.

A new species of caridean shrimp of the family Alpheidae, Automate isabelae sp. nov., found in stomach analysis contents of the lane snapper Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758), from the Keys and SW coast of Florida, Gulf of Mexico, is described. The abdomen and portions of the cephalic appendages were damaged in holotype, but remainder of the body and the chelipeds, whith the most important diagnostic characters are in decent or perfect condition, the description was further supplemented based on intact morphological parts of the paratypes. The presence of tubercles on the dorsal and ventral margins of the major chela palm, shows this new species to be related to the eastern Pacific Automate rugosa Coutière, 1902. Both congeners can be easily discriminated by the proportions and shape of the third maxilliped, the proportions and ornamentation of the carpus, merus, and chela of the major cheliped, the ventral seta of the carpus of the minor cheliped, the presence of a distoventral spine on the propodi of third and fourth pereopods, the armature of dorsal surface of telson, and their geographical distribution. The description of this new species increases the number of worldwide valid species known of the genus Automate to 12.

Molecular identification of polymers and anthropogenic particles extracted from oceanic water and fish stomach - A Raman micro-spectroscopy study.

Pacific Ocean trawl samples, stomach contents of laboratory-raised fish as well as fish from the subtropical gyres were analyzed by Raman micro-spectroscopy (RMS) to identify polymer residues and any detectable persistent organic pollutants (POP). The goal was to access specific molecular information at the individual particle level in order to identify polymer debris in the natural environment. The identification process was aided by a laboratory generated automated fluorescence removal algorithm. Pacific Ocean trawl samples of plastic debris associated with fish collection sites were analyzed to determine the types of polymers commonly present. Subsequently, stomach contents of fish from these locations were analyzed for ingested polymer debris. Extraction of polymer debris from fish stomach using KOH versus ultrapure water were evaluated to determine the optimal method of extraction. Pulsed ultrasonic extraction in ultrapure water was determined to be the method of choice for extraction with minimal chemical intrusion. The Pacific Ocean trawl samples yielded primarily polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) particles >1 mm, PE being the most prevalent type. Additional microplastic residues (1 mm - 10 µm) extracted by filtration, included a polystyrene (PS) particle in addition to PE and PP. Flame retardant, deca-BDE was tentatively identified on some of the PP trawl particles. Polymer residues were also extracted from the stomachs of Atlantic and Pacific Ocean fish. Two types of polymer related debris were identified in the Atlantic Ocean fish: (1) polymer fragments and (2) fragments with combined polymer and fatty acid signatures. In terms of polymer fragments, only PE and PP were detected in the fish stomachs from both locations. A variety of particles were extracted from oceanic fish as potential plastic pieces based on optical examination. However, subsequent RMS examination identified them as various non-plastic fragments, highlighting the importance of chemical analysis in distinguishing between polymer and non-polymer residues.

Fish stomach contents in benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage assessments / Conteúdo estomacal de peixes em avaliações de comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos

The choice of sampling gears to assess benthic macroinvertebrate communities depends on environmental characteristics, study objectives, and cost effectiveness. Because of the high foraging capacity and diverse habitats and behaviors of benthophagous fishes, their stomach contents may offer a useful sampling tool in studies of benthic macroinvertebrates, especially in large, deep, fast rivers that are difficult to sample with traditional sediment sampling gear. Our objective was to compare the benthic macroinvertebrate communities sampled from sediments with those sampled from fish stomachs. We collected benthic macroinvertebrates and fish from three different habitat types (backwater, beach, riffle) in the wet season, drying season, and dry season along a single reach of the Grande River (Paraná River Basin, southeast Brazil). We sampled sediments through use of a Petersen dredge (total of 216 grabs) and used gill nets to sample fish (total of 36 samples). We analyzed the stomach contents of three commonly occurring benthophagous fish species (Eigenmannia virescens, Iheringichthys labrosus, Leporinus amblyrhynchus). Chironomids dominated in both sampling methods. Macroinvertebrate taxonomic composition and abundances from fish stomachs differed from those from sediment samples, but less so from riffles than from backwater and beach habitats. Macroinvertebrate taxa from E. virescens stomachs were more strongly correlated with sediment samples from all three habitats than were those from the other two species. The species accumulation curves and higher mean dispersion values, compared with with sediment samples suggest that E. virescens is more efficient than sediment samples and the other fish studied at collecting benthic taxa. We conclude that by analyzing the stomach contents of benthophagous fishes it is possible to assess important characteristics of benthic communities (dispersion, taxonomic composition and diversity). This is especially true for studies that only sample fish assemblages to evaluate aquatic ecosystem impacts. Therefore, this approach can be useful to amplify assessments of human impacts, and to incorporate additional bioindicators.

A escolha da ferramenta adequada para avaliar as comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos depende dos objetivos do estudo, das características ambientais e dos recursos financeiros disponíveis. Devido à alta capacidade de forrageamento apresentada por espécies de peixes bentófagas e seu acesso a diversos tipos de habitats, a análise do conteúdo estomacal destas espécies pode ser uma ferramenta útil em avaliações de assembleias de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, especialmente em rios grandes, profundos e rápidos, que são difíceis de amostrar através de métodos convencionais de coleta de sedimento. Nosso objetivo foi comparar as assembleias de macroinvertebrados bentônicos amostrados no sedimento com as assembleias amostradas nos estômagos de espécies de peixes bentófagas. Foram coletados peixes e sedimento em três diferentes tipos de habitats (remanso, praia, corredeira) nos períodos úmido e seco ao longo de um único trecho do rio Grande (bacia do rio Paraná, sudeste do Brasil). O sedimento foi amostrado através de uma draga Petersen (total de 216 dragas) e os peixes através de redes de emalhar (total de 36 amostras). Foram analisados os conteúdos estomacais de três espécies de peixes (Eigenmannia virescens Gymnotiformes, Iheringichthys labrosus Siluriformes; Leporinus amblyrhynchus Characiformes). Chironomidae foi a família dominante em ambos os métodos. A composição taxonômica de macroinvertebrados bentônicos encontrados nos estômagos foi diferente daquela amostrada no sedimento. Os taxa de macroinvertebrados amostrados nos estômagos de E. virescens foram mais correlacionados com os três tipos de habitats do que os taxa obtidos nos estômagos das outras duas espécies. As inclinações das curvas cumulativas, assim como os maiores valores de dispersão média, demonstram que E. virescens possui potencial como ferramenta ecológica para acessar as assembleias de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, assim como os maiores valores de dispersão observados. A família Philopotamidae foi encontrada apenas no estômago de L. amblyrhynchus. Concluímos que através da análise do conteúdo do estômago de peixes é possível acessar importantes características das assembleias bentônicas (p.ex. dispersão, composição taxonômica e diversidade). Esta abordagem é especialmente verdadeira em estudos que utilizam apenas as assembleias de peixes para avaliar e/ou monitorar ecossistemas aquáticos. Desta maneira, esse enfoque pode ser útil, aumentando o conhecimento acerca dos impactos humanos sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos e contribuindo para a utilização de diferentes grupos de bioindicadores.

Diets and trophic-guild structure of a diverse fish assemblage in Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A.

Dietary habits and trophic-guild structure were examined in a fish assemblage (47 species) of the Chesapeake Bay estuary, U.S.A., using 10 years of data from >25 000 fish stomachs. The assemblage was comprised of 10 statistically significant trophic guilds that were principally differentiated by the relative amounts of Mysida, Bivalvia, Polychaeta, Teleostei and other Crustacea in the diets. These guilds were broadly aggregated into five trophic categories: piscivores, zooplanktivores, benthivores, crustacivores and miscellaneous consumers. Food web structure was largely dictated by gradients in habitat (benthic to pelagic) and prey size. Size classes within piscivorous species were more likely to be classified into different guilds, reflecting stronger dietary changes through ontogeny relative to benthivores and other guilds. Relative to predator species and predator size, the month of sampling had negligible effects on dietary differences within the assemblage. A majority of sampled fishes derived most of their nutrition from non-pelagic prey sources, suggesting a strong coupling of fish production to benthic and demersal food resources. Mysida (predominantly the opossum shrimp Neomysis americana) contributed substantially to the diets of over 25% of the sampled predator groups, indicating that this species is a critical, but underappreciated, node in the Chesapeake Bay food web.