Does Foreign-Accented Speech Affect Credibility? Evidence from the Illusory-Truth Paradigm.

In a pioneering study, Lev-Ari and Keysar (2010) observed that unknown statements are judged less credible when uttered with foreign accent compared to native accent. This finding was interpreted in terms of processing fluency; when intelligibility is reduced, the credibility of the message decreases. Here, we use the illusory truth paradigm to explore how accent affects credibility. In a between-participant design, participants were exposed to unknown statements uttered by native-accented or foreign-accented speakers. After a distractor task, the same statements were presented with new statements, and participants assessed their truthfulness. Truthfulness ratings were higher for repeated statements than for new statements, replicating the illusory truth effect. Contrary to the processing fluency hypothesis, the effect was similar in both the foreign-accented and native-accented speech groups. A new group of participants rated the speakers' voices on various social traits. A negative bias against foreign speakers was observed. However, this negative-bias did not affect truth ratings.The impact of foreign-accented speech on message credibility is discussed in the context of two factors, processing fluency and out-group stereotype activation.

Causal mechanisms of COVID-19 disruptive effects on liability of foreignness and the emergence of new firm-specific advantages.

There is the need for comprehensive research on the disruptive effects of COVID-19 on international business (IB) in preparation for future disruption. However, we know little about the causal mechanisms of the phenomenon which impacted IB. Based on a case study of a Japanese automotive firm in Russia, we investigate how firms tackle institutional entrepreneurship with firm-specific advantages to overcome the disruptive effects. Consequently, the pandemic increased institutional costs due to greater uncertainty in Russian regulatory institutions. To manage this, the firm developed new firm-specific advantages to deal with the increasing uncertainty of regulative institutions. The firm united with other firms to motivate public officials to advocate for semi-official debates. Our study contributes to extending intersecting studies on the liability of foreignness and firm-specific advantages through the lens of institutional entrepreneurship. We propose a holistic conceptual process model of the causal mechanisms and a novel construct for new firm-specific advantages.

The Pandemic and the "Perpetual Foreigner": How Threats Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic Relate to Stereotyping of Asian Americans.

We examined the "othering" of Asian Americans in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given past evidence that pathogen-related threat perceptions can exacerbate intergroup biases, as well as salient public narratives blaming the Chinese for the pandemic, we assessed whether individuals experiencing a greater sense of threat during the pandemic were more likely to apply the "perpetual foreigner" stereotype to Asian Americans. Over a seven-week period, we recruited 1,323 White Americans to complete a measure of the perceived Americanness of Asian, Black, and White targets. Asian targets were consistently perceived as less American than White targets, across variations in subjective health threat and regional case counts. The direct and indirect connections of political ideology to the observed patterns were examined, revealing that White participants who blamed China for the pandemic were more likely to apply the perpetual foreigner stereotype to Asian Americans. These results indicate that the othering of Asian Americans is pervasive among White Americans and that variables related to social conditions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic can predict the potency of this association.

Lo extraño en la anorexia / THE STRANGE THING IN ANOREXY

En continuidad con lo trabajado en el artículo anterior publicado en este anuario titulado "Rechazo de lo femenino", y en relación a los crecientes fenómenos de violencia hacia el cuerpo de la mujer, haremos foco en el maltrato al cuerpo en las anorexias severas, ubicando como operadores de lectura los conceptos de extranjeridad, hospitalidad y enemistad. Consideramos que el cuerpo de la mujer porta lo femenino.En tanto lo femenino se constituye como lo Otro, lo ajeno, lo extranjero; si la extranjeridad no es alojada, se transforma en hostilidad y enemistad. Haremos entonces un recorrido por los conceptos mencionados, para recalar en la anorexia y situar algunas coordenadas de lo femenino como alteridad no alojada y por tanto rechazada en esta modalidad sintomática actual

Following the work in the previous article published in this yearbook entitled "Rejection of the feminine", and in relation to the growing phenomena of mistreatment of the woman's body, we will focus on the mistreatment of the body in severe anorexias, placing as reading drivers the concepts of foreignness, hospitality and enmity.We consider that the woman's body carries the feminine. As long as the feminine is constituted as the Other, the alien, the foreign; If foreignness is not held, it becomes hostility and enmity. We will then take review the aforementioned concepts, to arrive at anorexia and place some coordinates of the feminine as an unheld alternativ and therefore rejected in this current symptomatic modality

Development of a chicken-derived antivenom against the taipan snake (Oxyuranus scutellatus) venom and comparison with an equine antivenom.

A chicken-derived antivenom (ChDAv) towards taipan snake (Oxyuranus scutellatus) venom was produced by purifying anti-taipan IgY from egg yolks of hens immunized with taipan venom. The productivity, antivenomic profile, neutralization ability, pharmacokinetic properties and immunogenicity of the ChDAv were compared with those of an antivenom produced in horses (EDAv). We found that 382 eggs are required to produce the mass of anti-taipan antibodies contained in one liter of equine hyperimmune plasma, and that 63 chickens would be needed to generate the amount of anti-taipan antibodies annually produced by one horse. It was estimated that, in Costa Rica, the production of anti-taipan antibodies could be 40% cheaper if chickens were used as immunoglobulin source, instead of horses. During antivenomic assessment, ChDAv showed lower ability to immunocapture the α subunit of taipoxin, the most important neurotoxin in the venom. ChDAv showed a lower ability to neutralize the coagulant and lethal activities of taipan venom. ChDAv was more immunogenic in rabbits than EDAv, probably due to the fact that chickens are phylogenetically more distant to rabbits than horses. This finding may explain why clearance from rabbit bloodstream was faster for chicken-IgY than for equine-IgG in a pharmacokinetic study. In conclusion, the production of anti-taipan antivenom was less effective when chicken egg yolks were used as source of immunoglobulins instead of horses.

El lenguaje médico en cirugía / Medical language in surgery

El lenguaje médico en español está plagado de vicios que le restan credibilidad al mensaje científico. Entre ellos: uso de palabras sin conocer su significado y extranjerismos innecesarios, sobre todo anglicismos. El buen uso del lenguaje, especialmente del científico, no solo es un derecho del investigador, sino también una obligación. Los errores pueden conducir a imprecisiones en el significado de lo que se intenta transmitir, con la consecuente falta de entendimiento entre profesionales o, lo que es peor, la interpretación completamente errónea. Se ha llegado a afirmar, que el futuro de los idiomas -excepto del inglés- depende en gran medida de su capacidad para designar los nuevos conceptos científicos y técnicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar algunas imprecisiones léxicas comunes en cirugía general y por qué no, en el resto de las especialidades quirúrgicas y estimular a los profesionales de las ciencias médicas a usar adecuadamente uno de los idiomas más ricos: el español(AU)

Spanish language in medicine is full of numerous vices, which reduces credibility to the scientific message, i.e., use of words without knowing its meanings and unnecessary foreign words, mainly anglicisms. Adequate use of language, specially the scientific one, is not only a right but an obligation of the researcher, because errors could cause inaccuracies of the meaning of what we intend to say or convey, and lack of understanding between professional people or what is worst, totally mistaken interpretation. It has been stated that the future of languages - except English language- greatly depends on the capacity to designate the new scientific and technical concepts. The objective of this paper was to review some common lexical inaccuracies in general surgery and also in the rest of surgical specialties and to encourage medical sciences professionals to properly use one of the richest languages, that is, the Spanish language(AU)

Estrangeiridade e Vulnerabilidade Psíquica: Algumas Contribuições Psicanalíticas / Foreignness and Psychic Vulnerability: Some Psychoanalytic Contributions

Para discutir algumas contribuições que a perspectiva psicanalítica traz para a compreensão da condição de estrangeiridade, entrevistamos um grupo de estudantes vinculados a programas de formação superior vindos de países de língua oficial portuguesa. Organizamos, a partir da análise das unidades de significado das entrevistas, alguns dos conflitos experimentados. Além da língua, os motivos da escolha do país, a chegada, a integração, o convênio, os relacionamentos afetivos e sexuais, a percepção dos brasileiros e a percepção das dificuldades encontradas compõem o cenário que possibilitou nossa leitura. O sofrimento que alguns demonstram mais do que outros, diz de um conflito que é próprio da constituição do sujeito e que pode emergir nessa experiência.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the contributions that a psychoanalytic perspective might bring to understand the condition of foreignness. To achieve this we interviewed a group of students linked to the higher education programs from countries whose official language is Portuguese. The analysis revealed that foreignness can be experienced by the subject as a conflict inherent to its nature: the helplessness facing everything that is unfamiliar may be reinforced in case of the contradiction of the "same" language spoken. The subjects referred to certain conditions and experiences of foreignness that may hinder the acceptance and identification with the new culture: the reasons for the choice of Brazil, the arrival, integration, school partnership, affective and sexual relationships, the perception of Brazilians and the difficulties encountered. From this emerges a vulnerability of the psychic sphere that reveals the deconstructive potential realized only when it occurs.

Tornar-se estrangeiro / Convertir-se estrangeiro / Becoming a foreigner

A partir de carta-convite, que inclui ideias apresentadas por Márcio Giovannetti, o autor teoriza sobre o lugar do público e do privado na formação analítica. Para tentar essa aproximação, apela para o lugar do "meteco", o estrangeiro das cidades gregas; a práticas observáveis entre os que se formam psicanalistas e a fragmentos de um filme. Desenvolve, assim, a proposta de que a história do movimento psicanalítico possa ser uma história de estrangeiridade; de a práxis psicanalítica ser uma prática estrangeira, e que a formação de um psicanalista trata precisamente de como se tornar estrangeiro; como desenvolver uma escuta particular e colocar-se em um lugar inédito.(AU)

Attending to the invitation letter, which includes some ideas introduced by Marcio Giovannetti, the author discusses the public and private places in the psychoanalytical training. In order to get close to those places, the author turns to the "meteco", the foreigner in greek cities, in relation to those of becoming psychoanalysts themselves and fragments of a film. He develops the idea of the psychoanalytic movement history being a foreignness history, psychoanalytical praxis being a foreigner practice and that the aim of becoming psychoanalyst is related to learning how to become a foreigner, how to develop a particular listening and to be in a uncommon place.(AU)

El autor intenta desarrollar, a partir de la invitación del Jornal que incluía algunas ideas planteadas por Marcio Giovanetti, cuál es el lugar de lo público y lo privado en la formación analítica. Para intentar cercar ese lugar apela al lugar del "meteco", el extranjero en las ciudades griegas, a algunos observables entre quienes se forman como psicoanalistas y a fragmentos de una película. Se desarrolla la idea de que la historia del movimiento psicoanalítico es una historia de la extranjería, de que la praxis psicoanalítica es una práctica extranjera y que en la formación de un analista se trata precisamente de cómo volverse extranjero, de cómo desarrollar una escucha particular y ubicarse en un lugar inédito.(AU)

Tornar-se estrangeiro / Becoming a foreigner / Convertir-se estrangeiro

A partir de carta-convite, que inclui ideias apresentadas por Márcio Giovannetti, o autor teoriza sobre o lugar do público e do privado na formação analítica. Para tentar essa aproximação, apela para o lugar do "meteco", o estrangeiro das cidades gregas; a práticas observáveis entre os que se formam psicanalistas e a fragmentos de um filme. Desenvolve, assim, a proposta de que a história do movimento psicanalítico possa ser uma história de estrangeiridade; de a práxis psicanalítica ser uma prática estrangeira, e que a formação de um psicanalista trata precisamente de como se tornar estrangeiro; como desenvolver uma escuta particular e colocar-se em um lugar inédito.

Attending to the invitation letter, which includes some ideas introduced by Marcio Giovannetti, the author discusses the public and private places in the psychoanalytical training. In order to get close to those places, the author turns to the "meteco", the foreigner in greek cities, in relation to those of becoming psychoanalysts themselves and fragments of a film. He develops the idea of the psychoanalytic movement history being a foreignness history, psychoanalytical praxis being a foreigner practice and that the aim of becoming psychoanalyst is related to learning how to become a foreigner, how to develop a particular listening and to be in a uncommon place.

El autor intenta desarrollar, a partir de la invitación del Jornal que incluía algunas ideas planteadas por Marcio Giovanetti, cuál es el lugar de lo público y lo privado en la formación analítica. Para intentar cercar ese lugar apela al lugar del "meteco", el extranjero en las ciudades griegas, a algunos observables entre quienes se forman como psicoanalistas y a fragmentos de una película. Se desarrolla la idea de que la historia del movimiento psicoanalítico es una historia de la extranjería, de que la praxis psicoanalítica es una práctica extranjera y que en la formación de un analista se trata precisamente de cómo volverse extranjero, de cómo desarrollar una escucha particular y ubicarse en un lugar inédito.

Estranho eu / Strange self / Extraño yo

Intrusão e estrangeiridade se articulam na vivência de estranhamento do eu. A partir da reflexão de Jean Luc Nancy no texto O intruso, em que examina e metaforiza sua vivência de estranhamento a partir de sua experiência como transplantado de coração, o autor propõe alguns desdobramentos e consequências sobre o preconceito.

Intrusion and foreignness intertwine in the experience of estrangement from the self. From the considerations of Jean Luc Nancy, in his text “The Intruder “, in which Nancy examines and reflects on his experience of estrangement by creating a metaphor concerning his being the subject of a heart transplant, the author proposes a few developments on prejudice and its consequences.

La intrusión y la extrañeza se articulan en la experiencia del distanciamiento de sí mismo. De la reflexión de Jean Luc Nancy, en su texto “El Intruso”, en la cual examina y metaforiza su vivencia de distanciamiento a partir de su experiencia como trasplantado de corazón, el autor propone una serie de implicaciones y consecuencias sobre el prejuicio.