Forgetfulness as the primary presenting symptom of type A acute aortic dissection.

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is the most common lethal disease affecting the aorta. Neurological symptoms have been linked to AAD in some patients. Although aortic dissection patients have previously been shown to present with neurological symptoms, AAD with forgetfulness as the first manifestation is extremely rare. To increase the awareness of AAD among clinicians, we report the first case of a male Chinese patient with AD presenting with forgetfulness as the initial symptom. A 53-year-old man presented to the emergency department with forgetfulness. Based on the concept that "time is brain," stroke was initially considered in the differential diagnosis. The patient underwent emergency coronary angiography and was diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. After contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography, the patient was finally diagnosed with AAD. Because valuable time was lost in diagnosis rather than treatment, optimal timing for surgery missed. The patient died following an aortic dissection rupture while waiting for emergency surgery. When forgetfulness cannot be completely accounted for in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction, AAD should be considered. We believe that this case report contains a worthwhile clinical lesson for clinicians.

Vertigoheel promotes rodent cognitive performance in multiple memory tests.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment associated with old age or various brain disorders may be very disabling for affected individuals, placing their carers and public health services under considerable stress. The standard-of-care drugs produce only transient improvement of cognitive impairment in older people, so the search for novel, safe and effective therapeutics that would help to reverse or delay cognitive impairment is warranted. Repurposing pharmacological therapies with well-established safety record for additional indications is a promising recent trend in drug development. Vertigoheel (VH-04), a multicomponent drug made of Ambra grisea, Anamirta cocculus L., Conium maculatum, and Petroleum rectificatum, has been successfully used for several decades in the treatment of vertigo. Here, we investigated effects of VH-04 on cognitive performance in standard behavioral tests assessing different types of memory and explored cellular and molecular underpinnings of VH-04's biological activity. Methods: In the majority of behavioral experiments, namely in the spontaneous and rewarded alternation tests, passive avoidance test, contextual/cued fear conditioning, and social transmission of food preference, we examined the ability of single and repeated intraperitoneal administrations of VH-04 to improve cognitive parameters of mice and rats disrupted by the application of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine. In addition, we also assessed how VH-04 affected novel object recognition and influenced performance of aged animals in Morris water maze. Furthermore, we also studied the effects of VH-04 on primary hippocampal neurons in vitro and mRNA expression of synaptophysin in the hippocampus. Results: Administration of VH-04 positively influenced visual recognition memory in the novel object recognition test and alleviated the impairments in spatial working memory and olfactory memory caused by the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine in the spontaneous alternation and social transmission of food preference tests. In addition, VH-04 improved retention of the spatial orientation memory of old rats in the Morris water maze. In contrast, VH-04 did not have significant effects on scopolamine-induced impairments in tests of fear-aggravated memory or rewarded alternation. Experiments in vitro showed that VH-04 stimulated neurite growth and possibly reversed the age-dependent decrease in hippocampal synaptophysin mRNA expression, which implies that VH-04 may preserve synaptic integrity in the aging brain. Discussion: Our findings allow a cautious conclusion that in addition to its ability to alleviate manifestations of vertigo, VH-04 may be also used as a cognitive enhancer.

Complaints of reduced cognitive functioning during perimenopause: a cross-sectional analysis of the Japan Nurses' Health Study.

BACKGROUND: Many women experience various symptoms during the period of menopausal transition, including complaints of reduced cognitive functioning. However, these complaints are not necessarily recognized as core menopausal symptoms. In this study, we sought to characterize subjective complaints of reduced cognitive functioning by analyzing cross-sectional data from the Japan Nurses' Health Study (JNHS). METHODS: The JNHS 4-year follow-up questionnaire containing a 21-item climacteric symptom checklist, which included a question about "poor memory or forgetfulness", was mailed between 2005 and 2011 to all JNHS participants, regardless of their age at the time of the survey. We estimated the prevalence of slight and severe complaints in 5-year age-groups. We used principal component analysis to explore the underlying factors among the 21 symptoms during the menopausal transition period in women aged 45-54 years at the time of the survey. We also examined risk factors for complaints using multivariable modified Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 12,507 women responded to the 4-year survey. The mean age at the time of the 4-year survey was 46.5 years (range 27-82). "Poor memory or forgetfulness" showed a peak prevalence of 81.7% (severe 27.9%; slight 53.8%) at 50-54 years, and gradually decreased after 55 years. Principal component analysis indicated that "poor memory or forgetfulness" belonged to somatic symptoms and was close to psychological symptoms in women aged 45-54 years. In women aged 45-54 years, the complaint was also significantly associated with hot flashes and sweats. Multivariable modified Poisson regression analysis showed that menopausal status (uncertain and postmenopausal), less sleep (sleep of < 5 h and sleep of 5- < 6 h), night-shift work, and severe vasomotor symptoms (VMS) were significantly associated with the prevalence of severe complaints of reduced cognitive functioning in women aged 45-54 years. CONCLUSIONS: We found that prevalence of "poor memory or forgetfulness" was highest during the menopausal transition period and among perimenopausal women. This subjective complaint was associated with somatic, psychological complaints and VMS. It may be useful for women with cognitive problems in the transition period to consider management of comorbid menopausal symptoms.

Memory Perfectionism is Associated with Persistent Memory Complaints after Concussion.

OBJECTIVE: The etiology of persistent memory complaints after concussion is poorly understood. Memory perfectionism (highly valuing memory ability and intolerance of minor memory lapses) may help explain why some people report persistent subjective memory problems in the absence of corresponding objective memory impairment. This study investigated the relationship between memory perfectionism and persistent memory complaints after concussion. METHODS: Secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial. Adults (N = 77; 61% women) with persistent symptoms following concussion were recruited from outpatient specialty clinics. Participants completed the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery, Test of Memory Malingering-Trial 1, and questionnaires measuring memory perfectionism (Metamemory in Adulthood-Achievement subscale), forgetfulness and other postconcussion symptoms (Rivermead Postconcussion Symptoms Questionnaire; RPQ), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) at M = 17.8 weeks postinjury. Patients with versus without severe memory complaints (based on the RPQ) were compared. RESULTS: Memory perfectionism was associated cross-sectionally with severe memory complaint, after controlling for objective memory ability, overall cognitive ability, and depression (95% confidence interval for odds ratio = 1.11-1.40). Sensitivity analyses showed that this relationship did not depend on use of specific objective memory tests nor on inclusion of participants who failed performance validity testing. In a control comparison to test the specificity of identified relationships, memory perfectionism was not associated with severe fatigue (95% confidence interval for odds ratio = 0.91-1.07). CONCLUSIONS: Memory perfectionism may be a risk factor for persistent memory symptoms after concussion, with potential relevance to the spectrum of functional cognitive disorders more broadly.

Factors Associated with EEG Slowing in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: A plethora of scientific studies has shown diffuse slowing on electroencephalograph (EEG) study is a frequent occurrence in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, compared to the healthy controls. Little is known about EEG slowing and PD in the sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess factors associated with EEG slowing in individuals with Parkinson's disease. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in 40 PD patients at Yehuleshet Specialty Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Both descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Total of 40 patients with PD was included in the present survey. The median age was 66 (IQR: 52.5 - 72.5 years) and young onset PD accounted 20%. Males accounted for twothird of the participants. Diffuse EEG slowing was observed in 52.5% (n=21) of participants. Majority (85%) were on levodopa treatment. Hypovitaminosis D was observed in 93.1% of the study participants. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) and global brain atrophy were seen in 47.5% and 27.5% respectively. Even though statistically not significant, PD patients with EEG slowing, reported more forgetfulness and had WMH on their brain MRI, compared to those with normal EEG. Age was associated with diffuse EEG slowing when adjusted for forgetfulness and WMH (Adjusted OR 1.18 95% CI (1.01 - 1.37) p=0.03). CONCLUSION: The present study indicates high prevalence of diffuse EEG slowing in PD patients. Age was associated with diffuse EEG slowing. Higher proportion of patients with EEG slowing reported forgetfulness and hypovitaminosis D compared to those with normal EEG recordings.

Assessing forgetfulness and polypharmacy and their impact on health-related quality of life among patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia in Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PURPOSE: We estimate the association between forgetfulness to take medications as prescribed and polypharmacy and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among a cohort of patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia or both in Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A telephone survey of 1018 randomly selected adults was conducted in Greece in June 2020. Participants were included in the survey, if they (a) had a diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia or both and (b) were on prescription treatment for these conditions. HRQoL was calculated using the short form (SF) -12 Patient Questionnaire. A multivariable generalized linear regression model (GLM) was used to estimate the association between forgetfulness and polypharmacy and HRQoL, controlling for sociodemographic and health-related covariates. RESULTS: Overall, 351 respondents met the inclusion criteria, of whom 28 did not fully complete the questionnaire (response rate: 92%, n = 323). Of those, 37% were diagnosed with hypertension only, 28% with dyslipidemia only, and 35% with both. Most reported good to average physical (64.1%) and mental health (48.6%). Overall, 25% indicated that they sometimes forget to take their prescribed medications, and 12% took two or more pills multiple times daily. Total HRQoL score was 68.9% (s.d. = 18.0%). About 10% of participants reported paying less attention to their healthcare condition during the pandemic. Estimates of multivariable analyses indicated a negative association between forgetfulness (- 9%, adjusted ß: - 0.047, 95% confidence interval - 0.089 to - 0.005, p = 0.029), taking two or more pills multiple times daily compared to one pill once a day (- 16%, adjusted ß: - 0.068, 95% confidence interval - 0.129 to - 0.008, p = 0.028) and total HRQoL. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that among adult patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia or both in Greece, those who forget to take their medications and those with more complex treatment regimens had lower HRQoL. Such patients merit special attention and require targeted approaches by healthcare providers to improve treatment compliance and health outcomes.

Spaced Effect Learning and Blunting the Forgetfulness Curve.

Medical education requires learners to absorb, retain, and apply vast amounts of information at every level of training. This process is constrained by the limitations of human memory, which were described by psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus as a "forgetfulness curve." As he explained, material encountered during a lecture or study session is typically lost rapidly over the ensuing days. Ebbinghaus' solution to this problem-spaced repetition-involves revisiting studied content at multiple, specifically selected time intervals to reinforce learning and facilitate long-term retention. Using question-based repetition, as opposed to passive reading/listening modalities, can help optimize this process. Spaced learning has been used for training in multiple fields including finance, management and technology development. It has also been utilized by medical students preparing for exams and by select residency training programs. This article examines the range of ways spaced repetition has been employed in medical education, with a focus on applications in Otolaryngology training. It also discusses possible future avenues for use of this system to improve long-term retention in Otolaryngology residency and beyond.

Effect of Dietary Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Disodium Salt on Cognitive Function in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunctions are increasing alarmingly around the world, and researchers are exploring preventive measures for improving brain performance. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a naturally occurring coenzyme in foods, exhibits potent antioxidant activity, and improves diverse functions which include mitochondrial activation, growth, repair, protection of nerve cells by increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptors; and suppression of fibril formation and aggregation of amyloid ß. OBJECTIVE: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical investigation (RCT) evaluated the efficacy and safety of PQQ disodium salt powder (mnemoPQQ®) for improved cognitive function after 12 weeks of supplementation in healthy Japanese male and female (age 40 to <80 Y). METHODS: 64 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to receive either mnemoPQQ® (PQQ disodium salt: 21.5 mg/day) or a placebo over a period of 12 weeks. The efficacy of mnemoPQQ® on cognitive performance (memory, attention, judgment, and cognitive flexibility) was examined using Cognitrax as the primary outcome (primary endpoint), and forgetfulness questionnaire (DECO: Deterioration Cognitive Observee) and Mini-Mental State Examination-Japanese (MMSE-J) as the secondary outcome (secondary endpoint). RESULTS: A total of 58 subjects (placebo = 31; Age = 70.91 ± 3.06 Y; mnemoPQQ® group = 27; Age = 72.10 ± 3.77 Y) completed the study over a period of 12 weeks of supplementation. Significant improvements were observed on the Cognitrax's cognitive function domain score on "composite memory", "verbal memory", "reaction time", "complex attention", "cognitive flexibility", "executive function", and "motor speed" in the mnemoPQQ® group as compared to the placebo group. The DECO and the MMSE-J scores were also significantly improved in the mnemoPQQ® group. No adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Study demonstrates that supplementation of PQQ disodium salt is useful in improving memory, attention, judgment, and cognitive function, in middle-aged to elderly population, who feel they have become more forgetful because of aging.

Adults' perceptions of forgetful children: the impact of child age, domain, and memory type.

Prospective memory (PM) tasks have been described as social in nature because carrying out one's intentions often has an impact on others. Despite the claim that PM errors [compared to retrospective memory (RM) errors] are perceived as character flaws, little empirical work has tested this assertion. In particular, no study has examined how adults perceive children's PM errors. Thus, the aim of the current studies was to examine adults' perceptions of children's forgetfulness depending on child age (4 vs. 10-year-olds), domain of the memory error (academic vs. social), and memory type (PM vs. RM). In Study 1, adult participants rated children's PM errors on seven traits. Findings showed that social errors were rated more negatively than academic errors, and age and domain interacted such that 10-year-olds were rated more negatively than 4-year-olds for making social errors but not academic errors. Study 2 examined the impact of child age, domain, and memory type on perceptions of forgetful children to specifically test differences between PM and RM errors. Results showed a larger difference between ratings of 10-year-olds for their academic and social memory errors compared to 4-year-olds, but only for RM errors.

Memory and forgetfulness in tourism crisis research.

Even though academic attention has been paid on the tourism-memory nexus, the concept of forgetfulness in tourism has been largely overlooked and remains unexplored. The aim of this research note is to introduce the concept of forgetfulness alongside memory within tourism scholarship to discuss the way in which it may be integrated with future research. In so doing, the discussion focused on a tourist crisis context as tourists' post-crisis behaviour often reflects forgetfulness as evidenced by their travel resumption patterns. Overall, by linking the concepts of forgetfulness and tourism, this research note contributes to knowledge advancement on tourism crises by shifting attention away from risk perceptions towards an understanding of the cognitive and emotional processes influencing tourist behaviour. The research note also illuminates understanding of how crises are forgotten; hence, contributes to the improvement of crisis management strategies. The research note concludes by proposing an agenda for future research.

Pregnant women do not display impaired memory formation across one night of sleep.

Forgetfulness is a common complaint of pregnant women, who also often report impaired nocturnal sleep. Considering sleep's well-known beneficial role in consolidating newly encoded memory content, we hypothesized that pregnant women would display detrimental changes in objective sleep measures and associated memory deficits. We compared the consolidation of declarative as well as procedural memory across sleep in 21 healthy, third-trimester pregnant women versus 20 matched non-pregnant controls. Subjects encoded and were tested on visuospatial and procedural memory tasks before and after, respectively, a night of sleep spent at home. The emergence of gist-based memories was tested with the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Sleep was polysomnographically recorded and subjective sleep quality was assessed with questionnaires. Although pregnant in comparison to non-pregnant women reported markedly impaired subjective sleep quality and efficiency, quantitative changes were limited to increases in wakefulness after sleep onset and reductions in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Retention of newly learned memory contents, which is believed to reflect sleep-associated memory consolidation, was comparable between groups, as was the formation of gist-based memories. The findings indicate that subjective deteriorations in sleep quality experienced by pregnant women are not necessarily linked to objective impairments. They raise the possibility that sufficient slow wave sleep towards the end of pregnancy allows for normal sleep-related memory consolidation. Although these results were obtained in a small number of pregnant women in very good health and should be corroborated in larger samples, they challenge the assumption of poor sleep and impaired memory as hallmarks of the "pregnancy brain".

Perceptions of Forgetfulness in Adulthood.

In two experiments, we examined younger and older participants' appraisals of memory failures in fictitious characters portrayed as younger (in their 20's to 30's) or older (in their 60's to 70's) adults. Participants read vignettes where forgetful behavior had minor or more severe consequences for the target character (Experiment 1) or for the character and others in the social environment (Experiment 2). Participants rated potential causes of the forgetfulness and opinions concerning the target character's cognitive health. In Experiment 1, an age-based double standard was observed, where both age groups rated ability as a cause of forgetting more often for older than younger characters. Ratings of forgetfulness as a sign of mental difficulty, need for memory training, and professional evaluation were also higher for older compared to younger characters. In Experiment 2, the Attribution Type by Target Age interaction effect was replicated. Ability and effort contributed to the significance of the interaction, confirming the reliability and generalizability of the age-based double standard. Forgetfulness was rated as a sign of mental difficulty more often for the older than younger characters, replicating Experiment 1. In both experiments, the consequences of the forgetting had a large impact on the attribution and opinion ratings for younger and older forgetful characters. These data suggest that people of all ages evaluate forgetful characters in light of situational outcomes as well as ageist presumptions of cognitive frailty in later life.

Association between the frequency of daily intellectual activities and cognitive domains: A cross-sectional study in older adults with complaints of forgetfulness.

OBJECTIVES: Frequent engagement in intellectual activities has been shown to reduce the risk of developing dementia. The present study sought to examine the association between the frequency of daily intellectual activities and cognitive domains in older adults with complaints of forgetfulness. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted as a part of regional health examination in Tokyo from 2014 to 2016. A total of 436 participants were asked the frequency of intellectual activities in four categories: 1) reading, 2) writing, 3) using technology, and 4) watching TV and listening to the radio. The Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) scale was used for the cognitive assessments. The relationships between MoCA-J scores and each intellectual activity were explored. RESULTS: Binominal logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequencies of reading, writing, and using technology were significantly related to the language and attention, language, and memory domains, respectively, even after adjusting for demographic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that the frequency of daily intellectual activities differed depending on the activity type, and each activity was related to a specific cognitive domain.

Self-reported adherence among people with epilepsy in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence rates among people with epilepsy (PWE) are widely variable, ranging from 26% to 95.4%. We aimed to identify nonadherence in Brazil, its determinant factors, its impact on patients' management, and to compare it with other chronic nonparoxysmal diseases. METHODS: A multicenter observational case-control study was conducted between March 2015 and October 2016, and 153 subjects were included. Subjects' clinical-epidemiological data were surveyed with the Morisky-Green test (MGT), Brief Medication Questionnaire (BMQ), and the Liverpool adverse events profile (LAEP). RESULTS: One hundred three PWE and 50 controls with other, nonparoxysmal chronic conditions were interviewed; both groups were matched according to age and socioeducational level. People with epilepsy were aged 36.4 ±â€¯13.9 (range 18-67), 55% were women, mean age at epilepsy onset was 18.1 ±â€¯15.5 years, 51.5% had pharmacoresistant epilepsy, and 48.5% were on monotherapy. 74.8% of patients and 70.0% controls were nonadherent to treatment according to MGT (p = 0.58); and barrier of recall (BMQ) was associated with nonadherence in 78% of PWE and 76% of controls (p = 0.84). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed LAEP (OR 1.05; 95%CI = 1.01-1.09; p = 0.03) and self-reported frequency of forgetfulness on the last three months (OR 19.13; 95%CI = 2.40-152.28; p < 0.01) as the main factors associated with nonadherence. Nonadherent subjects did not have more seizures and did not need emergency treatment more often than adherent ones. CONCLUSION: Three of four PWE were not fully adherent to their treatment. Adherence assessment should be routine in all outpatient visits as well as interventions aimed to improving it. Adverse events are important predictors of adherence, and they should be considered when choosing the initial treatment of epilepsy.

Digital monitoring technologies could enhance tuberculosis medication adherence in Uganda: Mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Effective administration of tuberculosis therapy remains challenging. The recommended strategy of direct observed therapy is challenging and its implementation has been limited in many settings. Digital adherence technologies could be promising patient-centered strategies for monitoring adherence. However, few quality studies have assessed patients' experiences with these technologies. OBJECTIVE: To explore TB patients' perceptions of a digital adherence intervention composed of a digital adherence monitor and SMS texts. METHODS: We purposively sampled TB patients who owned phones, had been taking TB medication for at least a month, and were receiving their treatment from Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. We interviewed 35 TB patients to elicit information on perceptions of the proposed intervention which electronically monitors how they take their medication, and sends SMS reminders to patients to help them take their medications, as well as send SMS notifications to patients' social supporters to provide the patient with assistance if possible. We inductively analyzed data using content analysis to derive categories describing how participants perceived the intervention. RESULTS: Participants anticipated that the intervention would enhance medication adherence by reminding them to take medication, and helping in the management of complicated regimen. Participants felt that monitoring adherence could enable them to demonstrate their commitment to adherence. Participants expressed concerns about not seeing the SMS on time and unintended TB status disclosure. CONCLUSION: Digital adherence technologies may provide acceptable alternative approaches to monitoring TB medication, especially in settings where DOT is difficult to implement.

A comissão nacional da verdade e a construção de memórias sociais / The national truth commission and the construction of social memories / La comisión nacional de la verdad y la construcción de memorias sociales / Commission nationale sur la vérité et la construction de mémoires sociales

A Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV) foi uma iniciativa visando esclarecimento sobre violações de direitos humanos cometidos entre 1964 e 1985. Por sua intrínseca participação social, pode-se também estudar uma característica da memória social, que é o esquecimento. Com o objetivo de analisar os aspectos psicossociais da memória em relação à ditadura por meio da percepção e sentimentos gerados em torno da CNV, 159 participantes (51,6% mulheres, 68,6% de esquerda), estudantes da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram entrevistados e responderam questões atitudinais e emocionais sobre a CNV. Os resultados evidenciaram que o conhecimento sobre a Comissão e a orientação política dos entrevistados têm efeitos significativos sobre o conjunto de variáveis analisadas. Participantes auto declarados de esquerda apresentaram maior acordo com a atuação da CNV, além de maior intensidade de sentimentos positivos e negativos. Participantes auto declarados de direita apresentaram maior concordância com ações de esquecimento. Esta pesquisa traz contribuições ao estudo das atitudes e da memória social frente à CNV e se constitui como fonte geradora de novas hipóteses sobre o tema.

The Brazilian National Truth Commission (NTC) was an initiative aimed at clarifying human rights violations that occurred between 1964 and 1985. Because of its intrinsic socialparticipation, it allows the study of one characteristic of social memory, which is forgetfulness. With the aim of exploring psycho-social aspects such as perceptions and attitudes toward Brazilian Truth Commission, 159 participants (51.6% women, 68.6% left-wing) undergrad students from the State University of Rio de Janeiro were interviewed and answered attitudinal and emotional questions about the NTC. The results revealed that knowledge about the NTC andpolitical orientation have significant effects on the set of analyzed variables. The self-declared left-wing participants have had a greater agreement with NTC enterprises, in addition to having a greater intensity of positive and negative feelings about the NTC. The self-declared right-wing participants have had a greater agreement with forgetfulness actions. This research brings important contributions to the study of attitudes and social memory toward Brazilian Truth Commission, and facilitates the development of new hypotheses about social memories.

La Comisión Nacional de la Verdad fue una iniciativa para esclarecimiento sobre violaciones de derechos humanos cometidos entre 1964 y 1985. Por el motivo de su participación social intrínseca, también es posible estudiar una característica de la memoria social, que es el olvido. Con el objetivo de explorar aspectos de la memoria de la ditadura militar, 159 participantes (51,6% mujeres, 68,6% con orientación política de izquierda), estudiantes de la Universidad del Estado de Río de Janeiro fueron entrevistados y respondieron cuestiones actitudinales y emocionales sobre la CNV Los resultados muestran que el conocimiento sobre la CNVy la orientación política tienen efectos significativos sobre el conjunto de variables analizadas. Participantes auto declarados de izquierda presentaron mayor acuerdo con la actuación de la CNV, además de mayor intensidad de sentimientos positivos y negativos. Los participantes auto declarados de la derecha, tienen mayor concordancia con acciones de olvido. Esta investigación trae contribuciones al estudio y se constituya como como una fuente generadora de nuevas hipótesis sobre la memoria social.

La Commission nationale de la vérité (CNV) était une initiative visant à clarifier les violations des droits de l'homme commises entre 1964 et 1985. Par saparticipation sociale intrinsèque, onpeut également étudier une caractéristique de la mémoire sociale, à savoir l'oubli. Avec le but d'analyser les aspects psychosociaux de la mémoire en relation avec la dictature à travers la perception et les sentiments générés autour de la CNV, 159 participants (51,6% de femmes, 68,6% de gauche), étudiants de l'Université de l'État de Rio de Janeiro (Brésil), ont été interrogés et ont répondu à des questions d'attitude et d'émotion au sujet de la CNV. Les résultats ont montré que la connaissance de la Commission et l'orientation politique des personnes interrogées avaient des effets significatifs sur l'ensemble des variables analysées. Les participants autoproclamés de gauche ont montré un plus grand accord avec les performances du CNV, ainsi qu'une plus grande intensité de sentiments positifs et négatifs. Les participants auto-déclarés de droite ont montré un plus grand accord avec les actions d'oubli. Cette recherche apporte des contributions à l'étude des attitudes et de la mémoire sociale devant la CNV et constitue une source de nouvelles hypothèses sur le sujet.

Correlations between Forgetfulness and Social Participation: Community Diagnosing Indicators.

We analyzed the relationships between forgetfulness and social participation, social contact, and social support by municipality to develop community diagnosing indicators. The analysis subjects included 105 municipalities that agreed to provide data for the 2013 Survey of Needs in Spheres of Daily Life in Japan (n = 338,659 people). Forgetfulness as a risk factor for dementia was used as the dependent variable. The variables of social environment factors were (1) social participation, (2) social contact, and (3) social support. The ratio of people responding that they experienced forgetfulness differed among municipalities, with a mean of 19.0% (7.1-35.6%). Higher levels of social participation, social contact, and social support were associated with lower levels of forgetfulness, even after adjusting for age and regional variables. The results of the present study suggest that it is appropriate to use forgetfulness and social participation at least a few times a year in any social activity as community diagnosing indicators. Municipalities could encourage their inhabitants to participate by developing and providing engaging social activities.

Cartas do hospício: Memória e esquecimento - rastros e insurgências / Hospice letters: Memory and forgetfulness - traces and insurgency / Cartas desde el hospicio: Memoria y olvido - rastros y insurgencia

Este artigo discute sobre o uso de cartas como fontes de pesquisa e sua articulação com os conceitos de memória e esquecimento, no âmbito da história da loucura. Os autores partem do encontro ao acaso com algumas correspondências escritas no início do século XX, por pacientes do antigo Hospício São Pedro, localizado em Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), as quais ficaram guardadas nos seus prontuários e que, aparentemente, não foram enviadas aos seus destinatários. Os procedimentos de exclusão e a regulação dos discursos daqueles que eram tidos como loucos operou um silenciamento desses sujeitos, tomando seus escritos, exclusivamente, como referentes da sua suposta loucura; entende-se que a dinâmica das relações de poder é capaz de produzir "vidas memoráveis" e "vidas pouco dignas de serem lembradas". Destaca-se o compromisso ético-político de uma perspectiva histórica que se compromete com a "memória dos oprimidos". Este estudo examina alguns "rastros do passado", entendendo-os como possibilidade de insurgência daqueles que foram relegados ao esquecimento, neste caso, lembrar do passado é intervir no presente.(AU)

This article discusses the use of letters as source of research and their articulation with the concepts of memory and forgetfulness, within the history madness. The authors start from the encounter by chance with some correspondences written, in the beginning of the 20th century, by patients of the former Hospício São Pedro, located in Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), which were kept in their medical records and, possibly, were not sent to their recipients. The procedures of exclusion and the regulation of the discourses of those who were considered crazy operated a silencing of these subjects, taking their writings exclusively as referents of their supposed madness; it is understood that the dynamics of power relations is capable of producing "memorable lives" and "lives not worthy of being remembered". The ethical-political commitment of a historical perspective engaged with the "memory of the oppressed" is highlighted. This study examines some "traces of the past", understanding them as the possibility of insurgency of those who have been relegated to oblivion; in this case, remembering the past is intervening in the present.(AU)

Este artículo discute sobre el uso de cartas como fuentes de investigación y su articulación con los conceptos de memoria y olvido dentro de la historia de la locura. Los autores parten desde el encuentro por casualidad con algunas correspondencias escritas, a principios del siglo XX, por pacientes del antiguo Hospício São Pedro, ubicado en Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil), las cuales quedaron guardadas en sus expedientes clínicos y que, posiblemente, no fueron enviadas a los suyos destinatarios. Los procedimientos de exclusión y la regulación delos discursos de aquellos que eran tenidos como locos opero un silenciamiento de esos sujetos, tomando sus escritos, exclusivamente, como referentes de su supuesta locura; se entiende que la dinámica de las relaciones de poder es capaz de producir "vidas memorables" y "vidas poco dignas de ser recordadas". Se destaca el compromiso ético-político desde una perspectiva histórica que se compromete con la "memoria de los oprimidos". Este estudio examina algunos rastros del pasado, entendiéndolos como posibilidad de insurgencia de aquellos que fueron relegados al olvido; en este caso, recordar el pasado es intervenir en el presente.(AU)

Modified Visual Magnetic Resonance Rating Scale for Evaluation of Patients with Forgetfulness.

BACKGROUND: As cognitive impairment increases with age, sulcal atrophy (SA) and the enlargement of the ventricles also increase. Considering the measurements on the previously proposed visual scales, a new scale is proposed in this study that allows us to evaluate the atrophy, white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), basal ganglia infarct (BGI), and infratentorial infarct (ITI) together. Our aim of this study is to propose a practical and standardized MRI for the clinicians to be used in daily practice. METHODS: A total of 97 patients older than 60 years and diagnosed with depression or Alzheimer's disease (AD) are included. Cranial MRI, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), detailed neuropsychometric tests, and depression scales are applied to all patients. The SA, ventricular atrophy (VA), medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), periventricular WMH (PWMH), subcortical WMH (SCWMH), BGI, and ITI are scored according to the scale. The total score is also recorded. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 74.53, and the mean MMSE score was 22.7 in the degenerative group and 27.8 in the non-degenerative group. Among the patients, 50 were diagnosed with AD. All parameters significantly increased with age. In the degenerative group, SA, VA, MTA, PWMH, SCWMH, and total scores were found to be significantly higher. Sensitivities of VA, PWMH, SCWMH, and total scores, as well as both sensitivity and specificities of MTA score, were observed to be high. When they were combined, sensitivities and specificities were found to be high. CONCLUSION: The scale is observed to be predictive in discriminating degenerative and non-degenerative processes. This discrimination is important, particularly in depressive patients complaining of forgetfulness.

CONTEXTE: Dans la mesure où les manifestations de déficience cognitive ont tendance à augmenter avec le vieillissement, on constate aussi une augmentation de l'atrophie des sillons du cortex cérébral et de l'élargissement des ventricules cérébraux. En tenant compte des mesures propres à des échelles visuelles utilisées antérieurement, cette étude entend proposer une nouvelle échelle nous permettant d'évaluer en même temps des cas d'atrophie ainsi que la présence d'hyperdensités de la substance blanche, d'anomalies des ganglions de la base et d'infarctus affectant l'étage sus-tentoriel (infratentorial infarcts). L'objectif de cette étude est donc de proposer un examen d'IRM pratique et standardisé pouvant être utilisé quotidiennement par les cliniciens. MÉTHODES: Nous avons inclus dans cette étude 97 patients âgés de plus de 60 ans qui étaient soit atteints de dépression, soit de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Tous les patients recrutés ont été soumis à des examens d'IRM crâniens, au test de Folstein (ou MMSE), à un ensemble de tests neuro-psychométriques approfondis et à des échelles diagnostiques permettant d'évaluer la dépression. L'incidence de l'atrophie des sillons du cortex cérébral, de la région ventriculaire, du lobe temporal médian, des régions péri-ventriculaire et sous-corticale et de la substance blanche qu'elles contiennent, d'anomalies affectant les ganglions de base et d'infarctus à l'étage sus-tentoriel a été ainsi mesurée selon notre échelle. Le score total obtenu a aussi été enregistré. RÉSULTATS: L'âge moyen des patients était de 74,53 ans. Leur score moyen au test de Folstein était de 22,7 dans le cas du groupe de patients atteints d'une maladie dégénérative et de 27,8 dans le cas du groupe de patients n'étant pas atteints par ce type de maladie. Fait à noter, cinquante patients avaient reçu un diagnostic de maladie d'Alzheimer. Tous les paramètres évalués ont augmenté de façon notable avec l'âge. Ainsi, tant les scores obtenus dans le cas de l'atrophie des sillons du cortex cérébral, de celle affectant le lobe temporal médian, la région ventriculaire, la région péri-ventriculaire, la région sous-corticale que les scores totaux se sont révélés nettement plus élevés au sein du groupe de patients atteints d'une maladie dégénérative. La sensibilité des scores totaux et des scores évaluant l'atrophie des régions vasculaire, péri-vasculaire et sous-corticale, de même que la sensibilité et la spécificité des scores évaluant l'atrophie du lobe temporal médian, se sont révélées élevées. Lorsque combinées, la sensibilité et la spécificité sont apparues élevées. CONCLUSIONS: Notre échelle possède un caractère prédictif en ce qu'elle permet d'établir une distinction entre les processus dégénératifs et les processus non-dégénératifs. Cette capacité est particulièrement importante dans le cas de patients dépressifs qui se plaignent de perte de mémoire.

Quando elaborar implica em "ir esquecendo": sobre a dimensão criativa do esquecimento / When to elaborate leads "to forget": about the creative dimension of forgetfulness / Quand élaborer implique en "oublier": à propos de la dimension créatrice de l'oubli

A proposta do artigo é analisar a dimensão criativa do esquecimento através de uma discussão sobre o conceito de elaboração psíquica. Partimos do pressuposto de que elaborar implica em "ir esquecendo" conflitos, perdas ou ressentimentos e, com isso, o sujeito consegue ressignificar sua história e se transformar de alguma maneira. O exame é feito mediante um diálogo entre a teoria de Nietzsche e os textos clínicos de Freud, com ênfase no redimensionamento que ocorreu em sua teoria a partir da formulação do conflito entre Eros e Thanatos.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the creative dimension of forgetfulness through a discussion about the concept of psychic elaboration. We start from the assumption that to elaborate implies "to forget" conflicts, losses or resentments and, with this, the subject resignifies its history and is transformed. The examination is done through a dialogue between Nietzsche's theory and Freud's clinical texts, emphasing on the change that occurred in his theory from the formulation of the conflict between Eros and Thanatos.

Le but de cet article est d'analyser la dimension créatrice de l'oubli à travers d'une discussion sur le concept d'élaboration psychique. Nous partons de l'hypothèse que l'élaboration implique "d'oublier" les conflits, les pertes ou les ressentiments et que, de ce fait, le sujet parvient à résinifier son histoire et à se transformer. L'examen se fait par le biais d'un dialogue entre la théorie de Nietzsche et les textes cliniques de Freud, l'accent étant mis sur le changement intervenu dans sa théorie depuis la formulation du conflit entre Eros et Thanatos.