Atmospheric black carbon observations and its valley-mountain dynamics: Eastern cordillera of the central Andes of Peru.

Glacial bodies in the Peruvian Andes Mountains store and supply freshwater to hundreds of thousands of people in central Peru. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) is known to accelerate melting of snow and ice, in addition to contributing to air pollution and the health of people. Currently there is limited understanding on the sources and temporal variability of BC in valley and mountain environments in Peru. To address this problem, this study combined surface observations of BC collected during 2022-2023 with WRF model simulations and HYSPLIT trajectories to analyze the dispersion and sources of BC in valley and high elevation environments and the associated local atmospheric circulations. Results show high BC concentrations are associated with the valley-mountain wind system that occurs on both sides of the Huaytapallana mountain range. A pronounced circulation occurs on the western slopes of Huaytapallana when concentrations of BC increase during daylight hours, which transports atmospheric pollutants from cities in the Mantaro River Valley to the Huaytapallana mountain range. Low concentrations of BC are associated with circulations from the east that are channeled by the pronounced ravines of the Andes-Amazon transition. On average, during the season of highest BC concentrations (July-November), the relative contributions of fossil fuels are dominant to biomass burning at the valley observatory and are slightly lower at the Huaytapallana observatory. These results demonstrate the need to promote mitigation actions to reduce emissions of BC and air pollution associated with forest fires and local anthropogenic activity.

Assessing heavy metal contamination in a Brazilian metropolis: a case study with a focus on (bio)indicators.

The continuous expansion of the global vehicle fleet poses a growing threat to environmental quality through heavy metal contamination. In this scenario, monitoring to safeguard public health in urban areas is necessary. Our study involved the collection of 36 street dust and 29 moss samples from roads of a Brazilian metropolis (Recife) with varying traffic intensities as follows: natural reserve (0 vehicles per day), low (< 15,000 vehicles per day), medium (15,000-30,000 vehicles per day), and high (> 30,000 vehicles per day). ICP-AES analysis was performed to determine the concentrations of nine potentially toxic metals (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) to assess the influence of vehicular flow on urban contamination. In the street dust samples, the mean metal concentrations (mg kg-1) exhibited the following order: Ba (503.7) > Mn (303.0) > Zn (144.4) > Cu (95.3) > Cr (56.1) > Pb (34.2) > V (28.7) > Ni (11.3) > Cd (1.5). Conversely, in the moss samples, the metal concentration order was as follows (mg kg-1): Mn (63.8) > Zn (62.5) > Ba (61.0) > Cu (17.7) > Cr (8.0) > V (7.3) > Pb (7.0) > Ni (2.9) > Cd (0.3). Roads with higher traffic volumes exhibited the highest metal enrichments in moss samples for all metals and in dust samples for Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, and V. However, dust from low-flow roads had higher enrichments for Ba, Cu, and Zn, indicating the influential role of other traffic-related factors in metal deposition. Our findings highlight traffic flow as the predominant source of pollution in urban centers, with both street dust and moss serving as sensitive indicators of metal input attributable to vehicular traffic. These indicators offer valuable insights for urban quality monitoring and pollution control efforts.

Blood lead levels in indigenous peoples living close to oil extraction areas in the Peruvian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: High blood lead levels (BLLs) have been previously reported in indigenous people living in communities in the northern Peruvian Amazon. Oil extraction activities have been conducted in the area since the 1970s and have been identified as a source of lead exposure. OBJECTIVE: Measure BLL and assess risk factors associated with BLL among indigenous populations from four river basins of the northern Peruvian Amazon. METHODS: Participants from 39 communities were selected using a two-stage stratified random selection strategy and were visited between May and June 2016. Information on risk factors was collected using structured questionnaires and blood samples were taken. Overall, complete information was available from 1047 individuals (309 < 12 years old, 738 ≥ 12 years). BLL was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite chamber. Weighted linear logistic regression models were used to study the association between socio-demographic variables, self-reported life-style factors, environmental, geographical and occupational exposures and BLLs. RESULTS: Geometric mean (95% CI) BLL was 4.9 (4.5, 5.4) µg/dL in participants <12 years and 5.7 (5.4, 6.0) µg/dL in older participants. There were marked differences in BLL between river basins with the highest levels observed in the Corrientes river basin [8.1 (7.2, 9.1) µg/dL <12 years and 8.8 (8.0, 9.6) µg/dL older participants]. High BLL was associated with older age, being male, living in the Pastaza, Tigre or Corrientes river basins and consumption of fish offal in children and adults. Increased Euclidean distance between residence and oil production facilities was associated with a small reduction in BLL. CONCLUSION: BLLs that pose a health risk were detected in the study population of a non-industrialized and remote area of the Amazon. The highest BLLs were observed in those river basins where relative oil extraction activity and environmental levels of contaminants have been reported to be greatest.

Biodegradation of two residues from service stations in Río Gallegos - Argentina / Biodegradación de dos residuos de estaciones de servicio en río gallegos - argentina

RESUMEN La producción de efluentes contaminados con hidrocarburos en las estaciones de servicio es un inconveniente a controlar y dar un tratamiento adecuado. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar la biorremediación de dos residuos de estaciones de servicio de la ciudad de Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina por medio de biodegradación. Se realizó la caracterización de la fase oleosa obtenida de efluentes de dos estaciones de servicio y se realizó una biorremediación con microcosmos de los mismos. El seguimiento se realizó con análisis de GC/MS para hidrocarburos y perfiles de ácidos grasos microbianos, como también se realizó un seguimiento de las bacterias degradadoras de hidrocarburos. Los dos residuos mostraron diferente perfil cromatográfico; esto impactó sobre la degradación de los mismos que fue para el Residuo 1 de 79,68 % y para el Residuo 2 de 29,23 %. Este último poseía un perfil más rico en hidrocarburos policíclicos que son tóxicos para las bacterias. El impacto sobre la comunidad bacteriana debido a la composición de los residuos también se evidenció en la evolución del índice de Shannon determinado, y de los diferentes grupos microbianos estudiados a partir de los ácidos grasos obtenidos desde el suelo, encontrándose un predominio de bacterias Gram positivas responsables de llevar adelante el proceso de biorremediacón. Los principales resultados obtenidos demostraron que la fase líquida no acuosa obtenida a partir de los efluentes de estaciones de servicio es posible de ser biorremediada por la comunidad bacteriana presente en el suelo de estudio.

ABSTRACT Gasoline station leached is an inconvenient to control and give a treatment of this waste. The aim of this work was to study the bioremediation of waste from gasoline stations in the city of Río Gallegos. The characterization of the oil phase was carried out and bioremediation was performed with microcosm thereof, the follow-up was performed with the GC-MS for hydrocarbons and fatty acid profiles, and the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were also monitored. The content of the profile was different from the chromatographic profile; the impact on the degradation of the same that was used for residue 1 was 79.68% and for residue 2, it was 29.23%. The second one is a profile richer in light weight hydrocarbons that are toxic to bacteria. The impact on the microbiota was due to the composition of the waste. Based on the Shanon index, there is a predominance of gram positive bacteria. The non-aqueous liquid phase obtained from the effluents can be bioremediated by the bacterial soil community.

Assessing the environmental sustainability of electricity generation in Chile.

Around 40% of electricity in Chile is supplied by renewables and the rest by fossil fuels. Despite the growing electricity demand in the country, its environmental impacts are as yet unknown. To address this gap, the current study presents the first comprehensive assessment of the life cycle environmental sustainability of electricity generation in Chile. Both the individual sources and the electricity mix over the past 10 years are considered. The following sources present in the electricity mix are evaluated: coal, oil, natural gas, biogas, biomass, wind, solar photovoltaics (PV) and hydropower. In total, 10 electricity technologies and 174 power plants installed across the country have been considered. Eleven environmental impacts have been estimated, including global warming, human toxicity, ecotoxicities, as well as resource and ozone layer depletion. The results reveal that hydropower is environmentally the most sustainable option across the impacts, followed by onshore wind and biogas. Electricity from natural gas has 10%-84% lower impacts than biomass for seven categories. It is also 13%-98% better than solar PV for six impacts and 17%-66% than wind for four categories. Solar PV has the highest abiotic depletion potential due to the use of scarce elements in the manufacture of panels. While electricity generation has grown by 44% in the past 10 years, all the impacts except ozone layer depletion have increased by 1.6-2.7 times. In the short term, environmental regulations should be tightened to improve the emissions control from coal and biomass plants. In the medium term, the contribution of renewables should be ramped up, primarily increasing the hydro, wind and biogas capacity. Coal and oil should be phased out, using natural gas as a transitional fuel to help the stability of the grid with the increasing contribution of intermittent renewables.

Movilidad motorizada, impacto ambiental, alternativas y perspectivas futuras: consideraciones para el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá / Motorized mobility, environmental impact, alternatives and future prospects: considerations for the Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá

RESUMEN La movilidad motorizada está íntimamente ligada a los combustibles líquidos como la gasolina y el diésel; y en consecuencia, con el medio ambiente. Además de la problemática con el calentamiento global, la utilización de estos combustibles genera compuestos de carácter contaminante que afecta la salud de la población. Entre todos los contaminantes criterio, el material particulado (PM) de tamaño menor o igual a 2,5 micras (PM25) es considerado como uno de los compuestos de mayor peligrosidad debido a que puede penetrar hasta la región de intercambio de gases del pulmón. Los registros para el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá (AMVA) muestran eventualmente que los niveles promedio de calidad del aire resultan ser nocivos para la salud del habitante metropolitano. Lo anterior se debe principalmente a las altas concentraciones de PM25 generadas por vehículos pesados que usan combustible diésel. Si bien las propiedades de este combustible tienen un efecto directo en el PM respirable, existen otras estrategias que influyen en las características y la cantidad de las emisiones generadas. Por ejemplo, la mejora del nivel tecnológico de los motores a partir de planes de chatarrización y renovación, y de la pauta de conducción, así como la incorporación de vehículos eléctricos. Con todo lo anterior, este trabajo muestra una serie de consideraciones a fin de plantear posibles estrategias de solución a la problemática ambiental de la ciudad y el país.(AU)

ABSTRACT Motorized mobility is closely linked to liquid fuels such as gasoline and diésel and therefore, to the environment. Besides the problems associated with global warming, the use of these fuels also generates polluting compounds affecting the population health. Among all primary pollutants, particulate matter (PM) less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM25) in size, is regarded as one of the most dangerous compounds because it can penetrate the region lung gas exchange. The records for the Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá (AMVA) often show that the average levels of air quality were found to be harmful to the health of metropolitan habitants. This is mainly attributed to the high concentrations of PM25 generated by heavy-duty vehicles that use diésel fuel. Although the properties of diesel fuel have a direct effect on breathable PM, there are other strategies influencing both nature and amount of emissions. For example, the improvement of the technological level of the engines and the driving pattern, as well as the incorporation of electric vehicles. This paper shows some considerations in order to propose possible strategies to solve the environmental problem of the city and the country.(AU)

Diagnóstico y propuesta conjunta de Colegio Médico de Chile y del Colegio de Ingenieros de Chile para desarrollar una política nacional de energía que favorezca la salud, el medio ambiente y la economía nacional / Joint diagnosis and proposal of the Colegio Médico de Chile and of the Colegio de Ingenieros de Chile for a National Energy Policy in favour of human and environmental health and of economic development

Los Colegios Profesionales de Ingenieros y de Médicos de Chile convinieron en presentar este documento con información y propuestas relativas a la prevención y control de las graves consecuencias – para la salud, el ambiente, la economía y la seguridad del país – del uso continuado de fuentes energéticas contaminantes en la industria, el transporte y la generación de electricidad. Desde el punto de vista de la salud, el Colegio Médico detalla cuales son los contaminantes atmosféricos procedentes de los combustibles fósiles y la leña; y revisa sus efectos agudos y crónicos en la mortalidad ymorbilidad respiratoria, cardiovascular y por cáncer, y señala el volumen del gasto consiguiente. Se refiere alcalentamiento de la tierra y a su impacto directo sobre las personas y sobre la salud a través de la alteraciónobservada en los vectores, en la agricultura y en los desastres “naturales”. Advierte acerca del riesgo que implicaría la introducción de la energía nuclear. Desde los puntos de vista tecnológico y económico, el Colegio de Ingenieros se refiere a los costos crecientes de los combustibles, al control del mercado por privados, a la falta de previsión de estos y a los costos sumergidos de atenciones médicas, del daño a las infraestructuras, de la reducción de la competitividad, de la dependencia de suministros externos y de la vulnerabilidad de los productores nacionales. Ambos Colegios exponen los requisitos que deberían cumplir las opciones energéticas –el primero, que no sean contaminantes– y la existencia de alternativas tecnológicas viables, ya presentes en el mundo: eólica, mareomotriz, de las corrientes marinas, solar, e hidrógeno. Se describe la situación actual de ellas. Se refieren también a otras fuentes no contaminantes con menor impacto y a medidas complementarias como el ahorro de energía y la forestación. Los Colegios dirigen al gobierno, con sentido de urgencia, una propuesta basada en las energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC) y en el d...

The Chilean Engineers’ Association and the Chilean Medical Association agreed to present this paper, containing information and proposals regarding prevention and control of the serious consequences – for health, the environment, the economy and national security – of the continued utilization of polluting energy sources in industry, transport and electricity generation. From the health standpoint, the Medical Association describes the atmospheric pollutants derived from fossil fuels and firewood; and it goes over their acute and chronic effects on respiratory, circulatory and cancer mortality and morbidity; the high resulting expenditure is indicated. The “greenhouse” effect is also referred to, with the direct impact of heat on persons and the indirect health damage through changes concerning vectors, agriculture and “natural” disasters. Attention is also drawn to the risks implied by the eventual introduction of nuclear energy. From the technological and economic viewpoint, the Engineers’ Association deals with the increasing price of fossil fuels, the control of the market by private agents, the lack of foresight of these agents in the case of natural gas imports and the submerged costs such as those of medical care requirements, infrastructure damage, reduction of competitive capabilities, dependence on foreign sources and the vulnerability of national enterprises. Both Associations indicate which are the required characteristics of energy sources – above all, that they should be non-polluting – and describe the viable technological alternatives: wind power, tides, marine currents, sunlight power, and hydrogen. Their present status is analyzed. A reference is made to other clean sources of lesser potential and to complementary measures such as energy saving and forestation. The Associations, with a sense of urgency, address their proposal to the government. This is based on the development of the non-conventional renewable sources of energy (ERNC)...